Name: Scientific Issues: Jurassic Park - Part 2 @TREYtheExplainer
Uploaded: 2026-09-17T08:17:00-05:00
Duration: 8 min 17 s
Description: Scientific Issues: Jurassic Park - Part 2

Scientific Issues: Jurassic Park - Part 2

TREY the Explainer 2026-09-17 | Scientific Issues: Jurassic Park - Part 2

Look Here: A Deep Dive into the Eye Exam Landscapes

TREY the Explainer 2024-10-11 | A tale of memory, nostalgia, and obsession...

Music Score by Ryan Probert (https://t.co/FVSIVVq71K)
(Unused) Traveling Song by Dustin Fichter
Thumbnail Art by Chestnutroan (@chestnutroan) (https://t.co/fIRsw2eyYJ)

Full soundtrack available here:
youtube.com/watch?v=rwSLszR4sKI

Chapters:
0:00:00 Introduction
0:03:33 The Machine
0:09:11 The Targets
0:16:55 The Variants
0:22:15 The Theory
0:25:41 The Experiment
0:41:35 The Findings
0:45:51 The Targets as Art
0:47:37 Emptiness
0:50:31 The Subjects
0:54:46 Similar Works
0:57:33 Nostalgia, Fernweh, and Pothos
1:02:21 The Hunt Begins
1:03:28 The Artists
1:07:25 The Balloon Chart
1:15:02 Road to Nowhere
1:20:34 Fictional Locations
1:22:49 The Mountain House
1:26:46 Wrap Up and Failure
1:29:05 The Red Barn
1:32:02 The Pilgrimage
1:36:08 Final Remarks
1:39:56 Credits

Special Thanks to
Alan (@plastic_ivy)
Ida (@ncdraw)
Fossil Locator (@FossilLocator)
Dr. Darren Abbey (@thebiologistisn)
Brennan Stokkermans (@BStokkermans)
Chesnutroan (@chestnutroan)
Chris Frantz
Dustin Fichter
Dr. Antiono Medina Puerta
And my Dad!

Citations:
History: History: Nidek Co.,ltd.. Eye & Health Care NIDEK CO., LTD. (n.d.). nidek-intl.com/aboutus/history
Huvitz Service Manual : Auto Ref/Keratometer HRK-1, (n.d.)
Maidona News/Lmaga.jp News Special Correspondent, Momoko Nakagawa. (2022, December 29). Wayback Machine. web.archive.org/web/20221229025001/news.livedoor.com/article/detail/23458282
Nidek Service Manual: AR-310A/AR-330A/AR-360A and ARK-510A/ARK-530A/ARK-560A, (n.d.)
Nidek Handheld Ref/Keratometer HandyRef-K Operator’s Manual, (n.d.)
Nidek Auto Ref/Kerato/Tonometer Model Tonoref II Operator’s Manual, (n.d.)
Nikon Auto Refractokeratometer Speedy-K Instructions, (n.d.)
Righton Speedy-K2 brochure, (n.d.)
Topcon Instruction Manual: Auto Refractometer RM-8800 and Auto Kerato-Refractometer KR-8800, (n.d.)
Topcon Instruction Manual: Auto Refractometer RM-8900 and Auto Kerato-Refractometer KR-8900, (n.d.)
Vision Monday. (2009, June 22). Nidek founder Hideo Ozawa dies at 79. visionmonday.com. visionmonday.com/article/nidek-founder-hideo-ozawa-dies-at-79-13917
World Health Organization. (2023, August 10). Vision Impairment and blindness. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment#:~:text=Prevalence,826%20million)%20(2).
目の検査に"気球"一体なぜ？　"世界100カ国超"で採用...風景は実際の写真. テレ朝news. (2024, May 14). news.tv-asahi.co.jp/news_society/articles/900002623.html
東海テレビ NEWS ONE. (2023, December 7). 眼の検査で機器覗き込むと見える『あの気球の絵』実は写真とイラストの合成画像だった試作では飛行機の案も. YouTube. youtu.be/Z3gHrCX0U78?si=XB8TMiabrFzYahoy

I wanted an excuse to show off my historical cosplays 🏺 #cosplay #historicalreenactment #history

TREY the Explainer 2024-05-01 | ...

The Native Bigfoot

TREY the Explainer 2024-02-08 | Thumbnail art by Ettore Mazza
Original music by Ryan Probert (youtube.com/@ProbeComposer) and featuring Naomi Sullivan on Saxophone

I want to apologize for some of the mispronunciations in my video.

Spreadsheet Link:
docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Zn5XwY2fwEacKxJpH_Dz3UgT0lc1iiI4/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=115919598192553705708&rtpof=true&sd=true

Original 1929 Magazine Sasquatch Article (pg. 6):
archive.org/details/Macleans-Magazine-1929-04-01/mode/2up

I do want to clarify that the beliefs held by the Yokuts that I present in this video are little simplified. After several conversations with the representative, they further explained to me that the Yokuts believe that the Hairy Man is a tribe of people, a tribe of spiritual people that can walk in both worlds: in the spirit and in flesh-and-blood. They are endowed with the abilities to transform, speak, and heal. The Yokuts explicitly do NOT believe them to be ape-like/Sasquatch-like creatures. The interpretation of the Hairy Man held by Bigfooters is simply incorrect and does not reflect the actual beliefs of the Yokuts.

Chapters:
0:00:00 Introduction
0:08:49 Assembling a List
0:14:13 THE SPREADSHEET
0:16:47 My Findings
0:21:16 the Other 89%
0:22:11 Chimeras
0:24:48 Spirits
0:26:50 Giants
0:30:15 Dwarves
0:31:31 "Wild Indians"
0:40:00 The Origins of Sasquatch
0:47:08 Basket Women
0:51:43 Summary of the 89%
0:55:21 The Hairy Man
1:03:05 Well, Actually...
1:12:59 Conclusion

Correction:
0:48:17 take note of her skirt/dress

Citations:
Archer, J. (2000). Texas indian myths and legends. Republic of Texas Press.
Bartram, W. (1806). Travels, and other writings. Library of America.
Brode, N. (2020, May 11). Bigfoot is real (for 11% of U.S. adults). CivicScience. civicscience.com/bigfoot-is-real-for-11-of-u-s-adults
Burns, J.W. (1929). Introducing B.C.’s Hairy Giants. MacLean’s Magazine.
Coleman, L. (2003). Bigfoot: The true story of apes in america. Paraview Pocket Books.
Davenport, H. M. (2020, July). The changing face of folkloric transmission: Bigfoot and the American Pysche. https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/15974/davenport-changing-face-2020.pdf
Dorsey, G. A. (1905). Traditions of the Caddo. Carnegie Instit.
Erdros, R., & Ortiz, A. (1984). American indian myths and legends: Selected and edited by. Pantheon Books, div of Random House.
Feder, K. L. (2019). Archaeological oddities: A field guide to forty claims of Lost Civilizations, ancient visitors, and other strange sites in North America. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Green, J. (1968). On the Track of the Sasquatch, 2nd ed. Agassiz, British Columbia: Cheam Publishing.
Gwynne, S. C. (2010). Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History. United Kingdom: Scribner.
Hara, H. S. (1980). The hare Indians and their world. National Museums of Canada.
James, G. W. (1909). Indian Basketry: And How to Make Indian and Other Baskets. United States: Malkan.
Johnstone, E. B. (2008). Bigfoot and Other Stories. Tulare County Board of Education, Vasalia, California.
Lachler, J. (2010). Dictionary of Alaskan Haida. Sealaska Heritage Institute.
Lapseritis, J., Murphy, C. L., Trippett, L., & D’Angelo, J. (2011). The sasquatch people and their interdimensional connection. Comanche Spirit Pub.
Latta, F. F. (1949). Handbook of Yokuts Indians. Bear State Books. Oildale, California.
Loxton, D., & Prothero, D. R. (2015). Abominable science!: Origins of the Yeti, Nessie, and other famous cryptids. Columbia University Press.
McClure, N. (2018, October 19). Examining Native American basketry in the studio collections of three artists - points west online. Buffalo Bill Center of the West. centerofthewest.org/2018/10/19/points-west-examining-native-american-basketry
Murphy, C. L., Green, J., & Steenburg, T. N. (2004). Meet the sasquatch. Hancock House.
Shiel, L. A. (2013). Forbidden Bigfoot. Jacobsville Books.
Strain, K. M. (2008). Giants, Cannibals & Monsters - Bigfoot in Native Culture. Hancock House Ltd.
Strain, K. M. (2003). Mayak datat: An Archaeological Viewpoint of the Hairy man Pictographs. Bigfoot information project: Mayak datat - an archaeological viewpoint of the Hairy man pictographs. http://bigfootproject.org/articles/mayak_datat.html
Strain, K. M. (2012). Mayak Datat: The Hairy man pictographs. https://www.isu.edu/media/libraries/rhi/research-papers/Mayak-Datat-Hairy-Man-Pictographs-1.pdf
Suttles, W. (1972). On the Cultural Track of the Sasquatch. Portland State University.
Zitkala-Sa. (1985). Old indian legends. Univ. of Nebraska Pr.
Zitkala-Sa. (2004). Iktomi and the ducks and other Sioux Stories. University of Nebraska Press.

Special thanks to:
Miles Greb
Ryan Probert
Ettore Mazza
American Museum of Natural History
And the kind people of the Tule River Tribe

Reveal

TREY the Explainer 2023-12-23 | sorry, I was really nervous to do this. Thank you so much for everything. I can't wait to see what the future has in store...

Director - Natasha Reilly (youtube.com/channel/UCvUTUcZYGCHhcrxOQitpNZg) and
Instagram (@nathasdogs)
Production Design - Sully Biscan (sully.filmanddesign@gmail.com)
Original music by Ryan Probert (youtube.com/@ProbeComposer)

and special thanks to Dustin for teaching me a little bit of the guitar!

and of course, thank you 🫵
:')

The Phantom Pharaoh

TREY the Explainer 2023-10-17 | 𓇳𓆣𓂓
Dead... and yet, not dead.

Thumbnail art by Ida (https://x.com/ncdraw?s=20)
Sesostris art by Duc de Vinny (https://x.com/DucDeVinny?s=20)

Original music by Ryan Probert (youtube.com/@ProbeComposer)

Citations
Alan Lloyd (30 August 2007). "Book II". In Moreno, Alfonso; Murray, Oswyn; Brosius, Maria (eds.). A Commentary on Herodotus Books I-IV. OUP Oxford.
Hawkins, J. D. (1998). Tarkasnawa King of mira ‘tarkondemos’, Boǧazköy Sealings and Karabel. Anatolian Studies, 48, 1–32. doi.org/10.2307/3643046
Herodotus. (2015). The Histories: (Penguin Classics Deluxe Edition). (T. Holland, Trans.). Penguin Books.
How, W. W., & Wells, J. (1989). A Commentary on Herodotus. Oxford University press.
Strupler, N. (2023). ‘Vandalizing’ Father hittite. Karabel, Orientalism and Historiographies. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 33(3), 477–497. doi.org/10.1017/s0959774322000440

Roman Ruins in Strange Locations

TREY the Explainer 2023-09-09 | In this video, you will follow me on a short tour through ancient Italy as I visit 4 Roman ruins in unique places and with strange backstories. From a marble bust sticking out of the side of a church to a Roman wall hidden in a McDonald's...

I hope you enjoy!

And please check out @toldinstone

Citations
Scampoli, E. (2010) Firenze, archeologia di una città, secoli I a.C.-XIII d.C. Firenze: Firenze University Press. [Web.] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, lccn.loc.gov/2011365526.

0:00 Introduction
1:07 La Berta, Florence
4:45 Plaza del Anfiteatro, Lucca
6:09 Durandal's Mark, Rome
7:43 McDonald's Servian Wall, Rome

The Oldest Joke: Is Humor Timeless?

TREY the Explainer 2023-06-22 | It's right behind me, isn't it?

Chapters:
0:00 Introduction
1:19 Origins
7:59 The Anatomy of a Joke
11:01 Timeless Jokes
17:51 Old Jokes That Got Old
27:55 How to make a joke last centuries

Thumbnail and art by @sanstitre2000
(twitter.com/sanstitre2000)

Endless Thread Article about the Sumerian Dog Joke:
wbur.org/endlessthread/2022/08/05/sumerian-joke-one

Special Thanks to:
@sanstitre2000
Miles Greb (the voice of Xanthias)
Seth Richardson PhD
Paul McDonald
Jordan Pickett, PhD

Citations:
Gordon, E. I. (1958). Sumerian animal proverbs and fables: “collection five” (conclusion). Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 12(2), 43–75. doi.org/10.2307/1359157
Richardson, Seth. (2022) Polishing some Sumerian Jewels.
Russell, D. (2022, August 5). What makes the world’s first bar joke funny? no one knows. Endless Thread. wbur.org/endlessthread/2022/08/05/sumerian-joke-one
Sidebottom, H. (2023). The mad emperor: Heliogabalus and the decadence of Rome. Oneworld.
Streck, M. P., & Wasserman, N. (2011). Dialogues and riddles: Three old babylonian wisdom texts. Iraq, 73, 117–125. doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900000103
Townsend, C. (2019). Fifth sun: A New History of the Aztecs. Oxford University Press.

Only 1st Century AD kids will understand 😔

TREY the Explainer 2023-04-21 | Archaeology/history nerds please give me your best theories...

Egypts Lost Pyramids

TREY the Explainer 2023-03-16 | How do you lose something as big as a pyramid?

Chapters:
0:00 Introduction
1:49 Herodotus the Traveler
5:41 The Ceaseless Footsteps of Time
7:51 The 2400-year-old Mistake

Special thanks for Sanstitre (twitter.com/sanstitre2000) for the fantastic reconstructions of the Biahmu Colossi!

Citations
Hartwig, M. K. (2014). Sculpture. A Companion to Ancient Egyptian Art, 189–218. doi.org/10.1002/9781118325070.ch11
Herodotus. (2015). The histories: (Penguin Classics Deluxe Edition). (T. Holland, Trans.). Penguin Books.
How, W. W., & Wells, J. (1989). A Commentary on Herodotus. Oxford University Press.
Hewison, R. Neil (2007). "Al-Ṣanam". Fayoum: History and Guide. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press.

The Biology of Avatar 2

TREY the Explainer 2023-01-10 | Hello there guys! I'm back with a little sequel video to my "Biology of James Cameron's Avatar". In this video, I attempt to speculate and explain the biology, ecology, and evolution behind Pandora's strange and alien creatures as they appear in the new film, Avatar 2: the Way of Water. I apply many real world evolutionary biology terms and facts to this fictional planet as a fun thought experiment.

I hope you enjoy!

My Na'vi-Sona was created by the great Ida (twitter.com/ncdraw)
Many images were taken from the books: "The Art of Avatar The Way of Water" and "Avatar The Way of Water The Visual Dictionary"

Link to my original Biology of Avatar video: youtu.be/Hm1JFLpkofs

Books You Can (Never) Read

TREY the Explainer 2022-08-12 | You never know, you might only have a narrow window to enjoy something before its gone.

After 7 months, I have returned. In this long installment of Trey the Explainer, I discuss the history of books, literacy, and lost media. Are you ready to learn what you can never know?

Thumbnail art by Ida (twitter.com/ncdraw?s=20&t=1Qq-9uXASmP593JjT5oQ8w)

00:00 Introduction
03:22 The History of Books and Literacy
10:11 How Books were Lost
15:01 The Lost Books
16:43 Scientific Books
21:47 Historical Books
27:43 Books for Entertainment
33:00 Entire Libraries
36:04 Lost...and Found
39:34 The Importance of Books

Edit:
I have since realized that some of the information in this video should be more properly cited to their original authors, to avoid taking credit for their hard work.
38:48 (James S. Romm, Ghost on the Throne, 2012, pg. 188 & pg. 122)

Citations:
Starr, R. J. (1987). The circulation of literary texts in the roman world. The Classical Quarterly, 37(1), 213–223. doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800031797
Chuchiak, J. F. (2010). Writing as resistance: Maya graphic pluralism and Indigenous Elite Strategies for survival in Colonial Yucatan, 1550-1750. Ethnohistory, 57(1), 87–116. doi.org/10.1215/00141801-2009-055
Oleson, J. P., Clarysse, W., & Vandorpe, K. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the classical world. Oxford University Press.
Romm, J. S. (2012). Ghost on the throne: The death of alexander the great and the war for Crown and Empire. Alfred A. Knopf.
Townsend, C. (2019). Annals of native america: How the nahuas of colonial mexico kept their history alive. Oxford University Press.
Netz, R. (2020). Scale, space and canon in ancient literary culture. Cambridge University Press.
Diodorus. (?). The library. Philip Ii, Alexander the Great, and the successors. (R. Waterfield, Trans.). Oxford University Press.
Restall, M. (2019). When Montezuma Met Cortés: The true story of the meeting that changed history. Ecco, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers.
Madrigal, A. C. (2010, August 5). Google: There are exactly 129,864,880 books in the world. The Atlantic. Retrieved August 11, 2022, from theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/08/google-there-are-exactly-129-864-880-books-in-the-world/61024

Music licensed from Epidemic Sound

All copyrighted images belong to their respective owners. Most images were taken from the Wikimedia Commons under the Creative Commons licenses.

Special thanks to
Dr. Jordan Pickett
Dr. Barbara E. Mundy
Dr. Matthew Restall
Yuric INC (@Yuric_INC.)
MajoraZ
Rafael Mena
(among others)

The Archaeology Iceberg Explained

TREY the Explainer 2021-12-21 | I have returned from my four month long hiatus! I hope this 50 minute video makes up for it.
Today, we will explore some of the most bizarre and obscure stories and facts related to the field of archaeology. In this video, I talk about everything from mummies to Giant Aztec Snake statues to Sweet Potatoes to ancient Barbie dolls. I hope you enjoy and learn something new!

