Uploaded December 2023 | Updated September 2026, 3 weeks ago
Part 1: youtube.com/watch?v=yex3plmk_b8
Thysanolaena latifolia
youtube.com/watch?v=f-9xv5tviro
Themeda arguens
youtube.com/watch?v=gJa-tVQ-7Os
Heteropogon contortus
youtube.com/watch?v=2KJWga0T8D8
Oplismenus burmanni
youtube.com/watch?v=WN6FkAhTefk
Imperata cylindrica
youtube.com/watch?v=CBOQNgZLudg
#Dlium
Awis grass or tiger grass (Thysanolaena maxima) is a species of plant in the Poaceae, a large, perennial grass, growing in dense clumps, similar in morphology to bamboo but smaller in size, the flower stalks are collected and used to make broom.
T. maxima has an erect stem, up to 3 meters high, hard, has segments, has no branches and is dark green and black in color. The reed is solid, solid and not hollow.
Leaves are lanceolate-oval and broad, stiff, up to 60 cm long, up to 10 cm wide, rounded base, pointed tip, a vein in the middle, the upper surface is dark green and rough, the lower surface is pale green and a horizontal mark forms a mold in the middle.
The inflorescences are in large panicles and open at the end of the stem as terminals, oval or ovate, 30-60 cm wide, up to 60 cm long. Each node has a branch, the lower part is free of spikelets.
This plant grows in clusters or in association with groups of trees or bamboo forests on mountain slopes, cliffs between rocks, bushes, forest edges, grasslands and riverbanks at an elevation of 1500 meters.
Awis grass is used to resist erosion and prevent landslides, planted for fences and ornamental plants. The young leaves are used as a mixture of animal feed, panicles are used in making brooms.
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Tribe: Thysanolaeneae
Genus: Thysanolaena Nees in Edinburgh New Philos. J. 18: 180 (1835)
Species: Thysanolaena maxima Roxb.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 784 (1891)
English: Tiger grass, Awis grass
Indonesian: Rumput Awis
Learn more: dlium.com/2020/08/tiger-grass-thysanolaena-maxima.html
Location: Selo, Boyolali Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia.
Aryo Bandoro
Dlium TheDlium
Web: dlium.com
Part 1: youtube.com/watch?v=yex3plmk_b8
Thysanolaena latifolia
youtube.com/watch?v=f-9xv5tviro
Themeda arguens
youtube.com/watch?v=gJa-tVQ-7Os
Heteropogon contortus
youtube.com/watch?v=2KJWga0T8D8
Oplismenus burmanni
youtube.com/watch?v=WN6FkAhTefk
Imperata cylindrica
youtube.com/watch?v=CBOQNgZLudg
#Dlium
Awis grass or tiger grass (Thysanolaena maxima) is a species of plant in the Poaceae, a large, perennial grass, growing in dense clumps, similar in morphology to bamboo but smaller in size, the flower stalks are collected and used to make broom.
T. maxima has an erect stem, up to 3 meters high, hard, has segments, has no branches and is dark green and black in color. The reed is solid, solid and not hollow.
Leaves are lanceolate-oval and broad, stiff, up to 60 cm long, up to 10 cm wide, rounded base, pointed tip, a vein in the middle, the upper surface is dark green and rough, the lower surface is pale green and a horizontal mark forms a mold in the middle.
The inflorescences are in large panicles and open at the end of the stem as terminals, oval or ovate, 30-60 cm wide, up to 60 cm long. Each node has a branch, the lower part is free of spikelets.
This plant grows in clusters or in association with groups of trees or bamboo forests on mountain slopes, cliffs between rocks, bushes, forest edges, grasslands and riverbanks at an elevation of 1500 meters.
Awis grass is used to resist erosion and prevent landslides, planted for fences and ornamental plants. The young leaves are used as a mixture of animal feed, panicles are used in making brooms.
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Tribe: Thysanolaeneae
Genus: Thysanolaena Nees in Edinburgh New Philos. J. 18: 180 (1835)
Species: Thysanolaena maxima Roxb.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 784 (1891)
English: Tiger grass, Awis grass
Indonesian: Rumput Awis
Learn more: dlium.com/2020/08/tiger-grass-thysanolaena-maxima.html
Location: Selo, Boyolali Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia.
