Uploaded April 2025 | Updated September 2026, 1 week ago
*Part One* A shared marker like SNP 10873C in L3, N, M does not mean it is ancestral to the lineage that retains it, especially if older lineages N, M had it first and a younger one like L0-L2, L4-L6 lost it to mark birth order. This fits the SNP rule - loss only for birth order conflicts, such as L0-L2, L4-L6 losing SNP 10873C to be younger than N, M, or Elam-Aram losing IJK-M429 to be younger than Arphaxad’s IJ. Unique SNPs are gained to define lineages, like SNP 9540C for N, SNP 489C for M. N (eldest) and M (second) retain markers like SNP 10873C as older lineages, while L (youngest) loses them in L0-L2, L4-L6, with L3’s retention being secondary.
The framework focuses on three major mtDNA lineages - N, M, L - and others in their order - Shem’s sons (Arphaxad-IJ, Elam-H, Asshur-G, Lud-F1, F, Aram-F2), Japheth’s sons (Madai-Q, Tubal-K, Gomer-R1a, R1b), Ham’s sons (Cush-C, A, B, Sin-D, Mizraim-E3, Canaan-E2, Phut-E1). For each, it lists shared SNPs, unique gained SNPs, frequencies, regions, migrations around 2300 BCE, and sources like Underhill et al., 2010, Tamm et al., 2007.
Core Principles
• mtDNA Order - N (eldest), M (second), L (youngest).
• Y-DNA Order - Shem (IJ-Arphaxad, eldest), Japheth (K-Tubal, second), Ham (C-Nimrod, youngest).
• Shem’s Sons - Arphaxad (IJ - I1-Dan, I2-Asher, J1-Levi, J2-Judah), Elam (H), Asshur (G), Lud (F1, F), Aram (F2).
• SNP Rule - Shared markers like SNP 10873C reflect retention in older N, M, not ancestry in younger L3. Loss marks birth order, such as L0-L2, L4-L6 losing SNP 10873C. Unique SNPs define lineages, like SNP 489C for M.
• Migrations - Shem to Levant, Europe, South Asia, 2300 BCE. Madai’s Q, A, X, W to Europe, Americas, 2300 BCE. Ham to Africa, Americas, 2300 BCE. Inuit Beringian, 1000 BCE.
1 Three Major mtDNA Lineages - N, M, LShared SNPs
• SNP 10400C (basal, retained by all, not ancestral to any lineage).
• SNP 10873C, SNP 1018G (present in N, M, L3 - retained by N, M - L3 retention secondary, L0-L2, L4-L6 lose SNP 10873C for youngest status).
N
• Frequency - 40-50 percent Levant, 20-30 percent Europe, South Asia, 1-3 percent Americas.
• Regions - Levant, Europe, South Asia, Americas (trace).
• Migration - Mesopotamia to Levant, Europe, South Asia, 2300 BCE. Americas, 2300 BCE, Mediterranean, minor.
• Shared SNPs - SNP 10873C, SNP 1018G, SNP 10400C.
• Unique Gained SNPs - SNP 9540C (defines N), SNP 8701G (seeds R, I, X, W, A), SNP 10873T (N1, Levant, Europe), SNP 10238C (N1b2, Levant).
• Subclades - R (H, U, J, T, V), I, X, W, A.
• Note - N retains SNP 10873C, eldest, not ancestral to M or L. Seeds 70-90 percent Levant, Europe, A, X, W to Madai.
M
• Frequency - 50-60 percent East Asia, 20-30 percent South Asia, Oceania, 1-5 percent Americas.
• Regions - East Asia, South Asia, Oceania, Americas (minor).
• Migration - Mesopotamia to East, South Asia, 2300 BCE. Americas, 2300 BCE, Mediterranean for B, C, D - Pacific for B. Beringian, 1000 BCE, A, B, C, D.
• Shared SNPs - SNP 10873C, SNP 1018G, SNP 10400C.
• Unique Gained SNPs - SNP 489C (defines M), SNP 10400T (seeds B, C, D), SNP 14783C (M7, East Asia), SNP 15043A (M8, East Asia).
• Subclades - B, C, D (Madai, Americas), E, F, G, Y, Z (Asia, Oceania). A, X, W from Shem.
