Uploaded April 2013 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago
Tishitu explains
In computer science, speech recognition (SR) is the translation of spoken words into text. It is also known as "automatic speech recognition", "ASR", "computer speech recognition", "speech to text", or just "STT". Some SR systems use "training" where an individual speaker reads sections of text into the SR system. These systems analyze the person's specific voice and use it to fine tune the recognition of that person's speech, resulting in more accurate transcription. Systems that do not use training are called "Speaker Independent" systems. Systems that use training are called "Speaker Dependent" systems.
Speech recognition applications include voice user interfaces such as voice dialing (e.g. "Call home"), call routing (e.g. "I would like to make a collect call"), domotic appliance control, search (e.g. find a podcast where particular words were spoken), simple data entry (e.g., entering a credit card number), preparation of structured documents (e.g. a radiology report), speech-to-text processing (e.g., word processors or emails), and aircraft (usually termed Direct Voice Input).
The term voice recognition refers to finding the identity of "who" is speaking, rather than what they are saying. Recognizing the speaker can simplify the task of translating speech in systems that have been trained on specific person's voices or it can be used to authenticate or verify the identity of a speaker as part of a security process.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines or software, and is also a branch of computer science that studies and develops intelligent machines and software. Major AI researchers and textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents",[1] where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success.[2] John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955,[3] defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines".[4]
AI research is highly technical and specialised, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.[5] Some of the division is due to social and cultural factors: subfields have grown up around particular institutions and the work of individual researchers. AI research is also divided by several technical issues. There are subfields which are focused on the solution of specific problems, on one of several possible approaches, on the use of widely differing tools and towards the accomplishment of particular applications.
The central problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.[6] General intelligence (or "strong AI") is still among the field's long term goals.[7] Currently popular approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence and traditional symbolic AI. There are an enormous number of tools used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical optimization, logic, methods based on probability and economics, and many others.
The field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans, intelligence — the sapience of Homo sapiens — can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine.[8] This raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity.[9] Artificial intelligence has been the subject of tremendous optimism[10] but has also suffered stunning setbacks.[11] Today it has become an essential part of the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most difficult problems in computer science
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Please watch: "Lifi Communication by Arduino UNO Download Project"
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-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-
Tishitu explains
In computer science, speech recognition (SR) is the translation of spoken words into text. It is also known as "automatic speech recognition", "ASR", "computer speech recognition", "speech to text", or just "STT". Some SR systems use "training" where an individual speaker reads sections of text into the SR system. These systems analyze the person's specific voice and use it to fine tune the recognition of that person's speech, resulting in more accurate transcription. Systems that do not use training are called "Speaker Independent" systems. Systems that use training are called "Speaker Dependent" systems.
Speech recognition applications include voice user interfaces such as voice dialing (e.g. "Call home"), call routing (e.g. "I would like to make a collect call"), domotic appliance control, search (e.g. find a podcast where particular words were spoken), simple data entry (e.g., entering a credit card number), preparation of structured documents (e.g. a radiology report), speech-to-text processing (e.g., word processors or emails), and aircraft (usually termed Direct Voice Input).
The term voice recognition refers to finding the identity of "who" is speaking, rather than what they are saying. Recognizing the speaker can simplify the task of translating speech in systems that have been trained on specific person's voices or it can be used to authenticate or verify the identity of a speaker as part of a security process.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines or software, and is also a branch of computer science that studies and develops intelligent machines and software. Major AI researchers and textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents",[1] where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success.[2] John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955,[3] defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines".[4]
AI research is highly technical and specialised, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.[5] Some of the division is due to social and cultural factors: subfields have grown up around particular institutions and the work of individual researchers. AI research is also divided by several technical issues. There are subfields which are focused on the solution of specific problems, on one of several possible approaches, on the use of widely differing tools and towards the accomplishment of particular applications.
The central problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.[6] General intelligence (or "strong AI") is still among the field's long term goals.[7] Currently popular approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence and traditional symbolic AI. There are an enormous number of tools used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical optimization, logic, methods based on probability and economics, and many others.
The field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans, intelligence — the sapience of Homo sapiens — can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine.[8] This raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity.[9] Artificial intelligence has been the subject of tremendous optimism[10] but has also suffered stunning setbacks.[11] Today it has become an essential part of the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most difficult problems in computer science
TISHITU
ISO: 9001-2008
RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCY CELL OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
A Joint Accreditation System of Australia and New Zealand
Copyright © All Rights Reserved tishitu.in Reg No.08122629691/SSI
Accreditation No. M3111204IN
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-
Please watch: "Lifi Communication by Arduino UNO Download Project"
youtube.com/watch?v=c4gC8dbaiZg
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-
![Astable Multivibrator Using Transistor
Tishitu explains
An astable multivibrator is a multivibrator that does not rest in an unstable state like other multivibrators, but continuously switches between two states.
