RobWords
Thorough, thought, cough, furlough... Why so many ways of pronouncing OUGH in English?
updated
English has already borrowed thousands of words from French. However, there are still many beautiful and useful French words for which English has no equivalent. In this video, I introduce you to 10 of them (and propose we steal them for ourselves".
👕SHOP: robwords.com/shop
⭐️PATREON COMMUNITY: patreon.com/robwords
📝FREE NEWSLETTER: http://www.robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
http://robwords.com
http://x.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
#french #english #language
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:55 10 Rebonjour
2:16 9 Gourmandise
4:09 8 Goûter
5:22 7 Chez
7:21 Lingoda
8:43 6 Si
11:43 5 Tutoyer
14:26 4 Connaître
17:58 3 Flâner
19:18 2 Dépaysement
20:46 1 Bouquiner
The invention of the printing press ushered in a literary revolution, helping to create the world as we know it. However... it also made a terrible mess of English.
In my latest YouTube video I explore the impact of Johannes Gutenberg's contraption on the world and on our language. Plus, with the help of design master and font fanatic @LinusBoman, I delve into the everyday terms we get from the world of printing.
▶️LINUS'S CHANNEL: youtube.com/linusboman
⭐️PATREON COMMUNITY: patreon.com/robwords
📝FREE NEWSLETTER: http://www.robwords.com/newsletter
📗A PRINTERS' VOCABULARY: words.fromoldbooks.org/Jacobi-PrintersVocabulary
📕HIGHLY IRREGULAR: global.oup.com/academic/product/highly-irregular-9780197539408?cc=lb&lang=en&
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
robwords.com
https://x.com/robwordsYT
tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:28 Invention of the printing press
2:50 William Caxton
4:25 Chancery English
4:48 NordVPN
7:17 The H in ghost
8:58 HW words become WH
10:03 Silent letters
11:04 Great Vowel Shift
12:45 Terms from printing
13:13 Linus Boman
13:52 Font or typeface?
16:00 "Out of sorts"
16:32 "Mind your Ps and Qs"
17:10 "Uppercase" and "lowercase"
18:18 "Cliché" and "stereotype"
20:00 "Logo"
21:29 Dodgy printing vocabulary
Before the Roman alphabet, #English was written out using runes ᚠᚢᚦᚩᚱᚳ. And I think... they were better.
Allow me to explain why as we explore how #runes were used in the distant past, how they've been abused by groups like the Nazis, and how they could be used in the future.
If it's good enough for #Tolkein and his dwarves, it's good enough for us!
🔍RESOURCES🔎
🔤FUTHORC: ᚠᚢᚦᚩᚱᚳᚷᚹᚻᚾᛁᛄᛇᛈᛉᛋᛏᛒᛖᛗᛚᛝᛞᛟᚪᚫᚣᛠ
⌨️RUNE KEYBOARD: harysdalvi.com/futhorc
🔁LATIN ALPHABET→FUTHORC: valhyr.com/pages/rune-converter
🌐RUNE DATABASE: rundata.info
📘'RUNES' by Martin Findell: britishmuseumshoponline.org/runes.html
📕'ICELANDIC RUNES' by Teresa Freysdottir Njarðvik: books.google.com/books/about/Icelandic_Runes.html?id=GScAvwEACAAJ&redir_esc=y
👕SHOP: robwords.myspreadshop.com
⭐️PATREON COMMUNITY: patreon.com/robwords
📝FREE NEWSLETTER: robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
http://robwords.com
http://x.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:15 What are runes?
0:56 Runes in 'The Hobbit'
2:08 The origin of runes
3:01 The Elder Futhark
4:30 How they were used
5:58 Rune magic?
6:52 Ground News
8:34 Anglo-Saxon Futhorc
9:45 Why are runes better?
11:40 Rune names
12:55 Viking use of runes
15:45 Nazi abuse of runes
19:04 Modern rune usage
20:05 Resources
In this episode I trace the punctuation we use every day as far back as I can.
❓Is the question mark actually a word?
❗️Where did the exclamation mark come from?
🔴 Is the full stop the oldest punctuation?
🏛️ What punctuation did the Romans use?
These questions answered and more as we explore the origins of punctuation.
👕GEEKY MERCH: robwords.com/shop
⭐️PATREON COMMUNITY: patreon.com/robwords
📝FREE NEWSLETTER: http://www.robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
http://robwords.com
http://x.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
== SOME RESOURCES ==
🪶 National Archive re Paleography: cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/latin-palaeography-activities-and-documents.pdf
❓Great BBC article: bbc.com/culture/article/20150902-the-mysterious-origins-of-punctuation
📚Manuscript studies: sites.ualberta.ca/~sreimer/ms-course/course/punc.htm
🏺That papyrus: google.com/url?q=quod.lib.umich.edu/a/apis/x-2042/3689r.tif%23rights-permissions&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1723839736764907&usg=AOvVaw3pDM5ASB4FTJ6HdH0aLVN-
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:10 The space between words
1:34 What is punctuation?