00:00 Introduction
00:44 Layer 1
05:28 Layer 2
09:36 Layer 3
15:39 Layer 4
23:17 Layer 5
30:36 The Schliemann Layer
33:49 Layer 7
41:24 Layer 8

Music licensed from Epidemic Sound

All copyrighted images belong to their respective owners. Most images were taken from the Wikimedia Commons under the Creative Commons licenses.

Special thanks to:
MajoraZ
Rome Wilson
Stefan Milosavljevich
Rafael Mena
Zotz
Dr. David S. Anderson

Behind the Conspiracy - The Reptilians (Featuring Dr. David Miano)

TREY the Explainer 2021-08-17 | Hello there guys! In this installment, I will provide an in-depth examination and deconstruction of the so-called "Reptilian Conspiracy". Me and Dr. David Miano will take a closer look and refute much of the "evidence" taken from history and archaeology often used in its support. I hope you enjoy and learn something new!

Dr. David Miano's channel, @WorldofAntiquity:
youtube.com/channel/UC64TYItcUS940vNWhQRnJWg

Chapters:
00:00 Introduction
02:21 A Brief History of Reptilians
06:14 The "Evidence"
08:58 The "Lost" City of the Lizard People
17:42 The Ubaid Figurines
20:19 The Nagas
22:00 The Serpent in the Garden
26:04 Misreading Mythology
28:49 A Disappointingly Dumb Theory
29:52 End Credits and Citations

Citations
Buren, E. D. V. (1949). Discoveries at Eridu. Orientalia, 18(1), 123–124. doi.org/jstor.org/stable/43072618
Daems, A. (2006, April 20). A snake in the grass. reassessing the ever-intriguing ophidian figurines. Academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/5150690/A_Snake_in_the_Grass_Reassessing_the_ever_intriguing_ophidian_figurines.
Dunning, B. (2007, May 21). Support your local reptoid. Skeptoid. skeptoid.com/episodes/4046.
Colavito, J. (2013, March 5). On the Reptilians and the persistence of myth. JASON COLAVITO. jasoncolavito.com/blog/on-the-reptilians-and-the-persistence-of-myth.
Colavito, J. (2014, July 25). Review of Ancient aliens s06e23 "faces of the Gods" (Special edition) and S07E01 "The Reptilians". JASON COLAVITO. jasoncolavito.com/blog/review-of-ancient-aliens-s06e23-faces-of-the-gods-special-edition-and-s07e01-the-reptilians.
Los Angeles Times. (2009, April 18). Gold hunters dig for lost underground empire of the lizard people! Los Angeles Times. latimesblogs.latimes.com/thedailymirror/2009/04/gold-hunters-dig-for-lost-underground-empire-of-the-lizard-people.html.
Serfontein, S. M. (1991). Medusa - From beast to beauty in archaic and classical illustrations from Greece and South Italy - by Susan M. Serfontein. Scribd. scribd.com/document/95971759/Medusa-From-Beast-to-Beauty-in-Archaic-and-Classical-Illustrations-From-Greece-and-South-Italy-By-Susan-M-Serfontein.

Clips Used:
"The Reptilians" - Ancient Aliens episode (season 8, episode 5)
"Reptilian" - Lost Tapes episode (season 3, episode 10)

The Among Us Effect

TREY the Explainer 2021-05-08 | You see it too, don't you? ඞ

Citations:
Cook, J. G. (2012). Crucifixion as Spectacle in Roman Campania. Novum Testamentum, 54(1), 68–100. doi.org/10.1163/156853611x589651
Pokorny, J. J., & de Waal, F. B. (2009). Monkeys recognize the faces of group mates in photographs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(51), 21539–21543. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912174106
Luque, J. (2014). The oldest higher true crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura): insights from the Early Cretaceous of the Americas. Palaeontology, 58(2), 251–263. doi.org/10.1111/pala.12135
Crockford, C., Wittig, R. M., & Zuberbühler, K. (2017). Vocalizing in chimpanzees is influenced by social-cognitive processes. Science Advances, 3(11). doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701742
Van Strien, J. W., & Isbell , L. A. (2017). Snake scales, partial exposure, and the Snake Detection Theory: A human event-related potentials study. Scientific reports. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28387376/.
van Bakel, B. W. M., Mychko, E. V., Spiridonov, A., Jagt, J. W. M., & Fraaije, R. H. B. (2021). New Cretaceous crabs (Crustacea, Brachyura) from Moscow Oblast and Dagestan (Russia): patterns in phylogeny and morphospace of the oldest eubrachyurans (Dorippoidea). Cretaceous Research, 119, 104675. doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104675
Taylor, John (22 September 2010). "What is a Book of the Dead?". British Museum. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
Martin, J. W. (1993). The Samurai Crab . Terra, 31(4), 30–34.

Videos used:
Chimpanzee sees snake model Video 2: youtu.be/ErJEcyZFJ3U
Chimps react to snakes: youtu.be/jRyOxKR_gmU

Music from:
Epidemic Sound and C418

Most of the images come from the Wikimedia Commons or scientific publications (cited). I try to use copyright free images at all times. However if I have used any of your artwork or photos in error then please don't hesitate to contact and I’ll be more than happy to give the appropriate credit.

The Story of Onfim (a Medieval Child)

TREY the Explainer 2021-03-11 | Hello there guys and welcome back to another installment of Trey the Explainer!
Humans have not changed much over thousands of years.
In this video, I will discuss the nature of time, history, and humanity. We will be examining the fantastical world of a medieval child that existed 800 years ago. His name was Onfim...

We will also look at other examples of graffiti and artwork from past peoples around the world.

I hope you enjoy! Special thanks to Ida @ncdraw for telling me about Onfim ;)

Music Used:
I Don't See the Branches, I See the Leaves by Chris Zabriskie
Chris Zabriskie - What Does Anybody Know About Anything
God Be With You Till We Meet Again - Chris Zabriskie
But Enough About Me, Bill Paxton - Chris Zabriskie
Elf Meditation by Kevin Macleod

Most of the images used belong to the Wikimedia Commons or the Novgorod Birch Bark database: http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/

Citations:
Yanine, Valentine (2009). "The Dig at Novgorod". In Thomas Riha (ed.). Readings in Russian Civilization, Volume 1: Russia Before Peter the Great, 900-1700. U of Chicago P. pp. 47–59. ISBN 978-0-226-71843-9.
Chambers, John H. (16 October 2008). Everyone's History. Xlibris. ISBN 978-1-4628-2167-9.
Franklin, Simon (2010). Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus, c.950-1300. Cambridge UP. ISBN 978-1-139-43454-6.
Freeze, Gregory (2002). Russia: A History, new edition. Oxford UP. ISBN 978-0-19-162249-6.
Kent, Allen; Lancour, Harold; Daily, Jay E. (1979). "Slavic Paleography". Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. 27. CRC. ISBN 978-0-8247-2027-8.
Łukaszewicz, Adam. (2013) Polish Epigraphical Mission in the Tomb of Ramesses VI (KV 9) in the Valley of the Kings in 2010. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 22 (Research 2010), 161-170. ISSN 2083–537X
Lindstedt, I., 2014: New Kufic Graffiti and Inscriptions from Jordan, Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 25: 110–114, here p. 111 (https://www.academia.edu/7510213/New_Kufic_graffiti_and_inscriptions_from_Jordan_AAE_).
Imbert, F., 2011: L’Islam des pierres: l’expression de la foi dans les graffiti arabes des premiers siècles, Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée 129: 57–78, here pp. 62–63, referring to an unpublished graffito (https://www.academia.edu/7291764/LIslam_des_pierres_expression_de_la_foi_dans_les_graffiti_des_2_premiers_si%C3%A8cles_de_lH%C3%A9gire).
The writing on the wall - AD79eruption. (n.d.). Retrieved March 10, 2021, from sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/the-writing-on-the-wall
Novgorod Birch Bark database: http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/
Древнерусские берестяные грамоты. (n.d.). Retrieved March 10, 2021, from http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/

The Colossus of Rhodes - The Mystery Behind the Tallest Statue in the Ancient World

TREY the Explainer 2020-12-22 | In this long installment of Trey the Explainer, I will discuss the mysterious origins, history, and fate of the Colossus of Rhodes: Seventh Wonder of the Ancient World. We will learn a lot about Hellenistic history, Greek archaeology, ancient art, and the nature of building too tall. I hope you enjoy and learn something new from this video!