Aryo Bandoro
Dlium TheDlium
Web: dlium.com


![Kunu buti (Mesosphaerum suaveolens)
Hyptis capitata
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ArHGUVVw-A
Hyptis brevipes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oi5nF6dOH80
Marsypianthes chamaedrys
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NiJRKW5uSM
Coleus rotundifolius
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tzv0frGUdJY
#Dlium
Kunu buti (Mesosphaerum suaveolens) is a species of plant in the Lamiaceae family. It is an erect, herbaceous annual, growing up to 1.5 meters tall. Its cylindrical, rough, brown or green stem is hairy and white. It grows on forest floors, bushes, agricultural fields, and roadsides. Its roots are fibrous and brownish-yellow.
M. suaveolens has single, opposite leaves, stalks 2-5 cm long and hairy. The leaf blades are green, hairy, oval, with pointed tips, blunt bases, serrated edges, up to 6 cm long, up to 5 cm wide, and pinnate veins.
The flowers are compound, axillary, in clusters, perfect, and bisexual. The petals are attached, forming a tube, each tip elongated like a spine, soft, 3-10 mm long, and green. The corolla is attached, asymmetrically detached, 1-2 cm long, and purple. The fruit is single, hard, capsule-shaped, hairy on the surface, and green or brown in color. The seeds are round, small and blackish brown in color.
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Subfamily: Nepetoideae
Tribe: Ocimeae
Subtribe: Hyptidinae
Genus: Mesosphaerum P.Browne in Civ. Nat. Hist. Jamaica: 257 (1756)
Species: Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 525 (1891)
Homotypic Synonyms
Ballota suaveolens L. in Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 1100 (1759)
Bystropogon suaveolens (L.) LHér. in Sert. Angl.: 19 (1789)
Gnoteris cordata Raf. in Sylva Tellur.: 76 (1838)
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. in Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 7: 472 (1806)
Heterotypic Synonyms
Bystropogon graveolens Blume in Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 824 (1826)
Gnoteris villosa Raf. (1838)
Hyptis congesta Leonard in J. Washington Acad. Sci. 17: 70 (1927)
Hyptis ebracteata R.Br. in W.T.Aiton, Hortus Kew., ed. 2. 3: 391 (1811)
Hyptis graveolens (Blume) Mart. ex Benth. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 12: 126 (1848)
Hyptis graveolens Schrank in Denkschr. Königl.-Baier. Bot. Ges. Regensburg 2: 52 (1822)
Hyptis plumieri Poit. (1806)
Marrubium indicum Blanco in Fl. Filip.: 477 (1837)
Schaueria graveolens (Blume) Hassk. in Flora 25(2 Beibl.): 25 (1842)
Bramley, G.L.C. & al. (eds.) in Ridley, H.N. (2022). Flora of the Malay Peninsula, ser. II, 9: 1-301. Authority of teh Government of the Straits Settlements.
Bramley, G.L.C. (2019). Flora Malesiana 23: 1-444. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta.
Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
Rajbhandari, K.R., Rai, S.K. & Chhetri, R. (2022). A Handbook of the Flowering Plants of Nepal 4: 1-522. Department of Plant Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Sosef, M.S.M. & al. (eds.) (2022). Flore du Gabon 58: 1-150. Muséum National DHistoire Naturelle, Paris; Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim; Meise Botanic Garden.
