Uploaded May 2026 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago

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Ed Copeland and Tony Padilla answer questions about particles.
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More Ed Copeland videos: youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcUY9vudNKBNtF1y-sneLuyCTE-Mda561
More Tony Padilla videos: youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcUY9vudNKBPJmX64Jay51cdZTKMz4ACs

Ed website: nottingham.ac.uk/physics/people/ed.copeland
Tony website: nottingham.ac.uk/physics/people/antonio.padilla

Some papers co-authored by Ed and/or Tony relating to this video...
From Inflation to Quintessence: a History of the Universe in String Theory: arxiv.org/abs/2407.03405
Modified Gravity and Cosmology: arxiv.org/abs/1106.2476
Formation and decay of oscillons after inflation in the presence of an external coupling: inspirehep.net/files/94b6bd94ddb8fe09fbdb84445148fe8d
Percolating Cosmic String Networks from Kination: arxiv.org/pdf/2406.12637
Fifth forces, Higgs portals and broken scale invariance: arxiv.org/pdf/1804.07180

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This project features scientists from The University of Nottingham
bit.ly/NottsPhysics

Sixty Symbols videos by Brady Haran
bradyharanblog.com

Brady's chemistry channel is Periodic Videos - youtube.com/periodicvideos

And mathematics at Numberphile - youtube.com/numberphile

Some of the cover images in the video were partially AI-generated. Tony and Ed are 100% real.