0:00 Introduction
1:58 Brief History of Rhodes
6:14 The Construction
12:33 Sources and Myth Telling
18:24 Archaeology of the Colossus
21:10 Alexander and the Colossus
23:50 JoJo Pose
27:32 Then the Earth Shook...
31:25 Where did it stand?
33:23 The Giant's Legacy

Artist Rafael Mena's social media contacts:
instagram.com/pedrorafaelmena_artist
deviantart.com/thesax66
artstation.com/artwork/WKzmeG

Background Music used: "With a Stamp", "Life in Romance", "An Evening A Lifetime" by Twin Musicom (twinmusicom.org) "Lost Frotiner", "Elf Meditation", "Blue Feather" by Kevin Macleod

Citations:
Jordan, Paul (2014). Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Routledge.
Rieger N.F. (2004) Engineering Aspects of the Collapse of the Colossus of Rhodes Statue. In: Ceccarelli M. (eds) International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms. Springer, Dordrecht.
Maryon, Herbert (1956). The Colossus of Rhodes. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1956, Vol. 76 (1956), pp. 68-86.
Daehner, Jens M.; Lapatin, Kenneth; Spinelli, Ambra [eds] (2017). Artistry in Bronze: The Greeks and Their Legacy XIXth International Congress on Ancient Bronzes.
Vedder, U. (2015). Was the Colossus of Rhodes Cast in Courses or in Large Sections?,. Retrieved December 22, 2020, from https://www.academia.edu/35708216/Was_the_Colossus_of_Rhodes_Cast_in_Courses_or_in_Large_Sections_
Higgins, Reynold (1988) "The Colossus of Rhodes" p. 130, in The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, Peter A. Clayton and Martin Jessop Price (eds.). Psychology Press, ISBN 9780415050364.

Most images were retrieved from the Wikimedia Commons and Public Domain. Please contact me if I did not attribute you correctly.
"Trey the Explainer Intro" by Arturo Garcia
Sound Rework by lunard-ying

Terror in the Deep: The Untouchable Fish Incident

TREY the Explainer 2020-08-12 | The ocean is a big place. In this video, I will discuss the true story of naturalist William Beebe's encounter with large and mysterious creatures from the abyss and offer explanations for the incident. Take a deep breath and don't touch those fish because this will be a deep dive into the curious case of the Untouchable Bathysphere fish of 1932 - likely one of the most plausible cryptids out there.

Washed up fish illustration by Brennan Stokkermans (artstation.com/brennanstokkermans)

Citations
Ceballos, G., Ehrlich, P. R., Barnosky, A. D., García, A., Pringle, R. M., & Palmer, T. M. (2015, June 19). Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction.
Beebe, William (1934), Half Mile Down, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.

Music by Kevin Macleod

Animated Intro by Arturo García

Cryptid Profile: Mokele-mbembe and the “Lost” Dinosaurs of the Congo

TREY the Explainer 2020-07-29 | Today I will discuss the elusive phenomenon of Mokele-mbembe and the other "Congo Dinosaurs". For over a century, Africa has been said to be home to large prehistoric beasts unknown to science. Is there any truth to this claim? You'll have to find out in this episode of Cryptid Profile!
[Sorry for the weird flickering that sometimes pops up in the video, I tried to fix it but to no avail]

Thank you to the artists I featured in this video!
Mokele-mbembe and Emela-ntouka artwork by @Worthikids (twitter.com/Worthikids)
Mbielu-Mbielu-Mbielu by Ashley Patch (twitter.com/AshleyPalaeo)

Citations
Loxton, Daniel; Prothero, Donald R. (2013). Abominable Science: Origins of the Yeti, Nessie, and other Famous Cryptids. Columbia University Press.
Naish, Darren. (2016). Hunting Monsters: Cryptozoology and the Reality Behind the Myths. Sirius Publications.
O’Hanlon, Redmond (1998). No Mercy: A Journey into the Heart of the Congo. New York: Vintage Books.
Ley, Willy (1941). Exotic Zoology. Viking Press.
Hagenbeck, Carl (1909). Beasts and Men. Translated by Elliot, High S. R.; Thacker, A. G. London, England: Longmans, Green, and Co.
Roy P. Mackal (1987). A Living Dinosaur? In Search of Mokele-Mbembe. New York: E.J. Brill.
Regusters, Herman A. (1982). Munger, Ned (ed.). "Mokele-Mbembe: An Investigation into Rumors Concerning a Strange Animal in the Republic of the Congo, 1981" (PDF). Munger Africana Library Notes. Pasadena: California Institute of Technology (64).
“The Last Dinosaur” [Season 3, Episode 52], MonsterQuest, History Channel, June 24, 2009.
William J. Gibbons. (2010). Mokele-Mbembe: Mystery Beast of the Congo Basin. Landisville, Pa.: Coachwhip.
Conway, John.; Kosemen, C.M.; Naish, Darren. (2013). Cryptozoologicon: Volume I.

Background Music Used: “Precipice”, “An Evening A Lifetime”, “Looked Back Saw Nothing”, “Not Without the Rest”, “Life in Romance” and "Marxist Arrow" by Twin Musicom (twinmusicom.org) "Blue Feather", "Lost Frontier", and "Music to Delight" by Kevin Macleod

Clips used:
youtu.be/nCRrRUpOWCs
youtu.be/Fl9Ccu6_DIc
youtu.be/t9zNInmwXuM
youtu.be/hfJPrWE2CJA
youtu.be/l2nPRLXdhMs
youtu.be/GZfPpHWKK7I
youtu.be/qW-uXsc7Iek
youtu.be/-iRZu5J36mY

The Fabulous Fashion of the Minoan Civilization

TREY the Explainer 2020-06-22 | Today we will explore the strange and bizarre world of ancient fashion by examining the archaeological research related to the mysterious lost civilization of antiquity: The Minoans of Bronze Age Crete! I will talk about everything from social norms and cultural relativism to Minotaurs. I hope you enjoy!

(Sorry for a bit of a raspy voice in this one, I was a little sick. Hopefully it's not too noticable)

Thumbnail Art by Mirre (sorry I pronounced it wrong in the video)
Mirre's Twitter: twitter.com/Foervraengd
Mirre's ArtStation: foervraengd.artstation.com
Youtube: youtube.com/channel/UCjt8l5a5lFyEUevVlpHYF_A

Music by Kevin Macleod and Twin Musicom (twinmusicom.org)

Intro by Arturo García

Citations
Bigelow, Marybelle S. Fashion in History: Western Dress, Prehistoric to Present. Minneapolis, MN: Burgess Publishing, 1970.
Payne, Blanche. History of Costume: From Ancient Egypt to the 20th Century. New York: Harper and Row, 1965.
Racinet, A., & Sausset, D. (2012). The Complete Costume History: From Ancient Times to the 19th Century. Köln: Taschen.
Lee, Mireille M. (2000-01-31), "9. Deciphering Gender in Minoan Dress", in Rautman, Alison E (ed.), Reading the Body, University of Pennsylvania
Art, religious artifacts support idea of Minoan matriarchy on ancient Crete, researcher says. (2017, June 13). Retrieved June 20, 2020, from https://news.ku.edu/2017/06/09/art-religious-artifacts-support-idea-minoan-matriarchy-ancient-crete-researcher-says

10 Changes Made to the Bible (Part 2 of 2)

TREY the Explainer 2020-05-24 | Hello there guys! This is part 2 of a video that will provide an in-depth examination of how our modern Bible was created and written and how it differs from the ancient texts of thousands of years ago. You will learn how the Bible has been "changed" or "altered" over time and what these changes mean and why they were made - everything from Goliath's Height to Jesus's sayings.
Hope you enjoy and learn something new!

Here's a link to the previous part if you haven't seen it: youtube.com/watch?v=XKp4yWGTfXo

Edit:
I have since realized that information in this video should be more properly cited to their original authors, to avoid taking credit for their hard work.
1:36 (Christopher Hitchens, God is Not Great, pg. 121-122)
3:28 (Bart Ehrman, Misquoting Jesus, pg. 75-76)
12:37 (Bart Ehrman, Misquoting Jesus, pg. 78)
23:17 (Christopher Hitchens, God is Not Great, pg. 113)

Intro by Arturo García

Background music:
“Precipice”, “An Evening A Lifetime”, “Looked Back Saw Nothing”, “Not Without the Rest”, “Life in Romance” and "Marxist Arrow" by Twin Musicom (twinmusicom.org)
"Blue Feather" by Kevin Macleod

Citations
Ehrman, Bart D. Misquoting Jesus: the Story behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. New York: Harper, 2005.
Ehrman, Bart D. Whose Word Is It?: the Story behind Who Changed the New Testament and Why. London: Continuum, 2008.
Baruch Halpern, David's Secret Demons (2004)
Finkelstein, Israel. “The Philistines in the Bible: A Late-Monarchic Perspective.” Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, vol. 27, no. 2, 2002.
Yadin, Azzan. “Goliath's Armor And Israelite Collective Memory.” Vetus Testamentum, vol. 54, no. 3, 2004.
Robinson, James, and Richard Douglas Smith. The Nag Hammadi Library in English / James M. Robinson. E.J. Brill, 1996.
Pagels, Elaine (1989). The Gnostic Gospels (PDF). New York: Random House. p. xx.
Hitchens, Christopher (2007), God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything, New York: Twelve Books, ISBN 9780446579803 .