Bengali: বিলাতি তুলাস Bilati tulas
Bihari: Bhunsuri
Burmese: ကူနူး ဘူတီ
Chinese (simplified): 山香
Chinese (traditional): 山香 - 香苦草 - 山粉圓
English: Kunu buti, Wide spikenard, Hyptis, Pignut, Bukumbar
Filipino: Amotan, Suob-kabayo, Loko-loko
Hindi: विलायती तुलसी Vilaiti tulsi
Indonesian: Gringsingan
Japanese: ニオイニガクサ
Java: Lampesan, Gringsingan
Kannada: Ganga tulasi, Vilaayati tulasi
Khmer: គុនូ ប៊ូទី
Lao: ຄູນູ ບູຕິ
Madura: Salangkèng, Mang-kamang
Malayalam: Naatta poochedi
Malaysia: Malbar hutan, Selaseh hutan, Pokok kemangi
Manipuri: Tukuma, Erik lei
Marathi: Bhustrena, Darp tulas, Jungli tulas
Melayu: Ruku-ruku
Nepali: बान बावारी - थुलो मिर्रे Ban Baawaree, Thulo Mirre
Oriya: Ganga tulasi
Portuguese: Mentrasto-guaçu, Alfazema-brava, Bamburral, São-pedro-caá, Melissa-de-pison, Cheirosa, Betônica-brava, Pataquera, Betônia-branca, Celine, Mentrasto-do-grande, Erva-cidreira-falsa, Chá-de-frança, Salva-limão
Sanskrit: Bhustrena, Bhustrna
Sinhala: නාට්ටා පූචෙඩි Nāṭṭā pūceḍi
Slovak: Mätohlávok voňavý
Spanish: Chan, Confiturilla
Sunda: Jukut bau
Tamil: நாட்டா பூச்சேடி Nāṭṭā pūccēṭi
Telugu: Sirna tulasi
Thai: แมงลักคา
Vietnam: Hạt dẻ
Learn more: https://www.dlium.com/2026/05/kunu-buti-mesosphaerum-suaveolens.html
Location: Karangmojo, Gunung Kidul Regency, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia.
Aryo Bandoro
Dlium TheDlium
Web: https://www.dlium.com Kunu buti (Mesosphaerum suaveolens)](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/wkx2JAcBVew/mqdefault.jpg)



![Whitehead spikesedge (Cyperus mindorensis) - part 2
Part 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p876M93fF58
Cyperus alternifolius :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WzuzUJFga60
Cyperus cyperoides :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3T0aznlibVk
Cyperus diffusus :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5aFwbbAb9Y
Cyperus iria :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=laHjJE5IzNE
Cyperus odoratus :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlSopqAKGSg
Cyperus rotundus :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v bnUnYxouHU
#Dlium
Whitehead spikesedge (Cyperus mindorensis) is a species of herbaceous, flowering plant in the Cyperaceae family. The leaves are linear, ribbon-shaped, green, 1.5–3 mm wide and up to 55 cm long. They emerge from green to purplish-brown sheaths.
The flower stalks are erect, up to 60 cm tall, angular, and green. The flowers are at the end of the stalks, forming a spherical, up to 1 cm wide, white inflorescence. This species reproduces vegetatively using underground, horizontal rhizomes and regeneratively using seeds.
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Poales
Family: Cyperaceae
Subfamily: Cyperoideae
Tribe: Cypereae
Genus: Cyperus L. in Sp. Pl.: 44 (1753)
Species: Cyperus mindorensis (Steud.) Huygh in Phytotaxa 166: 39 (2014)
Homotypic Synonyms
Kyllinga mindorensis Steud. in Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 67 (1854)
Kyllinga monocephala var. mindorensis (Steud.) Boeckeler in Linnaea 35: 428 (1868)
Heterotypic Synonyms
Cyperus curvispiculosus T.Koyama in Naturaliste Canad. 82: 215 (1955)
Cyperus kyllingia f. humilis (Boeckeler) Kük. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 20(Heft 101): 608 (1936)
Cyperus kyllingia var. latifolius (Boeckeler) Kük. (1936)
Cyperus kyllingia f. subtriceps (Kunth) Kük. (1936)
Cyperus kyllingia f. tenuis (Boeckeler) Kük. (1936)
Cyperus leucocephalus Hassk. in Pl. Jav. Rar.: 87 (1848)
Cyperus sesquiflorus f. latifolius (Boeckeler) Kük. (1936)
Kyllinga cephalotes Druce in Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 1916: 630 (1917)
Kyllinga curvispiculosa (T.Koyama) P.H.Hô in Cayco Vietnam 3: 699 (1993)
Kyllinga gracilis Zoll. in A.Moritzi, Syst. Verz. Java: 63 (1846)
Kyllinga intermedia Seem. in Bonplandia (Hannover) 9: 261 (1861)
Kyllinga monocephala Stokes in Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 120 (1812)
Kyllinga monocephala var. humilis Boeckeler (1868)
Kyllinga monocephala var. latifolia Boeckeler (1868)
Kyllinga monocephala var. subtriceps Kunth in Enum. Pl. 2: 130 (1837)
Kyllinga monocephala var. tenuis Boeckeler (1868)
Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel in Fl. W. Trop. Afr. 2: 487 (1936)
Kyllinga nemoralis var. subnemoralis Wad.Khan & Sardesai in Cyperaceae W. Ghats, W. Coast & Maharashtra: 271 (2015 publ. 2014)
Kyllinga planiculmis C.B.Clarke ex Cherm. in Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 25: 209 (1919)
Kyllinga planiculmis var. mucronata Cherm. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 72: 613 (1925)
Scirpus cephalotes Jacq. in Hort. Bot. Vindob. 1: 42 (1771)
Thryocephalon nemorale J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. in Char. Gen. Pl., ed. 2.: 130 (1776)
Publications
Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
Middleton, D.J. & al. (eds.) (2019). Flora of Singapore 7: 1-525. Singapore Botanic Gardens.
Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.
Whistler, W.A. (2022). Flora of Samoa Flowering Plants: 1-930. National Tropical Botanicl Garden. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.
Assamese: Keya bon
Bengali: Nirbishi নির্বিশী
Chamorro: CHåguan Lemmai
Chinese (simplified): 单穗水蜈蚣
Chinese (traditional): 單穗水蜈蚣
English: Whitehead cyperus, Whitehead spikesedge, Whitehead grass, White water sedge, White kyllinga, White-flowered Kyllinga
Hindi: निर्विषी - निर्बीसी Nirvishi, Nirbisi
Indonesia: Teki pentol, Pentol bitung
Japanese: オオヒメクグ - シロヒメクグ
Java: Teki pentol, Pentol biting
Kannada: Anantha konde hullu, Neervisha musthe
Malayalam: Muttanna, Velutta nirvasi, Palnivasi, Pimuttanna
Manipuri: Kouthum
Marathi: Nirvishi
Mizo: Pi-sa-um-bur
Nepali: निर्विशी Nirviśī
Sanskrit: Apavisha, Avisha, Musta, Svetanirvisa, Vishabhava, Vishaha, Vishahantri, Vishapaha, Vishavairini, Vivisha, Nirvisha, Svetanirvisa
Sinhala: වේලුට්ට නිර්බාසි Vēluṭṭa nirbāsi
Slovak: šachor mindorský
Spanish: Junco asiático blanco
Tamil: வேலுத்த நிர்பசி Velutta nirbasi
Telugu: Gandala
Tulu: Boldu nirvisho
Learn more: https://www.dlium.com/2023/12/whitehead-spikesedge-cyperus-mindorensis.html
Location: Sumberlawang, Sragen Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia.
Aryo Bandoro
Dlium TheDlium
Web: https://www.dlium.com Whitehead spikesedge (Cyperus mindorensis) - part 2](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/xC-NiHKZhns/mqdefault.jpg)
![Sandbox tree (Hura crepitans)
Jatropha gossypiifolia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykjnaRRmERc
Aleurites moluccanus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLf4RhxP_ks
Hevea brasiliensis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7lpymHZGTxo
Ricinus communis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBpmqBsWUI8
#Dlium Sandbox tree (Hura crepitans) is species in Euphorbiaceae, a tropical tree, growing up to 60 meters tall and with a trunk circumference of up to 13.2 meters, the trunk is covered with long and sharp thorns and exudes a poisonous sap.
H. crepitans has large, oval leaves, 15 cm wide and 20 cm long. The petioles are 22 cm long. The flowers are red and lack petals. Male flowers grow on long stalks, while female flowers grow singly in leaf axils.
The fruit is a large, flask-shaped capsule, up to 10 cm in diameter, with 12-16 radially arranged carpels. The seeds are flat and about 2 cm in diameter. The capsule bursts when ripe, dividing into segments and ejecting the seeds at a speed of 70 m/s, a distance of 30-100 meters.
