Uploaded March 2013 | Updated September 2026, 1 week ago
Tishitu explains
The term "magic" is etymologically derived from the Greek word mageia (μαγεία). Greeks and Persians had been at war for centuries and the Persian priests, called magosh in Persian, came to be known as magoi in Greek; that which a Persian priest did come to be known as mageia and then magika, a term which eventually referred to any foreign, unorthodox or illegitimate ritual practice.
Performances we would now recognize as conjuring have probably been practiced throughout history.[3] The same level of ingenuity that was used to produce famous ancient deceptions such as the Trojan Horse would also have been used for entertainment, or at least for cheating in money games, since time immemorial.
"As a magician I promise never to reveal the secret of any illusion to a non-magician, unless that one swears to uphold the Magician's Oath in turn. I promise never to perform any illusion for any non-magician without first practicing the effect until I can perform it well enough to maintain the illusion of magic."
Once sworn to the Oath, one is considered a magician, and is expected to live up to this promise. Magicians who reveal secrets, either purposely or through insufficient practice, may find that other magicians are unwilling to teach them any more secrets. They will then no longer be eligible to join IBM (International Brotherhood of Magicians) and will be banned from magic society.
However, it is considered permissible to reveal secrets to individuals who are determined to learn magic and become magicians. It is typically a sequential process of increasingly valuable and lesser known secrets. The secrets of almost all magical effects are available to the public through numerous books and magazines devoted to magic, available from the specialized magic trade. There are also web sites which offer videos, DVDs and instructional materials. In this sense, there are very few classical illusions left unrevealed, but this does not appear to have diminished the appeal of performances. In addition, magic is a living art, and new illusions are devised with surprising regularity. Sometimes a 'new' illusion will be built on an illusion that is old enough to have become unfamiliar.
Some magicians have taken the position that revealing the methods used in certain works of magic can enhance the appreciation of the audience for cleverness of magic. Penn and Teller frequently perform tricks using transparent props to reveal how they are done, for example, although they almost always include additional unexplained effects at the end that are made even more astonishing by the revealing props being used.
Often, what seems to be a revelation of a magical secret is merely another form of misdirection. For instance, a magician may explain to an audience member that the linking rings "have a hole in them" and hand the volunteer two unlinked rings, which the volunteer finds to have become linked as soon as he handles them. At this point the magician may shove his arm through the ring ('the hole in the ring'), proclaiming: "See? Once you know that every ring has a hole, it's easy!"
TISHITU
ISO: 9001-2008
RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCY CELL OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
A Joint Accreditation System of Australia and New Zealand
Copyright © All Rights Reserved tishitu.org Reg No.08122629691/SSI
Accreditation No. M3111204IN
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-
Please watch: "Lifi Communication by Arduino UNO Download Project"
youtube.com/watch?v=c4gC8dbaiZg
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-
Tishitu explains
The term "magic" is etymologically derived from the Greek word mageia (μαγεία). Greeks and Persians had been at war for centuries and the Persian priests, called magosh in Persian, came to be known as magoi in Greek; that which a Persian priest did come to be known as mageia and then magika, a term which eventually referred to any foreign, unorthodox or illegitimate ritual practice.
Performances we would now recognize as conjuring have probably been practiced throughout history.[3] The same level of ingenuity that was used to produce famous ancient deceptions such as the Trojan Horse would also have been used for entertainment, or at least for cheating in money games, since time immemorial.
"As a magician I promise never to reveal the secret of any illusion to a non-magician, unless that one swears to uphold the Magician's Oath in turn. I promise never to perform any illusion for any non-magician without first practicing the effect until I can perform it well enough to maintain the illusion of magic."
Once sworn to the Oath, one is considered a magician, and is expected to live up to this promise. Magicians who reveal secrets, either purposely or through insufficient practice, may find that other magicians are unwilling to teach them any more secrets. They will then no longer be eligible to join IBM (International Brotherhood of Magicians) and will be banned from magic society.
However, it is considered permissible to reveal secrets to individuals who are determined to learn magic and become magicians. It is typically a sequential process of increasingly valuable and lesser known secrets. The secrets of almost all magical effects are available to the public through numerous books and magazines devoted to magic, available from the specialized magic trade. There are also web sites which offer videos, DVDs and instructional materials. In this sense, there are very few classical illusions left unrevealed, but this does not appear to have diminished the appeal of performances. In addition, magic is a living art, and new illusions are devised with surprising regularity. Sometimes a 'new' illusion will be built on an illusion that is old enough to have become unfamiliar.
Some magicians have taken the position that revealing the methods used in certain works of magic can enhance the appreciation of the audience for cleverness of magic. Penn and Teller frequently perform tricks using transparent props to reveal how they are done, for example, although they almost always include additional unexplained effects at the end that are made even more astonishing by the revealing props being used.
Often, what seems to be a revelation of a magical secret is merely another form of misdirection. For instance, a magician may explain to an audience member that the linking rings "have a hole in them" and hand the volunteer two unlinked rings, which the volunteer finds to have become linked as soon as he handles them. At this point the magician may shove his arm through the ring ('the hole in the ring'), proclaiming: "See? Once you know that every ring has a hole, it's easy!"