Why are some animals considered taboo to eat?

TREY the Explainer 2020-05-03 | Hello there guys! I am guessing most of my viewers in America typically love their beef and pork meals, but this is not the case for everyone. All around the world, cultures and societies have taboos and practices that limit what animals they can eat. In this short little video, I will attempt to discuss the possible anthropological explanations of why certain animals - namely pigs and cows - are considered "taboo" to eat in some cultures.

Special thanks to @iammrbeat for collaborating with me on this video! I think he's really awesome and makes terrific history video content! (And he's really nice too!)
Definitely check out his companion video discussing taboos associated with Cats, Dogs, and Horses over on his channel: youtu.be/vi0tZeMFDuA

Background Music by by Twin Musicom (twinmusicom.org)

Citations
Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). The Bible Unearthed.
Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica.
Hitchens, Christopher (2007). A Short Digression on the Pig; or, Why Heaven Hates Ham.
Jha, Dwijendra Narayan. The Myth of the Holy Cow. London/New York: Verso 2002
Service, K. W. R. N. (2015, November 5). The 'Splainer: What makes the cow sacred to Hindus? Retrieved from washingtonpost.com/national/religion/the-splainer-what-makes-the-cow-sacred-to-hindus/2015/11/05/acdde3e2-840c-11e5-8bd2-680fff868306_story.html
Killebrew, A. E. (2005). Biblical peoples and ethnicity: an archaeological study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and early Israel, 1300-1100 B.C.E. Leiden: Brill.
Krishna, Nanditha (2014), Sacred Animals of India, Penguin Books Limited.
Animals and Society: An Introduction to Human-animal Studies, Margo DeMello, p.314, Columbia University Press, 2012.
Harris, Marvin (1987). The Abominable Pig. The Sacred Cow and the Abominable Pig: Riddles of Food and Culture. Touchstone Books.

Should we create a Dino-Chicken? – the Ethics of Making a Living-Biological Attraction

TREY the Explainer 2020-04-26 | Could we bring back a dinosaur? and more importantly should we even do it?
Today I will discuss the "Chickenosaurus" project of paleontologist Jack Horner and dive into the fascinating world of genetics and biology that exists in our not too distant future. I talk about everything from Jurassic Park to Domesticated dogs! Hope you enjoy and tell me what you think of all this!

Thumbnail art by Midiaou Diallo (artstation.com/midiaoudiallo)
Intro by Arturo García
Instagram: instagram.com/art_garcia_drawnpaint/?hl=es-la
Facebook: facebook.com/ART_Garc%C3%ADa-471321640271172
Deviantart: deviantart.com/allotyrannosaurus
Other Links:
Jack’s Gofundme for the Project: gofundme.com/f/making-a-live-dinosaur

Citations:
Landers, J. (2014, November 10). Paleontologist Jack Horner is hard at work trying to turn a chicken into a dinosaur. Retrieved from washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/paleontologist-jack-horner-is-hard-at-work-trying-to-turn-a-chicken-into-a-dinosaur/2014/11/10/cb35e46e-4e59-11e4-babe-e91da079cb8a_story.html
Geggel, L. (2015, May 19). Dino-Chicken Gets One Step Closer. Retrieved from livescience.com/50886-scientific-progress-dino-chicken.html
Kvon, E. Z., Kamneva, O. K., Melo, U. S., Barozzi, I., Osterwalder, M., Mannion, B. J., … Visel, A. (2016). Progressive Loss of Function in a Limb Enhancer during Snake Evolution. Cell, 167(3). doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.028
Horner, J., & Gorman, J. (2009). How to build a dinosaur: extinction doesnt have to be forever. New York, N.Y: Dutton.

Clips Used:
Chased by Dinosaurs – Giant Claw
Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams
Jurassic Park
Building a dinosaur from a chicken - Jack Horner | TED-Ed (youtube.com/watch?v=0QVXdEOiCw8)
Courtship display of Velociraptor mongoliensis (youtube.com/watch?v=Ljq3U1A5naw)
THE LOST WORLD: JURASSIC PARK - Compy Puppet Test - BEHIND-THE-SCENES
(youtube.com/watch?v=Hyfy8rrfOkM)

Background music:
“Precipice”, “An Evening A Lifetime”, “Looked Back Saw Nothing”, “Not Without the Rest”, “Life in Romance” and "Marxist Arrow" by Twin Musicom (twinmusicom.org)
"Blue Feather" and "Lost Frontier" by Kevin Macleod
"infectious" by Tobu

Most images were taken from the Wikimedia Commons. All copyrighted images belong to their respective owners and their use in this video is covered by Fair Use law for the purpose of criticism and education.

10 Changes Made to the Bible (Part 1 of 2)

TREY the Explainer 2020-04-10 | Hello there guys! This video will be an in-depth examination of how our modern Bible was created and written and how it differs from the ancient texts of thousands of years ago. You will learn how the Bible has been "changed" or "altered" over time and what these changes mean and why they were made - everything from Goliath's Height to Jesus's sayings.
Hope you enjoy and learn something new!

Edit:
I have since realized that a significant amount of the information in this video should be more properly cited to their original authors, to avoid taking credit for their hard work.
Much of this video would not have been possible without the research of Biblical scholar Bart D. Ehrman across his various works and lectures and I have since recognized that portions relied on him a little too much.
Here are some points where I should have quoted authors instead of paraphrasing or re-wording them.
10:00 (Ehrman, Misquoting Jesus, 2005, pg. 66-67)
11:32 (Ehrman, Misquoating Jesus, 2005, pg. 103)
19:57 (Ehrman, Misquoting Jesus, 2005, pg. 195-196)

Background music:
“Precipice”, “An Evening A Lifetime”, “Looked Back Saw Nothing”, “Not Without the Rest”, “Life in Romance” and "Marxist Arrow" by Twin Musicom (twinmusicom.org)
"Blue Feather" by Kevin Macleod

Citations:
Reddish, Mitchell (2011). An Introduction to The Gospels. Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-1426750083.
Burkett, Delbert (2002). An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00720-7
Duling, Dennis C. (2010). "The Gospel of Matthew". In Aune, David E. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-0825-6.
Hays, J. Daniel (December 2005). "Reconsidering the Height of Goliath" (Portable Document File). Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society. 48 (4): 701–2.
Ehrman, Bart D. Misquoting Jesus: the Story behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. New York: Harper, 2005.
Ehrman, Bart D. Whose Word Is It?: the Story behind Who Changed the New Testament and Why. London: Continuum, 2008.
Epp, Eldon Jay. Junia: the First Woman Apostle. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2005.
Ben Witherington, “The Anti-Feminist Tendencies of the ‘Western’ Text of Acts,” Journal of Biblical Literature 103 (1984): 82–84.
Ehrman, Bart D. “The Historical Jesus.” (Course No. 643) thegreatcoursesplus.com. Accessed April 9, 2020. thegreatcoursesplus.com/the-historical-jesus.
Harris, William V. Ancient Literacy, 1991.
Sanders, E (1995). The Historical Figure of Jesus. Penguin UK.
Hitchens, Christopher (2007), God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything, New York: Twelve Books, ISBN 9780446579803 .

Treys Bizarre Adventure (in Mississippi)

TREY the Explainer 2020-03-19 | A crazy rambling video I made during the Apocalypse.

Stay turned for more videos in the future!

All copyrighted images and music belong to their respective owners.

How a Little Shark Destroyed the US Navy

TREY the Explainer 2020-03-06 | Hey guys hope you enjoyed this short video between projects! I had a lot of fun learning about the cookiecutter sharks and its related species as well as our relationship with the ocean itself. My apologies for the crappy microphone this episode (I was travelling).
See you guys again sometime soon :)

Background music:
“An Evening A Lifetime” by Twin Musicom (twinmusicom.org)

Video Clips used:
youtube.com/watch?v=8dqn9l_oOXo

Citations:
Hoyos-Padilla, M.; Y.P. Papastamatiou; J. O'Sullivan & C.G. Lowe (2013). "Observation of an Attack by a Cookiecutter Shark (Isistius brasiliensis) on a White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias)". Pacific Science. 67 (1): 129–134. doi:10.2984/67.1.10.
Bennett, Bigelow, Schroeder, J.b., Clarke, Edmunds, … Cott. (1970, January 1). A predatory use of counterillumination by the squaloid shark, Isistius brasiliensis. Retrieved from link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1007498915860
Williams, T. (2014). Sharks, Batoids and Chimaeras of the North Atlantic – FAO Species Catalogue for Fisheries Purposes No. 7 / North Atlantic Sharks Relevant to Fisheries Management: A Pocket Guide / North Atlantic Batoids and Chimaeras Relevant to Fisheries Management: A Pocket Guide. Marine Biology Research, 11(3), 335–336. doi: 10.1080/17451000.2014.950588
Johnson, C.S. (1978). "Sea Creatures and the Problem of Equipment Damage". U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings. August 1978: 106–107.
Parsons, G. R., Ingram, G. W., & Havard, R. (2002). First Record Of The Goblin Shark Mitsukurina Owstoni, Jordan (Family Mitsukurinidae) In The Gulf Of Mexico. Southeastern Naturalist, 1(2), 189–192. doi: 10.1656/1528-7092(2002)001[0189:frotgs]2.0.co;2

The Shark in Jaws Did Nothing Wrong - An Ecological Video Essay

TREY the Explainer 2020-02-07 | Please enjoy my lengthy marine musings on the cultural and ecological impact the 1975 thriller film "Jaws" has had on the survival of sharks and the health of our oceans and fish. Get ready to learn a bunch about White Sharks and how in reality they are not the villains often portray them as, but the victims. Hope you enjoy!

