Uploaded August 2025 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago
Phase Change Relation to Heating and Cooling Curves
Dr. DeBacco
Using Water Example
Easiest to understand since it is easily recognizable, but this concept applies to more than just water.
What causes water to go from one phase to another?
Energy Results in a Phase Change
Adding Energy (Endothermic Change)- Molecules will move further away
Melting
Boiling
Sublimation
Removing Energy (Exothermic Change)- Molecules move closer together
Freezing
Condensation
Deposition
Phase Changes
Heat Added
Solid to Liquid: Melting (Fusion)
Liquid to Gas: Vaporization
Solid to Gas: Sublimation
Heating and Cooling Curves Water
Phase Changes Can be Impacted by Pressure
The water triple point is a specific temperature and pressure where solid ice, liquid water, and gaseous water vapor can coexist in a stable equilibrium.
Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1T3gRsRFQXw2DDiIhXBPV61r0pwfOLzkT/view?usp=drive_link
*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Phase Change Relation to Heating and Cooling Curves" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1njNRg2gBl4gXhTJtutq2RNJutac-L6oS/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Phase Change Relation to Heating and Cooling Curves
Dr. DeBacco
Using Water Example
Easiest to understand since it is easily recognizable, but this concept applies to more than just water.
What causes water to go from one phase to another?
Energy Results in a Phase Change
Adding Energy (Endothermic Change)- Molecules will move further away
Melting
Boiling
Sublimation
Removing Energy (Exothermic Change)- Molecules move closer together
Freezing
Condensation
Deposition
Phase Changes
Heat Added
Solid to Liquid: Melting (Fusion)
Liquid to Gas: Vaporization
Solid to Gas: Sublimation
Heating and Cooling Curves Water
Phase Changes Can be Impacted by Pressure
The water triple point is a specific temperature and pressure where solid ice, liquid water, and gaseous water vapor can coexist in a stable equilibrium.
Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1T3gRsRFQXw2DDiIhXBPV61r0pwfOLzkT/view?usp=drive_link
*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Phase Change Relation to Heating and Cooling Curves" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1njNRg2gBl4gXhTJtutq2RNJutac-L6oS/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
![Nitrogen Fertilizers Impact on CBD and THC Concentrations in Cannabis
Nitrogen Fertilizers Impact on CBD and THC Concentrations in Cannabis
Professor DeBacco
Research Article
Dilena, E., Close, D. C., Hunt, I., & Garland, S. M. (2023). Investigating how nitrogen nutrition and pruning impacts on CBD and THC concentration and plant biomass of Cannabis sativa. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 19533.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-46369-5
Total Biomass and Total Cannabinoid Concentrations
Total biomass and total cannabinoid concentrations in % DW (on the y-axis) versus measured N concentrations in % DW (on each x-axis).
Treatment group labels are indicated by different colors.
The shape of the points (circle or triangle) indicates whether or not the plant associated with the data point was on the sun edge.
For each regression n = 20.
Inverse Relationship of [N] to [Cannabinoid]
The increase in biomass as N concentration increased from 3 to 6 was approximately 100%
Note the y-axis scale
However, the corresponding decrease in cannabinoid concentrations was approximately 67%
This entails a net decline in yield in terms of grams as N concentration increases
Three Key Points
1. Biomass was strongly and positively related to N
2. Cannabinoid concentrations were strongly and negatively related to N
3. Plants on the sun-edge tended to have higher biomass levels and cannabinoid concentrations
High Nitrogen Levels
Higher nitrogen nutrition raised the concentration of N in both inflorescence and leaf plant matter.
For very high levels of N nutrition (500 mg/mL), inflorescence cannabinoid concentrations decreased significantly (with little change in biomass) and leaf biomass increased significantly.
With higher N supply stem diameter also increased.
The net effect of increasing nitrogen nutrition on the total yield of cannabinoids was negative because the increase in biomass (which was only significant in leaves) was not enough to offset the consequent decrease in cannabinoid concentrations.