This tree prefers moist soil and partial shade or partial to full sun, a warm, humid environment. It is often cultivated for shade.
The wood is light and used to make canoes. The sap is used to poison fish.
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Genus: Hura L. in Sp. Pl.: 1008 (1753)
Species: Hura crepitans L. in Sp. Pl.: 1008 (1753)
Homotypic Synonyms
Hura crepitans var. genuina Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1229 (1866), not validly publ.
Heterotypic Synonyms
Hura brasiliensis Willd. in Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol.: 997 (1809)
Hura crepitans var. membranacea Müll.Arg. (1866)
Hura crepitans var. oblongifolia Müll.Arg. (1866)
Hura crepitans f. oblongifolia Müll.Arg. (1866)
Hura crepitans var. orbicularis Müll.Arg. (1866)
Hura crepitans f. orbicularis Müll.Arg. (1866)
Hura crepitans var. ovata Müll.Arg. (1866)
Hura crepitans f. ovata Müll.Arg. (1866)
Hura crepitans var. senegalensis (Baill.) Boiss. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1230 (1866)
Hura crepitans var. strepens Müll.Arg. (1866)
Hura senegalensis Baill. in Recueil Observ. Bot. 1: 77 (1860)
Hura strepens Willd. (1809)
Publications:
Aung, Y.L., Aung, M.H., Tan, Y. & Jin, X. (2025). An updated checklist of vascular plants of Myanmar. PhytoKeys 261: 135-364.
Balakrishnan, N.P. & Chakrabarty, T. (2007). The family Euphorbiaceae in India. A synopsis of its profile, taxonomy and bibliography: 1-500. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000). World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae) 1-4: 1-1622. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P.G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E.J. & Martin, C.A. (2022). An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, sér. 3, 44: 345-903.
de Oliveira, L. dos S.D., da Silva, M.J. & de Sales, M.F. (2013). Synopsis of the tribe Hureae (Euphorbioideae, Euphorbiaceae). Brittonia 65: 310-329.
van Welzen, P.C. & Chayamarit, K. (2007). Flora of Thailand 8(2): 305-592. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok.
Afrikaans: Sandstrooierboom
Bengali: চাকা গাছ Cākā gācha
Burmese: ဘီးသစ်ပင်
Chinese (simplified): 响盒子 - 沙盒树
Chinese (traditional): 沙盒樹
English: Sandbox tree, Dynamite tree, Monkey-no-climb
Filipino: Puno ng gulong
Hindi: पहिया पेड़ Pahiya ped
Indonesian: Roda, Kalpataru, Huru, Kemiri cina, Buta-buta
Japanese: サルノトウナス - 砂箱の木
Java: Kuku macan
Kannada: Retidaani, Retidani
Khmer: ដើមឈើកង់
Lao: ຕົ້ນໄມ້ລໍ້
Malaysia: Pokok roda
Nepal: पाङ्ग्राको रूख Pāṅgrākō rūkha
Sinhala: රෝද ගස Rōda gasa
Sunda: Ki Kasymir, Ki Semir
Tamil: சக்கர மரம் Cakkara maram
Telugu: Seema buruga
Thai: โพศรี
Vietnam: Cây bánh xe
Learn more: https://www.dlium.com/2025/08/sandbox-tree-hura-crepitans.html
Location: Semanu, Gunung Kidul Regency, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia.
Aryo Bandoro
Dlium TheDlium
Web: https://www.dlium.com Sandbox tree (Hura crepitans)](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/xJp52hHIxFI/mqdefault.jpg)


![Bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia)
Jatropha multifida:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BnKv4_phAXU
Hevea brasiliensis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7lpymHZGTxo
Codiaeum variegatum
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHrLRfWUB9M
#Dlium Bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia) is a species of plant in the Euphorbiaceae. It is a shrub, growing 2.5-4 meters tall. The leaves are three-lobed, up to 13 cm long and 13 cm wide, sticky, with spiny margins, purple when young and green as they mature. The petioles are up to 9 cm long, dark red to brown, and have yellow spikes.
The flowers are small, fan-shaped, dark red with yellow centers. The fruit is ovoid; young fruits are green. Older fruits are brown, dry, and burst to release the seeds.