2:04 The first punctuation
2:54 Period/full (.) stop & comma (,)
5:11 Colon (:) & semicolon (;)
6:57 NordVPN
7:55 Question mark (?)
10:12 Exclamation mark/point (!)
11:47 Quotation marks (")
13:50 Brackets (())
14:57 Dash (–) & hyphen (-)
16:00 Apostrophe (')
17:28 Ellipsis (...)
18:40 MERCH!
In this video, I delve into the origins of the names of every city in England: from the mysterious story of London to the terrific tale of York.
❓What's so new about Newcastle?
❓What was Nottingham's disgusting former name?
❓Which is the only city named after a woman?
Join me as we travel through time to answer these questions and more.
CITY TIME CODES BELOW 👇
==RESOURCES==
📚 Caroline Taggart's book is a tremendous read: amazon.com/Book-English-Place-Names-Villages/dp/0091940435
🏴 Info from English Heritage: english-heritage.org.uk/visit/inspire-me/origins-of-english-place-names
🌐 Superb work by m@ at The Londonist: londonist.com/london/outside-london/englishcitynames
⭐️PATREON COMMUNITY: patreon.com/robwords
📝FREE NEWSLETTER: http://www.robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
http://robwords.com
http://x.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
1:01 London
1:53 Lincoln
2:24 Colchester
3:23 Chichester
3:28 Winchester
3:36 Manchester
3:50 Chester
4:07 Lancaster
4:17 Doncaster
4:29 Exeter
4:51 Leicester
5:25 Worcester
5:29 Gloucester
5:44 Norwich
6:16 Southampton
6:46 Wakefield
7:05 Stoke-on-Trent
7:20 Ground News
8:58 Cambridge
9:32 Oxford
9:50 Hereford
9:57 Chelmsford
10:14 Bradford
10:18 Salford
10:35 Coventry
10:50 Lichfield
11:04 Sheffield
11:21 Leeds
11:44 Kingtson-upon-Hull
12:22 Ripon
12:45 Ely
12:58 Portsmouth
13:14 Plymouth
13:26 Bath
13:48 Wells
13:58 Bristol
14:47 Liverpool
15:12 Canterbury
16:05 Salisbury
16:29 Peterborough
16:49 St Albans
17:22 Westminster
17:34 Preston
17:53 Birmingham
18:25 Wolverhampton
19:00 Brighton & Hove
19:34 Nottingham
20:14 Derby
21:10 York
21:57 Durham
22:27 Sunderland
22:57 Newcastle
23:34 Milton Keynes
24:28 Southend-on-Sea
24:45 Carlisle
25:09 Truro
In this episode, we'll trace English back to its oldest known ancestor: an ancestor it shares with almost all of Europe's languages, as well as some Asian languages. That ancestor is called Proto-Indo-European.
I also talk about the controversial Nostratic language family and ask whether there could really be a "Proto-Earth" language.
📚LINKS📚
Quellant reading P-I-E: youtu.be/P78SJf8NL2k?si=cXBXvb4pVN3NYFzh
Britannica on Nostratic: britannica.com/topic/Nostratic-hypothesis
Proto-Indo-European vocabulary: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary
Simon Pulleyn's "Secret Life of Language" is also an enjoyable read
⭐️PATREON COMMUNITY: patreon.com/robwords
📝FREE NEWSLETTER: http://www.robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
http://robwords.com
http://x.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
#English #etymology #linguistics
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:17 English language family tree
0:57 What is Proto-Indo-European?
1:43 How P-I-E was discovered
5:00 Comparing Indo-European languages
7:20 Babbel
8:47 Tracing words to P-I-E
12:30 Surprisingly related words
15:45 What did P-I-E sound like?
16:55 Nostratic language
19:42 Proto-World
The British Overseas Territory of 🇬🇮Gibraltar has a language like no other. Llanito (or Yanito) tells the story of this unique territory's history at the gateway to the Mediterranean Sea. It melds Andalusian Spanish with the many languages that have been historically present on 'The Rock'. Most recently it has absorbed hundreds of words from English.
However, Gibraltar is in danger of becoming a monolingual society, with Llanito fast losing ground to English. In this video I explore how it can be saved.