Take Home Message…
Cannabinoid concentration, as well as cannabinoid yield per plant were decreased with the increase in N supply.
Target Nitrogen Levels
Very high concentrations of fertilizer are not advisable because of lower cannabinoid concentration and yield, and that the optimal N nutrition is likely to be between 60 and 210 mg/L.
0.008-0.028 ounces per gallon
Prunings Impact
Double stem pruning was applied as an additional treatment to investigate efficacy on biomass increase.
Pruning treatment did not increase cannabinoid concentrations or affect biomass when measured at the final harvest.
Study Also Evaluate Sun Edge Plants
Across all treatments, as an artefact of this trial, sun-edge plants that were more directly exposed to sunlight showed a trend towards more biomass and higher cannabinoid concentrations
According to the statistical model developed for this study.
Self-shading of plants can limit the production of cannabinoids, so it is important to consider plant density and light intensity/spectrum.
*However, these results can only be considered preliminary and does warrants further research.
Link to Lecture Slides: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lgV_46bDoXmPwXrAQAhfs7b04vcFISMU/view?usp=drive_link
*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for Nitrogen Fertilizers Impact on CBD and THC Concentrations in Cannabis can be viewed at... https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PAyFcsjILnKWvikPChNQmrt3hFAgH5Vh/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true Nitrogen Fertilizers Impact on CBD and THC Concentrations in Cannabis](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/gRAM9e2otLg/mqdefault.jpg)







![Calculating Net Energy Change of a Reaction
Calculating Net Energy Change of a Reaction
Dr. DeBacco
How Its Calculated Using Bond Enthalpies
If you know the bond enthalpies of all bonds broken and formed:
ΔH = Σ (Bond energies of bonds broken) − Σ (Bond energies of bonds formed)
In other words:
Breaking bonds = energy absorbed/input (endothermic)
Forming bonds = energy released/output (exothermic)
Higher bond energy = stronger bond
So the heat of reaction tells you the net energy flow for the whole process.
Net Energy Change
To calculate the net energy change of a chemical reaction, you are essentially figuring out how much energy is absorbed or released when bonds are broken and formed.
Formula for Net Energy Change (ΔH)
ΔH = Σ(Bond energies of bonds broken) − Σ(Bond energies of bonds formed)
Breaking bonds → requires energy (positive values)
Forming bonds → releases energy (negative values)
Step-by-Step Guide
Write the balanced chemical equation.
Make sure all reactants and products are accounted for.
List all bonds broken in the reactants.
Count how many of each type of bond is broken.
List all bonds formed in the products.
Count how many of each type of bond is formed.
Use average bond energies
These are typically found in tables (e.g., C–H ≈ 413 kJ/mol, O=O ≈ 495 kJ/mol).
Plug into the formula.
Add up the energy for all bonds broken and subtract the energy for all bonds formed.
Example: Combustion of Methane
CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O
Bonds broken:
4 × C–H (413 kJ/mol)
2 × O=O (495 kJ/mol)
Bonds formed:
2 × C=O (799 kJ/mol)
4 × O–H (463 kJ/mol)
ΔH = [4×413 + 2×495] − [2×799 + 4×463] ΔH = [1652 + 990] − [1598 + 1852] ΔH = 2642 − 3450 = −808 kJ/mol
This reaction is exothermic, releasing 808 kJ/mol of energy.
Link to Lecture Slides: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RVZ77V5Vt6CWEoUCQJ9D9PV3Ds_sefFR/view?usp=drive_link
*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for Calculating Net Energy Change of a Reaction can be viewed at... https://docs.google.com/document/d/1o4ZSu6akSk xD_8q9gyRspC_EypGy-b/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true Calculating Net Energy Change of a Reaction](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/iHWwrt6rrWU/mqdefault.jpg)

