Uploaded March 2024 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago

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Sources:
David Albright, “North Korean Nuclear Weapons Arsenal: New Estimates of Its Size and Configuration,” Institute for Science and International Security, April 10, 2023, isis-online.org/isis-reports/mobile/2023-north-korean-nuclear-weapons-arsenal-new-estimates.

Barnett, D. Sean, Yvonne K. Crane, Gian Gentile, Timothy M. Bonds, Dan Madden, and Katherine Pfrommer. North Korean Conventional Artillery: A Means to Retaliate, Coerce, Deter, or Terrorize Populations. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2020.

Bennett, Bruce W. “Standing up to Kim Jong-Un’s Divide-and-Conquer Strategy.” Rand Corporation, January 6, 2023. rand.org/pubs/commentary/2023/01/standing-up-to-kim-jong-uns-divide-and-conquer-strategy.html.

Choi, Kang. “Predicting the Future of North Korea: Preparing for the Worst Case.” In The Kim Jong Un Regime and the Future Security Environment Surrounding the Korean Peninsula, edited by The National Institute for Defense Studies. Tokyo: The National Institute for Defense Studies, 2017.

Defense Intelligence Agency. North Korea Military Power: A Growing Regional and Global Threat. Washington, DC: US Government Publishing Office, 2021.

Kim, Youngjun. Origins of the North Korean Garrison State : The People’s Army and the Korean War. Abingdon, Oxon ; Routledge, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

Lee, Chung Min and Kathryn Botto. Korea Net Assessment: Politicized Security and Unchanging Strategic Realities.Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2020.

Lee, Rachel Minyoung. “Pyongyang’s Strategic Calculus and Future Trajectory.” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, May 31, 2023. https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2023/05/31/the-north-korea-conundrum-pyongyangs-strategic-calculus-and-future-trajectory/.

Madhani, Aamer. “US Says North Korea Delivered 1,000 Containers of Equipment and Munitions to Russia for Ukraine War.” AP News, October 13, 2023. apnews.com/article/north-korea-russia-us-munitions-ukraine-war-7091eaba254b680888a9b1ec8a68135f.

O’Hanlon, Michael E. “America Has Military Options for North Korea—but They’re All Bad.” Brookings, January 8, 2018. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/america-has-military-options-for-north-korea-but-theyre-all-bad/.

Snyder, Scott A. “How Kim Jong-Un Advanced North Korea’s Military in a Decade.” Council on Foreign Relations, December 17, 2021. cfr.org/in-brief/north-korea-kim-jong-un-nuclear-decade-ten-years.

Tertitskiy, Fyodor. The North Korean Army: History, Structure, Daily Life. 1st ed. Vol. 1. Milton: Routledge, 2023.

The Military Balance. “Chapter Six: Asia.” The Military Balance 123, no. 1 (2023). 208-301.

“What’s the Status of North Korea’s Nuclear Program?” Council on Foreign Relations, June 28, 2022. cfr.org/backgrounder/north-korea-nuclear-weapons-missile-tests-military-capabilities.

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