Uploaded August 2026 | Updated September 2026, 3 weeks ago
Hunger, war, inequality – in politics, the press and in popular culture, talk of decline is everywhere. Is this just the latest chapter in a story as old as civilisation itself?
For centuries, historians and philosophers have tried to explain the rise and fall of civilisations, and answer the question: ‘Can we speak of progress in history?’ It was Marx and Engels who finally gave a truly scientific answer to this question, and broke through the dead end reached by the thinkers of their day.
In this talk, Josh Holroyd will set out the fundamental principles of historical materialism – the Marxist view of history – which looks at history as a dialectical process, driven not by the ideas of ‘great men’ but by the development of the productive forces and the class struggle.
To understand this process, and our own role in it, is the most urgent task of our time.
Hunger, war, inequality – in politics, the press and in popular culture, talk of decline is everywhere. Is this just the latest chapter in a story as old as civilisation itself?
For centuries, historians and philosophers have tried to explain the rise and fall of civilisations, and answer the question: ‘Can we speak of progress in history?’ It was Marx and Engels who finally gave a truly scientific answer to this question, and broke through the dead end reached by the thinkers of their day.
In this talk, Josh Holroyd will set out the fundamental principles of historical materialism – the Marxist view of history – which looks at history as a dialectical process, driven not by the ideas of ‘great men’ but by the development of the productive forces and the class struggle.
To understand this process, and our own role in it, is the most urgent task of our time.


![The Spanish Revolution and Civil War: A Complete Timeline | SPECTRE OF COMMUNISM
Trotsky wrote in ‘The Tragedy of Spain’ (1939) that, despite the Spanish proletariat’s revolutionary heroism, they were “brought to ruin by petty, despicable, and utterly corrupted ‘leaders.’” In this episode, we chart the great triumphs and tragic demise of the Spanish Revolution in a complete timeline. Chapters listed below!
The Spanish Revolution that ran from 1931 to 1937 is one of the most remarkable and inspirational events in world history. The Spanish workers brought down the hated regime of King Alfonso XIII in April 1931; and strived to win freedom, dignity and a decent existence, which was continually denied to them by a procession of bourgeois and so-called Popular Front governments of class collaboration.
The Spanish workers spontaneously rallied to repel an attempted military coup by General Franco in 1936, and established workers’ power in key cities like Barcelona. Time and again, victory was within reach. But sadly they were betrayed at every step by the bourgeois leaders of the Republic; as well as the blunders and outright crimes of the workers’ leaders: anarchists, socialists, communists and the POUM alike.
The price for these betrayals was the crushing of the revolution, with the Stalinist Communist Party (on the orders of the Comintern) playing an especially criminal role; and the eventual victory of General Franco in the Civil War, ushering in decades of military dictatorship.
Leading member of the Revolutionary Communist International, Jorge Martin, takes us through these remarkable years, month-by-month, revealing the entire process by which the Spanish Revolution rose and fell.
Chapters:
00:01:27 – The importance of the Spanish Revolution
00:03:20 – Conditions prior to the Revolution
00:10:13 – Main political forces in Spain explained
00:20:45 – April 1931, start of the Revolution
00:23:03 – October 1931, beginning of Reformist Biennium
00:23:19 – June 1932, first elected government
00:26:02 – August 1932, attempted military coup
00:27:00 – November 1933, second election, CEDA the biggest party
00:30:54 – July 1934, coup in Austria
00:35:26 – October 1934, insurrectionary general strike and Asturian commune
00:48:04 – September 1935, founding of the POUM, two black years
00:51:31 – February 1936, Popular Front government elected
00:58:07 – April 1936, president ousted from Cortes
00:59:53 – July 1936, Franco coup defeated
01:18:41 – August 1936, changing policy of Communist Party
01:20:11 – September 1936, Caballero government
01:21:58 – October 1936, militias placed under control of bourgeois army
01:27:59 – November 1936, CNT leaders join Republican government in Madrid
01:34:17 – December 1936, repression against POUM and anarchists
01:34:32 – January 1937, POUM paper closed
01:40:17 – May 1937, Red Barcelona crushed
01:45:58 – June 1937, Nin arrested, POUM crushed
01:50:20 – August 1937, Negrins government of Victory sabotages war effort
01:52:08 – January 1938, Stalin recalling International Brigades
01:52:46 – March 1939, another coup and attempted deal with Franco
01:52:58 – April 1939, Franco enters Madrid
01:53:25 – Consequences of the revolutions defeat
Works cited and sources:
Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Spain, Felix Morrow: https://wellred-books.com/revolution-and-counter-revolution-in-spain/
The Revolution and the Civil War in Spain, Pierre Broué and Emile Témime: https://www.marxists.org/archive/broue/1961/spain/rev-spain.html
Collected Writings on The Spanish Revolution, Leon Trotsky: https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/spain/index.htm
The Class, the Party and the Leadership: Why Was the Spanish Proletariat Defeated? [Questions of Marxist Theory], Leon Trotsky: https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1940/xx/party.htm
Homage to Catalonia, George Orwell: https://www.marxists.org/archive/orwell/1938/homage-catalonia.htm
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