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Subfamily: Crotonoideae
Tribe: Jatropheae
Genus: Jatropha L. in Sp. Pl.: 1006 (1753)
Species: Jatropha gossypiifolia L. in Sp. Pl.: 1006 (1753)
Variety: Jatropha gossypiifolia var. gossypiifolia, Jatropha gossypiifolia var. jamaicensis Dehgan & Almira, Jatropha gossypiifolia var. staphysagriifolia (Mill.) Müll.Arg.
Homotypic Synonyms
Adenoropium gossypiifolium (L.) Pohl in Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 16 (1826)
Jatropha gossypiifolia var. typica Chodat & Hassl. in Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 5: 611 (1905), not validly publ.
Manihot gossypiifolia (L.) Crantz in Inst. Rei Herb. 1: 167 (1766)
Publications:
Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
Balakrishnan, N.P. & Chakrabarty, T. (2007). The family Euphorbiaceae in India. A synopsis of its profile, taxonomy and bibliography: 1-500. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1-581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.
Buragohain, S. & Sarma, G.C. (2009). The exotic weeds of Guwahati, Assam and their role in employment generation. Pleione 3(1): 45-49.
Florence, J. (1997). Flore de la Polynésie Française 1: 1-393. ORSTOM éditions, Paris.
Girmansyah, D. & al. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Bali an annotated checklist: 1-158. Herbarium Bogorensis, Indonesia.
Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
Karthigeyan, K., Pandey, R.P. & Mao, A.A. (eds.) (2023). Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2: 1-689. Botanical Survey of India. Ministry of environment, forest and climate change.
Leti, M., Hul, S., Fouché, J.-G., Cheng, S.K. & David, B. (2013). Flore photographique du Cambodge: 1-589. Éditions Privat, Toulouse.
MacKee, H.S. (1994). Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie, ed. 2: 1-164. Museum national dhistoire naturelle, Paris.
Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
van Welzen, P.C. & Chayamarit, K. (2007). Flora of Thailand 8(2): 305-592. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok.
Bali: Jarak barak
Bengali: Lal bherenda
Burmese: အနီရောင်ဆပ်ပြာ
Chinese (simplified): 桐叶膏棉 - 棉叶珊瑚花
Chinese (traditional): 紅葉麻瘋樹 - 棉葉麻瘋樹
English: Bellyache bush, Jarak merah, Pandou, Black physicnut, Cotton-leaf physic Nut
Filipino: Lansi-lansinaan, tagumbau-a-nalabaga, tuba-tuba
Hindi: रतनजोती - बरामदा - भेरेंडा Ratanajotee, Baraamada, Bherenda
Indonesian: Jarak merah
Java: Jarak abang
Kangean: Kaleke bacu
Kannada: Chikka kadaharalu
Khmer: សាប៊ូក្រហម
Lampung: Jarak ulung
Lao: ສະບູ່ສີແດງ
Madura: Jarak mera
Malayalam: Chuvanna Kadalavanakku, Seemayavanakku
Malaysia: Jarak merah, Jarak beremah, Jarak hitam
Manipuri: E-hidak, Ee hidak
Melayu: Jarak merah
Nepali: रतनजोती Ratanajōtī
Oria: Johaji, Baigoba, Nonkakalo, Baigawa, kalo
Pashto: رتنجوتي Ratanjoti
Sinhala: සිරියා අමනක්කු - ආතලයි Siriyā amanakku, ātalayi
Sunda: Jarak beureum
Tamil: சிரியா அமனக்கு - ஆதலை Ciriyā amaṉakku, ātalai
Telugu: Nela-amida, Nepalam, Verriamudam, Seema nepalamu, Nela amudam, Bodandha
Thai: สบู่แดง
Urdu: رتن جوتی Rtan joti
Vietnam: Xà phòng đỏ
Learn more: https://www.dlium.com/2026/03/bellyache-bush-jatropha-gossypiifolia.html
Location: Karangmojo, Gunung Kidul Regency, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia.
Aryo Bandoro
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Web: https://www.dlium.com Bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia)](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/ykjnaRRmERc/mqdefault.jpg)