Uploaded March 2022 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago

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Content:
0:00 Introduction
00:29 Veins of the Systemic Circulation
01:05 Superior Vena Cava
01:32 Azygos & Hemiazygos Vein
05:45 Brachiocephalic Veins
06:20 Right Brachiocephalic Vein
08:19 Left Brachiocephalic Vein

Superior Vena Cava
- Short Vein
- Large Diameter: 2-3 Cm
- No valves

Azygos Vein (vena azygos)
- Unpaired vein located behind the Inferior Vena Cava, on the right side of the vertebral column.
- Received blood from the Right Ascending Lumbar Vein (v. Lumbalis ascendens dexter)
- May function as portocaval and cavo-caval anastemoses
Tributaries:
- Visceral Tributaries
○ Esophageal Veins (vv. oesophageales)
○ Bronchial Veins (Vv. bronchiales)
○ Pericardial Veins (Vv. Pericardiacae)
○ Mediastinal Veins (Vv. Mediastinales)
- Parietal Tributaries
○ Hemiazygos Vein (vena hemiazygos)
□ Acessory Hemiazygos Vein (vena hemiazygos accessoria)
○ Right Superior Intercostal Veins (Vv. Intercostales Superior Dextrae)
○ Right Posterior Intercostal Veins (Vv. Intercostales Posterior Dextrae)
○ Superiro Phrenic Vein (Vv. Phrenicae SUperiores)

Left Thoracic Veins:
- Left Posterior Intercostal Veins (Vv. Intercostales Posteriores Sinistrae) draining into the accessory hemiazygos vein and the hemiazygos vein

Right Brachiocephalic Vein (Vena brachiocephalica dextra)
- Formed by a union of the Subclavian Vein (vena subclavia) and the Internal Jugular Vein (vena jugularis interna)
- About 3 cm long
- Right Vertebral Vein (vena vertebralis)
- Right Inferior Thyroid Vein (vena thyroidea inferior)
- Right Internal Thoracic Vein (vena thoracica interna dextra)
○ Anterior intercostal veins (venae inercostales anteriores) communicate with the posterior intercostal veins
○ Musculophrenic Vein (vena musculophrenica)
○ Superior Epigastric Vein (vena epigastrica superior)
- Right Supereme Intercostal Vein (vena intercostalis suprema)

Left Brachiocephalic Vein
- About 6 cm long
- Left Vertebral Vein (vena vertebralis dexter)
- Left Inferior Thyroid Vein (vena thyroidea inferior sinister)
- Left Internal Thoracic Vein (vena thoracica interna sinister)
- Left Supreme Intercostal Vein (vena intercostalis suprema sinister)
- Left Superior Intercostal Vein (vena intercostalis superior sinistra)
- Thymic Veins (vv. thymicae)
- Pericardiophrenic Veins (venae percardiophrenicae)