Frequency is calculated using the formula f = 1/T = 1/(ln((Vcc Vb) / ( 2 * Vcc Vb - Vled)) * 2RC
Vcc = battery; Vb = 0.6; Vled = 2 volt(age drop of LED)
In this circuit frequency is 1/ln((9 - 0.6)/(2* 9 - 0.6 - 2)) * 2 * 37,000 * (10/1000,000) = 2.229 Hertz
Astable multivibrator are free-running multivibrator which have no stable state i.e. they alter between two permissible states indefinitely to result in square wave output. However it is to be noted that, in order to do this, they do not require any external trigger except the DC supply, due to which they fall under the
category of relaxation oscillators.
JJD - Adventure [NCS Release]
this music is provided by NCS, the link to the track is
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2xGxd9xPYA
If you use our music you MUST in the description of your video:
1. Include the full title of the track. (Stating the music was provided by NCS)
2. Include a link to the track on NoCopyrightSounds YouTube.
3. Credit the artist(s) of the track by including their social network links.
TISHITU
ISO: 9001-2008
RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCY CELL OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
A Joint Accreditation System of Australia and New Zealand
Copyright © All Rights Reserved www.tishitu.org Reg No.08122629691/SSI
Accreditation No. M3111204IN
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-
Please watch: Lifi Communication by Arduino UNO Download Project
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4gC8dbaiZg
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~- Astable Multivibrator Using Transistor](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/i0CcTHw2Ez0/mqdefault.jpg)
![LED light Patterns in 8051 microcontroller 2020
Tishitu explains
A typical stack, storing local data and call information for nested procedure calls (not necessarily nested procedures!). This stack grows downward from its origin. The stack pointer points to the current topmost datum on the stack. A push operation decrements the pointer and copies the data to the stack; a pop operation copies data from the stack and then increments the pointer. Each procedure called in the program stores procedure return information (in yellow) and local data (in other colors) by pushing them onto the stack. This type of stack implementation is extremely common, but it is vulnerable to buffer overflow attacks (see the text).
A typical stack is an area of computer memory with a fixed origin and a variable size. Initially the size of the stack is zero. A stack pointer, usually in the form of a hardware register, points to the most recently referenced location on the stack; when the stack has a size of zero, the stack pointer points to the origin of the stack.
The two operations applicable to all stacks are:
a push operation, in which a data item is placed at the location pointed to by the stack pointer, and the address in the stack pointer is adjusted by the size of the data item;
a pop or pull operation: a data item at the current location pointed to by the stack pointer is removed, and the stack pointer is adjusted by the size of the data item.
In computer science, a stack is a last in, first out (LIFO) abstract data type and linear data structure. A stack can have any abstract data type as an element, but is characterized by only three fundamental operations: push, pop and stack top. The push operation adds a new item to the top of the stack, or initializes the stack if it is empty. If the stack is full and does not contain enough space to accept the given item, the stack is then considered to be in an overflow state. The pop operation removes an item from the top of the stack. A pop either reveals previously concealed items, or results in an empty stack, but if the stack is empty then it goes into underflow state (It means no items are present in stack to be removed). The stack top operation gets the data from the top-most position and returns it to the user without deleting it. The same underflow state can also occur in stack top operation if stack is empty.
A stack is a restricted data structure, because only a small number of operations are performed on it. The nature of the pop and push operations also means that stack elements have a natural order. Elements are removed from the stack in the reverse order to the order of their addition: therefore, the lower elements are those that have been on the stack the longest
Microcontroller have a hardware call stack, which is used to save return addresses. The hardware stack is not software accessible on earlier devices, but this changed with the 18 series devices
Initiate
In modern computer languages, the stack is usually implemented with more operations than just push,pop and Stack Top. Some implementations have a function which returns the current number of items on the stack. Alternatively, some implementations have a function that just returns if the stack is empty. Another typical helper operation stack top[4] (also known as peek) can return the current top element of the stack without removing it.
Implementation
In most high level languages, a stack can be easily implemented either through an array or a linked list. What identifies the data structure as a stack in either case is not the implementation but the interface: the user is only allowed to pop or push items onto the array or linked list, with few other helper operations. The following will demonstrate both implementations, using C.
The array implementation aims to create an array where the first element (usually at the zero-offset) is the bottom. That is, array[0] is the first element pushed onto the stack and the last element popped off. The program must keep track of the size, or the length of the stack. The stack itself can therefore be effectively implemented as a two-element structure in C:
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Please watch: Lifi Communication by Arduino UNO Download Project
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-~-~~-~~~-~~-~- LED light Patterns in 8051 microcontroller 2020](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/iLrpy9NWC0s/mqdefault.jpg)





![Transistor As an oscillator Multivibrator
Tishitu explains
An Astable multivibrator is a multivibrator that does not rest in an unstable state like other multivibrators,
but continuously switches between two states.