Special Thanks to:
Dr. Christopher L. Pepin-Neff
Dr. Kady Lyons
Dr. David Shiffman

Citations:
Lowe, C. G., Wetherbee, B. M., Crow, G. L., & Tester, A. L. (1996). Ontogenetic dietary shifts and feeding behavior of the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier, in Hawaiian waters. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 47(2), 203–211. doi: 10.1007/bf00005044

Dicken, M. L., Hussey, N. E., Christiansen, H. M., Smale, M. J., Nkabi, N., Cliff, G., & Wintner, S. P. (2017). Diet and trophic ecology of the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) from South African waters. Plos One, 12(6). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177897
Curtis, T. H., Mccandless, C. T., Carlson, J. K., Skomal, G. B., Kohler, N. E., Natanson, L. J., … Pratt, H. L. (2014). Seasonal Distribution and Historic Trends in Abundance of White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, in the Western North Atlantic Ocean. PLoS ONE, 9(6). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099240

Ceballos, G., Ehrlich, P. R., Barnosky, A. D., García, A., Pringle, R. M., & Palmer, T. M. (2015, June 19). Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction. Retrieved from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4640606

Roff, G., Brown, C. J., Priest, M. A., & Mumby, P. J. (2018). Decline of coastal apex shark populations over the past half century. Communications Biology, 1(1). doi: 10.1038/s42003-018-0233-1

Ferretti, F., Worm, B., Britten, G. L., Heithaus, M. R., & Lotze, H. K. (2010). Patterns and ecosystem consequences of shark declines in the ocean. Ecology Letters. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01489.x

Steffen, W., Broadgate, W., Deutsch, L., Gaffney, O., & Ludwig, C. (2015). The trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration. The Anthropocene Review, 2(1), 81–98. doi: 10.1177/2053019614564785

Background music:
“Precipice”, “An Evening A Lifetime”, “Looked Back Saw Nothing”, “Not Without the Rest”, “Life in Romance” by Twin Musicom (twinmusicom.org)

Clips Used:
youtube.com/watch?v=68sptkYal7c&t=1s
youtube.com/watch?v=hy7zpx57mV0&t=200s
youtube.com/watch?v=033_7A35xls
youtube.com/watch?v=6wGqLQndCH8
youtube.com/watch?v=STGPpdVVp4w
youtube.com/watch?v=4nwe5iDl39E
youtube.com/watch?v=hy7zpx57mV0&t=200s
youtube.com/watch?v=DZwdJWl4KLo
youtube.com/watch?v=CP8k2I3CHWo
youtube.com/watch?v=1vNkK80CXPA

Other clips used:
Jaws (1975)
Blue Water, White Death (1971)
Finding Nemo (2003)
Shin Chisiki Kaikyuu Kumagusu (2008)

Shark Conservation Organization Links:
sharktrust.org
projectaware.org
http://www.sharkadvocates.org

A Japanese UFO? - The Utsuro-Bune Incident of 1803

TREY the Explainer 2020-01-08 | Today, we examine a mysterious event in Japanese history where a strange object drifted to shore in 1803 near a fishing village. Some are convinced the event is clear evidence of an extraterrestrial visitation by aliens occurring in our not so distant past. Did aliens flying a UFO really visit Japan? Or is there a more likely explanation? Let’s find out! Hope you enjoy this installment of Trey the Explainer!

Chris White's Ancient Aliens Debunked:
ancientaliensdebunked.com

What Happened to the Pre-Contact Dogs?

TREY the Explainer 2019-12-03 | New video discussing the forgotten history of the once-great dogs of North and South America before European contact! We will take a look at the historical, archaeological, and genetic evidence for these mysterious canines. Where did these dogs come from? Where did they go? What's the deal with chihuahuas? Well, science can help us try to answer these questions! Hope you enjoy!

Citations:
Leathlobhair, Máire; et al. (2018). "The evolutionary history of dogs in the Americas". Science.
Leonard, Jennifer A.; et al. (2002-11-22). "Ancient DNA evidence for Old World Origin of New World Dogs". Science.
Kelly (Wiggins), Fanny. "Narrative of My Captivity Among the Sioux Indians", Hartford, Conn.: Mutual publishing company, 1871.
Dogs: Domestication and the Development of a Social Bond by Darcy F. Morey
Maley, Carlo C.; et al. (2019). “Cancer cell evolution through the ages.”. Science.

Dinosaur Mummies

TREY the Explainer 2019-11-09 | Hey guys! Finally, a dinosaur video 😊 This time I talk about the very special and rare phenomena of “dinosaur mummies” or “mummified dinosaurs” and what paleontologists can learn from these amazing finds. I will mainly discuss the hadrosaur genus Edmontosaurus but also other dinosaurs and fossil animals as well. Hope you enjoy and learn something new!

Indiana Jones is kind of a bad archaeologist (Part 1)

TREY the Explainer 2019-10-25 | In this video, I examine the fictional archaeologist, Indiana Jones and speculate how the character and his research methods might fair in the real world of modern academia. I will discuss many basic and key concepts in the scientific field of archaeology through examining the character’s actions in the famous film series and grading him on what I believe he does correct and does incorrect. This video in particular examines Indiana’s Pre-Excavation/Pre-Field work actions and compares them to what real researchers in similar circumstances might do.
Grab your whips and get ready to raid some ancient tombs and temples, hope you enjoy!

Other videos you might enjoy:
youtube.com/watch?v=AnDYlHAh5wo
youtube.com/watch?v=YapTmRiVH4U
youtube.com/watch?v=K2uGVK_WZLY
youtube.com/watch?v=t7J_oybRfuc

Science Stories: Loch Ness eDNA results, Poop Knives, and Skeleton Lovers

TREY the Explainer 2019-09-16 | In this video I highlight/feature three recent scientific discoveries that I found interesting. I will discuss the results of a study that sought to find the Loch Ness Monster through DNA evidence, a study about blades and weapons made of human poop, and a story about two male roman skeletons discovered holding hands (aka "the Lovers of Modena"). Hope you enjoy and learn something new about biology, cryptozoology, anthropology, and archaeology!

Cryptid DNA video: youtube.com/watch?v=M_rijBw0A5U

Citations:
Eren, M. I., Bebber, M. R., Norris, J. D., Perrone, A., Rutkoski, A., Wilson, M., & Raghanti, M. A. (2019). Experimental replication shows knives manufactured from frozen human feces do not work. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 27, 102002. doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102002
Lugli, F., Rocco, G. D., Vazzana, A., Genovese, F., Pinetti, D., Cilli, E., … Benazzi, S. (2019). Enamel peptides reveal the sex of the Late Antique ‘Lovers of Modena.’ Scientific Reports, 9(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49562-7
Vazzana, A. et al. Dal caso mediatico alla musealizzazione: l’esempio della cosiddetta “Tomba degli Amanti” di Modena. Atti e Mem. – Deput. di Stor. patria per le antiche Prov. Modenesi Serie XI, 277–283 (2015a).
Geller, P. L. The bioarchaeology of socio-sexual lives. Springer, New York (2016).
The Results. (2019). Retrieved from lochnesshunters.com/the-results
Monge, Janet. YouTube. Penn Museum youtube.com/watch?v=vvhy2Z1BR6Y&t=3s

The Biology of James Cameron’s Avatar

TREY the Explainer 2019-08-27 | In this video I discuss the biology and zoology of the organisms of the fictional world of Pandora from James Cameron’s 2009 film, Avatar. I examine and apply many evolutionary biology terms and facts to help me create a speculative tree of life on Pandora as a thought experiment.

Hope you enjoy!

My apologies if I neglected to credit you for your artwork or images. Please message me to add credit to you to the description.

Who is Lilith? Adam’s first wife?

TREY the Explainer 2019-07-16 | Another video discussing the complex ancient history surrounding a biblical character! Today, I’m going to try to answer the question: Who was Lilith? And what did she mean to the bible’s original authors? Whip out your Dead Sea Scrolls for this detailed textual analysis of the biblical character of Lilith!
Hope you enjoy!

