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Uploaded November 2023 | Updated September 2026, 2 hours ago

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Visualizing Wind Direction: Close-up View of Windfinders and Sailing Boat Flag

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$Lattice Boltzmann Sailing Simulation - Effect of Easing the Outhaul One continuous CFD simulation of a sail, upwind at 60° to the true wind, with the sail angle fixed at 20° to the keel. The only thing that changes is the camber: the outhaul is eased from dead flat to 28 % camber, slowly at first — the first 1 % of cloth slack takes the first 30 seconds — while the boat, the flow and the cloth all keep running. Nothing is reset between settings. The green curve draws itself: VMG upwind against camber. What youre looking at • Dots are tracer particles carried by the flow, coloured by pressure — blue = suction, orange/red = higher pressure than the free stream. • Green arrow = lift, red = drag, white = their sum, all in coefficient form. • Bottom right: stern view, showing heel. • The wind triangle: true wind (blue) = apparent wind (white) + boat velocity (green). As the boat speeds up, the apparent wind swings forward — the sail is re-trimmed to it automatically. Result 0.1 % camber VMG 0.198 73 % of the best (a flat sail simply doesnt work) 0.5 % VMG 0.228 84 % 1 % VMG 0.265 98 % 2.9 % VMG 0.270 100 % ← best, at 10 % camber 5 % VMG 0.256 95 % 12 % VMG 0.249 92 % 20 % VMG 0.241 89 % (28 % camber, most heel) The lesson: the first bit of camber does nearly all the work, the top is broad and forgiving, and over-easing costs far less than over-flattening. Speeds are given as fractions of true wind speed. How its simulated • Flow: 2-D lattice-Boltzmann (D2Q9), BGK collision with a Smagorinsky LES model, 450 × 300 cells, 100 cells per chord, Reynolds number 5 000 — high enough that the flow separates and the sail can stall. • Sail: immersed boundary (multi-direct forcing), so the fluid feels the cloth and the cloth feels the fluid. • Cloth: position-based dynamics — an inextensible chain solved exactly, with bending stiffness, anchored at the mast and trimmed at the clew. • Boat: driven along its keel by the sail force projected on the course, against quadratic hull drag, heeling against a righting moment; heel reduces the drive by cos²(heel). Boat speed changes the apparent wind, which changes the trim — a closed loop. • 175 seconds of simulated flow, 17 minutes of compute, played at real time. Caveats, honestly • 2-D: no tip vortices, no twist, no mast interference, and 2-D flows shed stronger vortices than real 3-D ones, so the instantaneous forces swing much more than the displayed averages. • The boat model has no leeway and no rudder — it can only move along its keel. • Reynolds 5 000 is well below a real sails ~10⁶; the trends are right, the absolute numbers are not a polar diagram. 0:00 Flat sail — 0 % camber 0:15 First half percent of slack 0:30 1 % slack — already 98 % of best speed 1:12 Best: 2.9 % slack, 10 % camber 1:34 Past the peak — 5 % 2:10 Getting too full — 12 % 2:30 Over-eased — 20 % slack, 28 % camber$

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