• Note - M retains SNP 10873C, second-born, not ancestral to N or L. Dominates Asia, 70-90 percent, Americas, 71-95 percent via A, B, C, D.
L
• Frequency - 80-90 percent Africa, 1-5 percent Americas (L2, L3).
• Regions - Africa, Americas (trace), Levant (minor).
• Migration - Mesopotamia to Africa, 2300 BCE. Americas, 2300 BCE, Mediterranean, minor.
• Shared SNPs - SNP 10400C, SNP 10873C, SNP 1018G (L3 only - L0-L2, L4-L6 lose SNP 10873C for youngest status).
• Unique Gained SNPs - SNP 4312T (L0, Southern Africa), SNP 3666G (L1, Central, West Africa), SNP 3594T (L2, West Africa), SNP 152C, L3f (L3, Africa, Levant), SNP 16362T (L4, East Africa), SNP 497T (L5, East Africa), SNP 933G (L6, Horn of Africa).
• Subclades - L0, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6.
• Note - L0-L2, L4-L6 lose SNP 10873C, marking youngest status. L3’s SNP 10873C is retained, not ancestral to N, M.
2 Shem’s Sons - Arphaxad, Elam, Asshur, Lud, AramShared Y-DNA SNPs - SNP M168, SNP M89, SNP M526 (retained by IJ, H, G, F1, F, F2, Japheth’s K, Ham’s C - not ancestral to Ham’s A, B, D, E, which lose SNP M168). SNP M429, P125 (IJK, retained by IJ, Japheth’s K - lost by Elam, Asshur, Lud, Aram for birth order).Shared mtDNA SNPs - SNP 10873C, SNP 1018G (from N), SNP 8701G (N, retained by all Shem’s mtDNA, not ancestral to M, L).
Arphaxad (Y-DNA IJ, mtDNA N, R, I, X, W, A)
• Y-DNA Haplogroups
• I1 (Dan) - Frequency 10-15 percent Scandinavia, 0.5-1 percent Americas. Regions - Scandinavia, Americas (trace). Migration - Mesopotamia to Canaan, Northern Europe, 2300 BCE. To be continued…
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*Part One* A shared marker like SNP 10873C in L3, N, M does not mean it is ancestral to the lineage that retains it, especially if older lineages N, M had it first and a younger one like L0-L2, L4-L6 lost it to mark birth order. This fits the SNP rule - loss only for birth order conflicts, such as L0-L2, L4-L6 losing SNP 10873C to be younger than N, M, or Elam-Aram losing IJK-M429 to be younger than Arphaxad’s IJ. Unique SNPs are gained to define lineages, like SNP 9540C for N, SNP 489C for M. N (eldest) and M (second) retain markers like SNP 10873C as older lineages, while L (youngest) loses them in L0-L2, L4-L6, with L3’s retention being secondary.
The framework focuses on three major mtDNA lineages - N, M, L - and others in their order - Shem’s sons (Arphaxad-IJ, Elam-H, Asshur-G, Lud-F1, F, Aram-F2), Japheth’s sons (Madai-Q, Tubal-K, Gomer-R1a, R1b), Ham’s sons (Cush-C, A, B, Sin-D, Mizraim-E3, Canaan-E2, Phut-E1). For each, it lists shared SNPs, unique gained SNPs, frequencies, regions, migrations around 2300 BCE, and sources like Underhill et al., 2010, Tamm et al., 2007.
Core Principles
• mtDNA Order - N (eldest), M (second), L (youngest).
• Y-DNA Order - Shem (IJ-Arphaxad, eldest), Japheth (K-Tubal, second), Ham (C-Nimrod, youngest).
• Shem’s Sons - Arphaxad (IJ - I1-Dan, I2-Asher, J1-Levi, J2-Judah), Elam (H), Asshur (G), Lud (F1, F), Aram (F2).
• SNP Rule - Shared markers like SNP 10873C reflect retention in older N, M, not ancestry in younger L3. Loss marks birth order, such as L0-L2, L4-L6 losing SNP 10873C. Unique SNPs define lineages, like SNP 489C for M.
• Migrations - Shem to Levant, Europe, South Asia, 2300 BCE. Madai’s Q, A, X, W to Europe, Americas, 2300 BCE. Ham to Africa, Americas, 2300 BCE. Inuit Beringian, 1000 BCE.
1 Three Major mtDNA Lineages - N, M, LShared SNPs
• SNP 10400C (basal, retained by all, not ancestral to any lineage).
• SNP 10873C, SNP 1018G (present in N, M, L3 - retained by N, M - L3 retention secondary, L0-L2, L4-L6 lose SNP 10873C for youngest status).
N
• Frequency - 40-50 percent Levant, 20-30 percent Europe, South Asia, 1-3 percent Americas.
• Regions - Levant, Europe, South Asia, Americas (trace).
• Migration - Mesopotamia to Levant, Europe, South Asia, 2300 BCE. Americas, 2300 BCE, Mediterranean, minor.
• Shared SNPs - SNP 10873C, SNP 1018G, SNP 10400C.
• Unique Gained SNPs - SNP 9540C (defines N), SNP 8701G (seeds R, I, X, W, A), SNP 10873T (N1, Levant, Europe), SNP 10238C (N1b2, Levant).
• Subclades - R (H, U, J, T, V), I, X, W, A.
• Note - N retains SNP 10873C, eldest, not ancestral to M or L. Seeds 70-90 percent Levant, Europe, A, X, W to Madai.
M
• Frequency - 50-60 percent East Asia, 20-30 percent South Asia, Oceania, 1-5 percent Americas.
• Regions - East Asia, South Asia, Oceania, Americas (minor).
• Migration - Mesopotamia to East, South Asia, 2300 BCE. Americas, 2300 BCE, Mediterranean for B, C, D - Pacific for B. Beringian, 1000 BCE, A, B, C, D.
• Shared SNPs - SNP 10873C, SNP 1018G, SNP 10400C.
• Unique Gained SNPs - SNP 489C (defines M), SNP 10400T (seeds B, C, D), SNP 14783C (M7, East Asia), SNP 15043A (M8, East Asia).
• Subclades - B, C, D (Madai, Americas), E, F, G, Y, Z (Asia, Oceania). A, X, W from Shem.
• Note - M retains SNP 10873C, second-born, not ancestral to N or L. Dominates Asia, 70-90 percent, Americas, 71-95 percent via A, B, C, D.
L
• Frequency - 80-90 percent Africa, 1-5 percent Americas (L2, L3).
• Regions - Africa, Americas (trace), Levant (minor).
• Migration - Mesopotamia to Africa, 2300 BCE. Americas, 2300 BCE, Mediterranean, minor.
• Shared SNPs - SNP 10400C, SNP 10873C, SNP 1018G (L3 only - L0-L2, L4-L6 lose SNP 10873C for youngest status).
• Unique Gained SNPs - SNP 4312T (L0, Southern Africa), SNP 3666G (L1, Central, West Africa), SNP 3594T (L2, West Africa), SNP 152C, L3f (L3, Africa, Levant), SNP 16362T (L4, East Africa), SNP 497T (L5, East Africa), SNP 933G (L6, Horn of Africa).
• Subclades - L0, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6.
• Note - L0-L2, L4-L6 lose SNP 10873C, marking youngest status. L3’s SNP 10873C is retained, not ancestral to N, M.
2 Shem’s Sons - Arphaxad, Elam, Asshur, Lud, AramShared Y-DNA SNPs - SNP M168, SNP M89, SNP M526 (retained by IJ, H, G, F1, F, F2, Japheth’s K, Ham’s C - not ancestral to Ham’s A, B, D, E, which lose SNP M168). SNP M429, P125 (IJK, retained by IJ, Japheth’s K - lost by Elam, Asshur, Lud, Aram for birth order).Shared mtDNA SNPs - SNP 10873C, SNP 1018G (from N), SNP 8701G (N, retained by all Shem’s mtDNA, not ancestral to M, L).
Arphaxad (Y-DNA IJ, mtDNA N, R, I, X, W, A)
• Y-DNA Haplogroups
• I1 (Dan) - Frequency 10-15 percent Scandinavia, 0.5-1 percent Americas. Regions - Scandinavia, Americas (trace). Migration - Mesopotamia to Canaan, Northern Europe, 2300 BCE. To be continued…
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