Please also fact-check what I say in this video. I'm no expert at the end of the day and I'm just a guy who reads a lot so please check my sources ;)

(I might make a part two to this video because some of the info is already outdated and because it was long enough already)

Citations:
Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible by Karel van der Toorn and Pieter Willem van der Horst
De-Demonising the Old Testament: An Investigation of Azazel, Lilith, Deber, Qeteb and Reshef in the Hebrew Bible by Judit M. Blair
The Early History of God by Mark S. Smith
The Exodus by Richard Elliot Friedman
Who Wrote the Bible? by Richard Elliot Friedman
Yahweh and the gods and goddesses of Canaan by John Day

Homosexuality in Nature

TREY the Explainer 2019-06-17 | Hey guys, in honor of pride month, in this video I will discuss sexuality in various human societies as well as animal ones and try to tackle the common question I’ve heard “Is homosexuality unnatural?”
Hope you enjoy a little biology and anthropology!

I know this may be a little uncomfortable or controversial to some viewers, but I feel like this is an important question and one that I want to answer with the facts. I tried to remove my opinions with this video, and I think you should as well.

Hope you enjoy and more importantly learn something new!

Most images used belong to the Wikimedia Commons.

Sorry for the inconsistent microphone throughout this video; I kept on having mic problems and had to re-record this like three separate times due to various issues :/
Hope its not too distracting.

Also please check my citations, always check my work :)
Citations:
Herdt, G. H. (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. Berkeley u.a.: Univ. of California Pr.
Scharf I, Martin OY (2013). "Same-sex sexual behavior in insects and arachnids: prevalence, causes, and consequences". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 67 (11): 1719–1730.
Riccucci M (2011). "Same-sex sexual behaviour in bats". Hystrix It. J. Mammal. 22 (1): 139–47.
Bagemihl, Bruce (1999). Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity. St. Martin's Press ISBN 0-312-19239-8
Herdt, G. H. (1994). Guardians of the flutes: Idioms of masculinity ; with a new preface. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Vasey, P. L. (2002). Sexual Partner Preference in Female Japanese Macaques. Arch Sex Behav.
Roselli CE, Stormshak F (March 2009). "Prenatal programming of sexual partner preference: the ram model". Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 21 (4): 359–64.
Poiani A, Dixson AF (2010). Animal Homosexuality: A Biosocial Perspective. Cambridge University Press. p. 179.
Manson, J.H.; Perry, S.; Parish, A.R. (1997). "Nonconceptive Sexual Behavior in Bonobos and Capuchins". International Journal of Primatology. 18 (5): 767–86.
Stanford, C. B. (1998). "The Social Behavior of Chimpanzees and Bonobos: Empirical Evidence and Shifting Assumptions". Current Anthropology. 39 (4): 399–420.
de Waal, Frans B. M. (March 1995). "Bonobo Sex and Society" (PDF). Scientific American. 272 (3): 58–64.
Clay, Z., & Zuberbühler, K. (2012). Communication during sex among female bonobos: Effects of dominance, solicitation and audience. Scientific Reports.

Does radiation really create monsters?

TREY the Explainer 2019-06-01 | Hey guys here's a short video I made discussing the effects of radiation on biological organisms! Hope you enjoy!
New videos coming soon, I promise!

Fallout 3 footage taken from youtube.com/watch?v=10ulC3-4O28

Citations:
-Møller, A. P.; Mousseau, T. A.; de Lope, F.; Saino, N. (22 August 2007). "Elevated frequency of abnormalities in barn swallows from Chernobyl". Biology Letters. 3 (4): 414–417.
-Dancause, Kelsey Needham; Yevtushok, Lyubov; Lapchenko, Serhiy; Shumlyansky, Ihor; Shevchenko, Genadiy; Wertelecki, Wladimir; Garruto, Ralph M. (2010). "Chronic radiation exposure in the Rivne-Polissia region of Ukraine: Implications for birth defects". American Journal of Human Biology. 22 (5): 667–74.
-theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/15/quite-odd-coral-and-fish-thrive-on-bikini-atoll-70-years-after-nuclear-tests
-independent.co.uk/news/science/fish-nuclear-weapons-bombs-sea-stanford-university-us-tests-hiroshima-a7842436.html

The Anthropology of Game of Thrones

TREY the Explainer 2019-04-10 | Hey! Welcome back to another installment of Trey the Explainer! In light of the upcoming premier of the final season of Game of Thrones, I took the time to have a detailed examination and speculation of the paleontology, prehistory, and anthropology of Westeros and Essos in George RR Martin’s A Song of Ice and Fire World. In this video I discuss the various fictional races of the world and try to create a biological and evolutionary tree based off the information given in the books. We will try answer questions like: where do Humans come from? And What are the White Walkers exactly? Hope you enjoy!
Special thanks to Preston Jacobs for serving as the primary inspiration of this video (youtube.com/channel/UCXU7XVK_2Wd6tAHYO8g9vAA)

Some Artists I neglected to credit:
A Song of Ice and Lemoncakes by DragonInstall (deviantart.com/dragoninstall/art/A-Song-of-Ice-and-Lemoncakes-264481091)
The Mico for several portraits (deviantart.com/themico)

Prehistoric Warfare and the Origins of Conflict

TREY the Explainer 2019-03-05 | Hello guys and welcome back to another installment of Trey the Explainer! In this episode I discuss “war” in anthropological and biological context as I try to breakdown and understand what this tendency of ours is all about. Hope you enjoy and learn something new!

Simon Roy's work: imagecomics.com/creators/simon-roy

Sources:
War Before Civilization by Lawrence H. Keeley (1996)
Peace against war by Francis Beer (1981)
Effective sociodemographic population assessment of elusive species in ecology and conservation management by Josephine S. Head, Christophe Boesch, Martha M. Robbins, Luisa I. Rabanal, Lo€ıc Makaga & Hjalmar S. K€uh (2013)
Orangutan Home Range Size and Its Determinants in a Sumatran Swamp Forest by Ian Singleton and Carel P. van Schaik (2000)
Lethal aggression in Pan is better explained by adaptive strategies than human impacts by Michael L. Wilson et al. (2014)
Evolution of Coalitionary Killing by Richard W. Wrangham (1999)
Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya by M. Mirazón Lahr et al. (2016)
Australia's Ancient Warriors: Changing Depictions of Fighting in the Rock Art of Arnhem Land, N.T. by Paul Taçon and Christopher Chippindale
Do Chimpanzee Wars prove violence is innate? by Rami Tzabar (2015)

Paleontology 2018 Recap

TREY the Explainer 2019-01-20 | Hello there guys! Hope you had a great holiday break! Today, we take the time to look back on all the paleontology discoveries of the last year in my annual paleontology recap. A lot happened last year from Giant sea monsters, baby spinosaurs, Thanos, rainbow dinosaurs, and feathery pterosaurs! I hope you enjoy 😊

Thank you so much for the last year :D

Paleontology Youtuber Rewind Collab:
Part 1
youtube.com/watch?v=8g4qq1rWCj8&t=1238s
Part 2
youtube.com/watch?v=-TqAz373KA8
Thumbnail:
The Big Blue
by HodariNundu (deviantart.com/hodarinundu)

Bigfoot and Loch Ness Monster DNA?

TREY the Explainer 2018-12-22 | Throughout the decades countless hair, tissue, and blood samples of cryptids or undiscovered organisms have been discovered and reported across the globe.Today we examine the DNA evidence of cryptozoology in order to determine if mysterious creatures like the Bigfoot, Yeti, and Loch Ness monster actually exist.
Hope you enjoy!

Whats the deal with the Nephilim?

TREY the Explainer 2018-11-24 | New video discussing the religious and textual significance of the "Nephilim" or Giants and the "Sons of God" referenced in the Hebrew Bible. In this video I try to tackle the meaning of these strange and obscure biblical creatures/beings in the Bible in their original intended contexts. In this video I cover a lot of the history and origins of Judaism as well as the Bible itself. I talk about everything from the Documentary Hypothesis to the Dead Sea Scrolls to Greek Mythology! I hope you enjoy and learn something new ;)

Citations:
Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible by Karel van der Toorn and Pieter Willem van der Horst
Yahweh and the gods and goddesses of Canaan by John Day
From Creation to Babel: Studies in Genesis 1-11 by John Day
Of Demigods and the Deluge: Toward an Interpretation of Genesis 6:1-4 by Ronald S. Hendel
The Genesis of Good and Evil in the Garden of Eden by Mark S. Smith
The Early History of God by Mark S. Smith
The Exodus by Richard Elliot Friedman
Who Wrote the Bible? by Richard Elliot Friedman
Deuteronomy 32:8 and the Sons of God By Michael S. Heiser

The Mystery of the Beast of Gévaudan (Cryptid Profile)

TREY the Explainer 2018-11-06 | In this episode we investigate the strange and horrifying true story of how a mysterious “beast” terrorized the French countryside for years. Was a monster? Simply a wolf? Or something else? We will try to examine and breakdown what this “beast” might have been in this installment of cryptid profile with Trey the Explainer. Hope you enjoy.

