Uploaded July 2026 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago

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With Germany and the Netherlands both knocked out of the World Cup on penalties, it’s a good time to ask: what’s actually the best penalty strategy? ⚽

The Department of Computer Science's Prof Michael Wooldridge explains why game theory suggests the answer is surprisingly simple...be unpredictable. The moment your opponent spots a pattern, they can use it against you.

The catch? Most of us aren’t nearly as good at being random as we think...

🎬 | Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford