Uploaded September 2025 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago
We propose a cosmological model where the isotropic redshift limit constrains all observable distances to an effective 4,500 light-years, equating the distance to Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*, standard
26,996 light-years) with the farthest galaxies, like JADES-GS-z14-0 at z = 14.32 (standard 13.5
billion light-years light-travel). This model attributes distance discrepancies to general relativity
(GR) effects in voids: low-density regions within the Milky Way stretch distances and accelerate
time less intensely than intergalactic voids, but both calibrate to 4,500 light-years. Variable causation rates—slower near gravitational wells, faster in voids—explain gravitational effects like galaxy
rotation curves, eliminating the need for dark matter. A simulation scales standard distances to
demonstrate isotropy and quantify causation rate changes, supporting a compact, young universe
without cosmological expansion.
Keywords: redshift limit, Sagittarius A*, JWST galaxies, general relativity, voids, causation
rates, dark matter
1 Introduction
The redshift limit, observed isotropically across the sky, marks the boundary of the observable universe.
In standard cosmology, Sgr A* is 26,996 ± 33 light-years away (8,277 ± 9 pc) (1), while JADES-GS-z14-
0 (z = 14.32) is at 13.5 billion light-years light-travel distance (2). The cosmic microwave background
(CMB) at z ≈ 1100 is 13.8 billion light-years away (3). We argue these distances are equivalent at
4,500 light-years due to voids within the Milky Way and intergalactic space, which stretch distances
and accelerate time, compounding causation rates. This model eliminates dark matter by explaining
gravitational effects through variable causation, challenging the need for cosmological expansion.
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We propose a cosmological model where the isotropic redshift limit constrains all observable distances to an effective 4,500 light-years, equating the distance to Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*, standard
26,996 light-years) with the farthest galaxies, like JADES-GS-z14-0 at z = 14.32 (standard 13.5
billion light-years light-travel). This model attributes distance discrepancies to general relativity
(GR) effects in voids: low-density regions within the Milky Way stretch distances and accelerate
time less intensely than intergalactic voids, but both calibrate to 4,500 light-years. Variable causation rates—slower near gravitational wells, faster in voids—explain gravitational effects like galaxy
rotation curves, eliminating the need for dark matter. A simulation scales standard distances to
demonstrate isotropy and quantify causation rate changes, supporting a compact, young universe
without cosmological expansion.
Keywords: redshift limit, Sagittarius A*, JWST galaxies, general relativity, voids, causation
rates, dark matter
1 Introduction
The redshift limit, observed isotropically across the sky, marks the boundary of the observable universe.
In standard cosmology, Sgr A* is 26,996 ± 33 light-years away (8,277 ± 9 pc) (1), while JADES-GS-z14-
0 (z = 14.32) is at 13.5 billion light-years light-travel distance (2). The cosmic microwave background
(CMB) at z ≈ 1100 is 13.8 billion light-years away (3). We argue these distances are equivalent at
4,500 light-years due to voids within the Milky Way and intergalactic space, which stretch distances
and accelerate time, compounding causation rates. This model eliminates dark matter by explaining
gravitational effects through variable causation, challenging the need for cosmological expansion.
🎙️ New to streaming or looking to level up? Check out StreamYard and get $10 discount! 😍 streamyard.com/pal/d/5786927723970560