Music by Kevin Macleod
Thumbnail by Kazchling (deviantart.com/kazchling)

Disabilities in Prehistory

TREY the Explainer 2018-10-11 | New episode of Anthropology Profile! In this episode, I discuss handicaps and disabilities visible in the archaeological and fossil record of humans and examine if that savage "caveman" stereotype is actually warranted or not. Hope you enjoy! My apologies for the downgraded microphone/audio this episode, my usual microphone is missing right now, but hopefully by next video it will be back. Also sorry for the extended wait my bad!

Citations:
Crubézy, E., & Trinkaus, E. (1992). Shanidar 1: A case of hyperostotic disease (DISH) in the middle paleolithic. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 89(4), 411-420. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330890402

Slon, V., Nagar, Y., Kuperman, T., & Hershkovitz, I. (2011). A Case of Dwarfism from the Byzantine City Rehovot-in-the-Negev, Israel. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. doi:10.1002/oa.1285

Hublin, J. (2009). The prehistory of compassion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,106(16), 6429-6430. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902614106

Mccomb, K., Baker, L., & Moss, C. (2006). African elephants show high levels of interest in the skulls and ivory of their own species. Biology Letters, 2(1), 26-28. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0400

Frayer, D. W., Horton, W. A., Macchiarelli, R., & Mussi, M. (1987). Dwarfism in an adolescent from the Italian late Upper Palaeolithic. Nature, 330(6143), 60-62. doi:10.1038/330060a0

Hally, D. (2011). King The Social Archaeology of a Late Mississippian Town in Northwestern Georgia. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

Gorman, J. (2012, December 17). Ancient Bones That Tell a Story of Compassion. Retrieved from nytimes.com/2012/12/18/science/ancient-bones-that-tell-a-story-of-compassion.html

Stodder, A. L., & Palkovich, A. M. (2014). Bioarchaeology of individuals. Gainsville, FL: University Press of Florida.

The Great Kennewick Man Debate

TREY the Explainer 2018-09-03 | Hello guys! New video discussing the anthropological/archaeological debacle called "the Kennewick Man" a mysterious 9,000 year old Native American skeleton that caused a great debate over many concepts like "kinship" and "family relations", ethnicity in prehistoric remains, human migrations, and the conflict between science and spirituality. This is the first one of a video series discussing various famous and infamous human remains throughout human history that give us great insight into our past and even our present.
Hope you enjoy!

Video on the Ainu/Jomon of Japan:
youtube.com/watch?v=zFohbr7ALeQ

Cryptid Profile - De Loys Ape

TREY the Explainer 2018-07-30 | New video on a cryptid! This time I discuss the "mystery" of the De Loys' Ape, a Bigfoot-like primate that was photographed deep within the jungles of South America and is claimed to be an undiscovered ape man. We will tackle the question on if this really is an undiscovered species or not. Additionally, I discuss the history of European and American exploration into the "undiscovered" jungles of South America in the early to mid 20th century such as Percy Fawcett's adventures.
Hope you enjoy!

Edit:
No don't worry, I wasn't dissing David Attenborough at 3:28. I was doing the opposite, I was praising him for being a person that's probably actually worth of the title of being an "Indiana Jones". I love the guy and the other scientists I listed as they actually did contribute to scientific understanding unlike some of the other people I mention in this video. It went by super quickly and my editing there was pretty bad for timing. My bad.

Another Edit:
I added some citations, my bad for not including them in the video originally
Hemming, J. (2017, August 1). The Lost City of Z is a very long way from a true story ... Retrieved from spectator.co.uk/2017/04/the-lost-city-of-z-is-a-very-long-way-from-a-true-story-and-i-should-know
Bressan, D. (2016, February 01). De Loys' Ape Was A Well Played Anthropological Fraud. Retrieved from forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2016/01/31/de-loys-ape-was-a-well-played-anthropological-fraud
Naish, D., Kosemen, C.M., Conway, J. (2016, November). Cryptozoologicon: Volume I. Irregular Books.
Keith, Arthur (August 1929). "The Alleged Discovery of an Anthropoid Ape in South America". Man. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 29 (100): 135–136. doi:10.2307/2790525
Montadon, George (1929). "Un singe d'apparence anthropoide en Amérique du Sud"" [An Anthropoid Ape in South America]. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). Paris, France: M. M. January-June (11 March 1929): 814–817.
If you want to learn more about the Mitchell-Hedges Crystal Skull there's this guy that made videos back at the beginning of Youtube who did a pretty good breakdown of the "Skull of Doom":
youtube.com/watch?v=XsmRKP1hqiU&t=414s
youtube.com/watch?v=TvAv19ixxrE

Convergent Evolution in a Nutshell

TREY the Explainer 2018-07-20 | Today I discuss the amazingly weird commonalities that appear in nature that evolve entirely independently. This video will examine the curious biological phenomena of convergent evolution and what it can tell us about life on Earth. We will discuss everything from dinosaurs to sea slugs in this video so I hope you enjoy!

All copyrighted images are protected under Fair Use for reasons of education.

Thumbnail image credit goes to Fabien Michenet / nuditahiti.com
absolutely beautiful photo.

Sorry for the audio glitch at 5:44, I didn't notice it while editing. I'm supposed to say "Sometimes..." don't worry you didn't miss much. I was going to re-upload but I think its pretty minor

What is the Leviathan? and What can it tell us about Ancient Religions?

TREY the Explainer 2018-06-19 | In this video, I will discuss the biblical sea monster named Leviathan. The Leviathan is often claimed by creationists to be a description of a dinosaur or prehistoric extinct reptile... however Leviathan's true nature is far more fascinating, giving insight into the mysterious extinct religion and mythology of the Proto-Indo Europeans and the connections between cultures throughout the ancient world.

Proto-Indo European Videos:
youtube.com/watch?v=ErXa5PyHj4I
youtube.com/watch?v=uAelIs0pNUY
Overly Sarcastic Dionysus Video:
youtube.com/watch?v=5brAr51ip_k

Rodrigo Vega's work:
rodrigo-vega.deviantart.com
CM Kosemen's work:
http://cmkosemen.com/about

Background Music by Kevin Macleod

Sources:
Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible by Karel van der Toorn and Pieter Willem van der Horst
(http://www.friendsofsabbath.org/Further_Research/e-books/Dictionary-of-Deities-and-Demons-in-the-Bible.pdf)

Yahweh and the gods and goddesses of Canaan by John Day

God's conflict with the dragon and the sea by John Day

From Creation to Babel: Studies in Genesis 1-11 by John Day

Indo-European Poetry and Myth by Martin Litchfield West

The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Volume 4 By Geoffrey W. Bromiley

The Old Testament: A Historical and Literary Introduction to Hebrew Scriptures by Michael D. Coogan

Creation And Chaos in the Primeval Era And the Eschaton
Book by Hermann Gunkel

Unidentified Sea Monster Remains Examined

TREY the Explainer 2018-06-09 | In this video, we return to the ocean and discuss/examine several mysterious unidentified corpses of strange sea monster-like creatures (called Globsters) and try to identify them to see if they belonged to undiscovered animals or are merely known animals that have been mistaken. Hope you enjoy and learn something new in this new installment of cryptid profile! Sorry if this video is a little graphic.

Previous Globster videos:
Part 1: youtube.com/watch?v=D3rK1ROP_3U
Part 2: youtube.com/watch?v=kTikeTomelY

Mysterious blob from South Africa original forum post:
tonmo.com/threads/unknown-phylum-any-suggestions.7469

What can Stone Age art tell us about extinct animals?

TREY the Explainer 2018-05-01 | From Lascaux to Chauvet to Australia, in this video I discuss the many illustrations of now extinct prehistoric animals and how they can be significant to paleontologists. Additionally, artwork created by our long dead ancestors can actually tell us a lot about prehistory we wouldn't know otherwise from cultural norms to religious beliefs. So I've taken the time to examine what prehistoric art can tell us. We will talk about everything from Irish Elk to Marsupial Lions so I hope you enjoy!

Most Images are taken from Wikimedia Commons

The Fascinatingly Mysterious Origins of the Ainu

TREY the Explainer 2018-03-18 | Hello! This is my first video on Human Diversity and evolution. In this video, I discuss quite a bit about ancient and prehistoric human migration and evolution into East Asian, specifically Japan. I examine the strange and somewhat mysterious case of the Ainu tribe and other members of Y-Haplogroup D, and in doing so break down what exactly happened in Asia during our prehistory. Hope you enjoy!

Sorry for the popping audio, its a new microphone and I'm still trying to figure things out.

Background Music by Kevin Macleod

Rapid Evolution

TREY the Explainer 2018-02-20 | In this video, I talk briefly about a few interesting discoveries and experiments made over the years concerning evolution and natural selection in modern animals with the hope of convincing some people that evolution is indeed real and visible in the real world and that animals can change and evolve over time and in response to environmental conditions entirely naturally. Hope you enjoy!

Intro by AwesomeMations
Background Music by Kevin Macleod