TISHITU
ISO: 9001-2008
RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCY CELL OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
A Joint Accreditation System of Australia and New Zealand
Copyright © All Rights Reserved tishitu.org Reg No.08122629691/SSI
Accreditation No. M3111204IN
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-
Please watch: "Lifi Communication by Arduino UNO Download Project"
youtube.com/watch?v=c4gC8dbaiZg
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-


![How to Use Signal Generator and Oscilloscope in Proteus
An oscilloscope, previously called an oscillograph[1][2], and informally known as a scope, CRO (for cathode-ray oscilloscope), or DSO (for the more modern digital storage oscilloscope), is a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of constantly varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences using the vertical or Y axis, plotted as a function of time (horizontal or x axis). Many signals, for example sound, can be converted to voltages and displayed this way. Signals are often periodic and repeat constantly, so that multiple samples of a signal which is actually varying with time are displayed as a steady picture. Many oscilloscopes (storage oscilloscopes) can also capture non-repeating waveforms for a specified time, and show a steady display of the captured segment.
Oscilloscopes are commonly used to observe the exact wave shape of an electrical signal. Oscilloscopes are usually calibrated so that voltage and time can be read as well as is possible by eye. This allows the measurement of, for example, peak-to-peak voltage of a waveform, the frequency of periodic signals, the time between pulses, the time taken for a signal to rise to full amplitude (rise time), and relative timing of several related signals.[3]
Oscilloscopes are used in the sciences, medicine, engineering, and telecommunications industry. General-purpose instruments are used for maintenance of electronic equipment and laboratory work. Special-purpose oscilloscopes may be used for such purposes as analyzing an automotive ignition system, or to display the waveform of the heartbeat as an electrocardiogram. Some computer sound software allows the sound being listened to be displayed on the screen as by an oscilloscope.
Before the advent of digital electronics oscilloscopes used cathode ray tubes as their display element (hence were commonly referred to as CROs) and linear amplifiers for signal processing. More advanced storage oscilloscopes used special storage CRTs to maintain a steady display of a single brief signal. CROs were later largely superseded by digital storage oscilloscopes (DSOs) with thin panel displays, fast analog-to-digital converters and digital signal processors. DSOs without integrated displays (sometimes known as digitisers) are available at lower cost, and use a general-purpose digital computer to process and display waveforms.
ignal generators, also known variously as function generators, RF and microwave signal generators, pitch generators, arbitrary waveform generators, digital pattern generators or frequency generators are electronic devices that generate repeating or non-repeating electronic signals (in either the analog or digital domains). They are generally used in designing, testing, troubleshooting, and repairing electronic or electroacoustic devices; though they often have artistic uses as well.
There are many different types of signal generators, with different purposes and applications (and at varying levels of expense); in general, no device is suitable for all possible applications.
Traditionally, signal generators have been embedded hardware units, but since the age of multimedia-PCs, flexible, programmable software tone generators have also been available
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Please watch: Lifi Communication by Arduino UNO Download Project
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4gC8dbaiZg
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~- How to Use Signal Generator and Oscilloscope in Proteus](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/c-j3-WPcV9A/mqdefault.jpg)




![H Bridge motor driving circuit
Tishitu explains
The H-Bridge is designed to drive a motor clockwise and anticlockwise.
To reverse a motor, the supply must be reversed and this is what the H-Bridge does.
An H-Bridge can be made with SWITCHES, RELAYS, TRANSISTORS or MOSFETS.
Note: Some circuits are just demonstration circuits and need damper diodes (protection diodes) to reduce spikes.
THE H-BRIDGE
The circuits we will discuss are called a transistor H-BRIDGE. The active sections of the circuit create the letter H to produce the term H-Bridge.
There are a number of different H-Bridge designs and the actual circuit will depend on the number of transistors, the type of layout, the number of control lines, the voltage of the bridge, and a number of other factors.
Thats why we have a number of different designs to cover these variations.
This design uses 4 transistors. Both inputs must NEVER be HIGH (this will create a short-circuit and damage the transistors). However this circuit is a good design. The voltage on the H-Bridge can be any voltage and the control voltage just needs to be higher than 1v. The circuit provides OFF feature when both inputs are LOW but does not provide BRAKE feature.
An H bridge is an electronic circuit that enables a voltage to be applied across a load in either direction. These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC motors to run forwards and backwards.[1]
Most DC-to-AC converters (power inverters), most AC/AC converters, the DC-to-DC push pull converter, most motor controllers, and many other kinds of power electronics use H bridges. In particular, a bipolar stepper motor is almost invariably driven by a motor controller containing two H bridges.
TISHITU
ISO: 9001-2008
RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCY CELL OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
A Joint Accreditation System of Australia and New Zealand
Copyright © All Rights Reserved www.tishitu.org Reg No.08122629691/SSI
Accreditation No. M3111204IN
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-
Please watch: Lifi Communication by Arduino UNO Download Project
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4gC8dbaiZg
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~- H Bridge motor driving circuit](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/d90HPrJ4XW8/mqdefault.jpg)