Astable multivibrators are free-running multivibrators which have no stable state i.e. they alter between two permissible states indefinitely to result in square wave output. However it is to be noted that, inorder to do this, they do not require any external trigger except the DC supply, due to which they fall under the
category of relaxation oscillators.
Astable Multivibrators can produce TWO very short square wave output waveforms from each transistor or a much longer rectangular shaped output either symmetrical or non-symmetrical depending upon the time constant of the RC network as shown below.
JJD - Adventure [NCS Release]
this music is provided by NCS, the link to the track is
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2xGxd9xPYA
TISHITU
ISO: 9001-2008
RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCY CELL OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
A Joint Accreditation System of Australia and New Zealand
Copyright © All Rights Reserved www.tishitu.org Reg No.08122629691/SSI
Accreditation No. M3111204IN
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-
Please watch: Lifi Communication by Arduino UNO Download Project
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4gC8dbaiZg
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~- Transistor As an oscillator Multivibrator](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/kX7ySmLi_AQ/mqdefault.jpg)
![TISHITU Part-2 LM 35 temperature control via RS 232 Protocol By Visual Basic 6.0 , Proteus & Keil
In 1963, IBM produced computers which were specialized for data acquisition. These include the IBM 7700 Data Acquisition System and its
successor, the IBM 1800 Data Acquisition and Control System. These expensive specialized systems were surpassed in 1974 by general
purpose S-100 computers and data acquisitions cards produced by Tecmar/Scientific Solutions Inc. In 1981 IBM introduced the IBM
Personal Computer and Scientific Solutions introduced the first PC data acquisition products.
Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real world physical conditions and converting the resulting samples
into digital numeric values that can be manipulated by a computer. Data acquisition systems (abbreviated with the acronym DAS or DAQ)
typically convert analog waveforms into digital values for processing. The components of data acquisition systems include:
Sensors that convert physical parameters to electrical signals.
Signal conditioning circuitry to convert sensor signals into a form that can be converted to digital values.
Analog-to-digital converters, which convert conditioned sensor signals to digital values.
Data acquisition applications are controlled by software programs developed using various general purpose programming languages such as
BASIC, C, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Pascal.
Specialized software tools used for building large-scale data acquisition systems include EPICS. Graphical programming environments
include ladder logic, Visual C++, Visual Basic, and LabVIEW.
ISIS Schematic Capture - a tool for entering designs.
PROSPICE Mixed mode SPICE simulation - industry standard SPICE3F5 simulator combined with a digital simulator.
ARES PCB Layout - PCB design system with automatic component placer, rip-up and retry auto-router and interactive design rule checking.
VSM - Virtual System Modelling lets cosimulate embedded software for popular micro-controllers alongside hardware design.
Data acquisition begins with the physical phenomenon or physical property to be measured. Examples of this include temperature, light
intensity, gas pressure, fluid flow, and force. Regardless of the type of physical property to be measured, the physical state that is
to be measured must first be transformed into a unified form that can be sampled by a data acquisition system. The task of performing
such transformations falls on devices called sensors.
A sensor, which is a type of transducer, is a device that converts a physical property into a corresponding electrical signal (e.g., a
acquisition system to measure differing properties depends on having sensors that are suited to detect the various properties to be
measured. Signal conditioning may be necessary if the signal from the transducer is not suitable for the DAQ hardware being used. The
signal may need to be filtered or amplified in most cases. Various other examples of signal conditioning might be bridge completion,
providing current or voltage excitation to the sensor, isolation, linearization. For transmission purposes, single ended analog
signals, which are more susceptible to noise can be converted to differential signals. Once digitized, the signal can be encoded to
reduce and correct transmission errors.
DAQ (Data acquisition )hardware is what usually interfaces between the signal and a PC[1]. It could be in the form of modules that can
be connected to the computers ports (parallel, serial, USB, etc.) or cards connected to slots (S-100 bus, AppleBus, ISA, MCA, PCI,
PCI-E, etc.) in the motherboard. Usually the space on the back of a PCI card is too small for all the connections needed, so an
external breakout box is required. The cable between this box and the PC can be expensive due to the many wires, and the required
shielding.
DAQ cards often contain multiple components (multiplexer, ADC, DAC, TTL-IO, high speed timers, RAM). These are accessible via a bus by
a microcontroller, which can run small programs. A controller is more flexible than a hard wired logic, yet cheaper than a CPU so that
it is permissible to block it with simple polling loops. For example: Waiting for a trigger, starting the ADC, looking up the time,
waiting for the ADC to finish, move value to RAM, switch multiplexer, get TTL input, let DAC proceed with voltage ramp.
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-
Please watch: Lifi Communication by Arduino UNO Download Project
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4gC8dbaiZg
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~- TISHITU Part-2 LM 35 temperature control via RS 232 Protocol By Visual Basic 6.0 , Proteus & Keil](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/kb_k-UueEhE/mqdefault.jpg)