Camera: Martyn Williams
📚LLANITO RESOURCES📚
Dale's website LLANITOLLANITO: llanitollanito.com/llven.html
Gibraltarians for a Multilingual Society (GFAMS): gibraltariansfams.com
⭐️PATREON COMMUNITY: patreon.com/robwords
📝FREE NEWSLETTER: http://www.robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
http://robwords.com
http://x.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
#Llanito #English #Spanish
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:31 Gibraltar
1:06 What is Llanito?
4:20 Ground News
5:55 Spanish words: English grammar
6:30 Is it Spanglish?
7:30 Spanish words in English
9:18 Miami English
9:55 The threat to Llanito
12:07 How to save Llanito
🐇 Which country is the "land of the rabbits"?
🇩🇪 Why does Germany have so many different names?
🇳🇱 Where do the Dutch actually live?
🇭🇷 What links Croatians and neckties?
These curious questions answered and many more as I attempt to explain the origin of every European country's name in English!
UPDATE: I have removed the section of this video covering Ukraine, Belarus and Russia. The subject was proving too controversial in light of Russia's unjustified invasion of Ukraine and drawing the wrong attention to my channel.
⭐️PATREON COMMUNITY: patreon.com/robwords
📝FREE NEWSLETTER: http://www.robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
http://robwords.com
http://x.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:16 Germany
1:44 The Netherlands
2:38 Belgium
3:23 Spain
4:28 Iceland
5:20 TripleTen
6:28 Norway
6:51 Denmark
7:32 Austria
8:03 Poland
8:37 Czechia/Czech Republic
9:03 Slovakia & Slovenia
9:47 Serbia
10:28 Croatia
11:40 France
12:33 Sweden
13:22 Switzerland
13:56 Romania
14:38 Turkey
15:15 Latvia
15:21 Hungary
15:30 Greece
15:40 Finland
15:58 Estonia
16:05 Bulgaria
16:11 Azerbaijan
16:25 Armenia
16:35Albania
17:02 North Macedonia
17:35 Montenegro
17:48 Bosnia & Herzegovina
18:07 Moldova
18:45 Portugal
19:15 Malta
19:35 Vatican, Luxembourg & Liechtenstein
20:00 San Marino
20:15 Monaco
20:28 Andorra
20:42 Cyprus
21:13 Italy
21:41 Lithuania
22:00 Georgia
22:30 Ireland & UK
English is special. It's unique. It's weird.
In this video, I run through 10 aspects of English that make it bizarre in comparison with other languages. These include its "meaningless do", dreadful spellings, odd use of tenses, missing pronouns and the strange array of sounds in English.
🌍World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS): wals.info
📝Excellent article on weird English: corplinguistics.wordpress.com/2013/06/21/the-weirdest-languages
⭐️MY PATREON COMMUNITY: patreon.com/robwords
📝FREE NEWSLETTER: http://www.robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
http://robwords.com
http://x.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:17 1 - Weird noises
2:46 2 - Odd questions
4:48 3 - Meaningless do
6:05 4 - Phrasal verbs
7:55 Babbel
9:16 5 - Why no genders?
12:13 6 - Pronouns
14:06 7 - Silly spelling
15:43 8 - Tenses
17:45 9 - Articles
19:37 10 - Things English doesn't have
⭐️PATREON COMMUNITY: patreon.com/robwords
📝FREE NEWSLETTER: http://www.robwords.com/newsletter
More excellent GVS videos:
youtube.com/watch?v=M16LYaaBedU
youtube.com/watch?v=VOOAb7erAmE
youtu.be/zyhZ8NQOZeo?si=93qKFuD_LlZowpIn
Vowel grid with sounds: ipachart.com
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
http://robwords.com
http://x.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:36 What is the Great Vowel Shift?
3:24 Words that changed
5:09 Chaucer
5:40 More words that changed
6:38 Why did the GVS happen?
9:49 Variations in England, USA, Canada
11:07 Consonant changes
12:51 Often or offen?
13:18 Silent K and G
The Celtic languages have been in Britain since long before the English language even existed. In this video I speak to speakers of 5 different Celtic languages: Cornish, Welsh, Manx, Scottish Gaelic and Irish (because it would be silly to leave Irish out).
Learn all about the fascinating quirks of the Celtic languages, find out which words English has borrowed from them, and discover a useful phrase or two!
LINKS
🏴Marian’s YouTube: youtube.com/@galesconmarian
🇮🇲Learn Manx: youtu.be/diAf_7xEwck?si=r4wqXv2JCUQNayi1
🏴Scottish Gaelic on Wikitongues: youtu.be/rPokZgAdXSo?si=3ncrgj-dgBxwcq_s
🇮🇪Paul Mescal speaking Irish: youtu.be/3PbuYQR2gyI?si=0FT986yneE_YvgsS
#celtic #linguistics #italki
⭐️PATREON COMMUNITY: patreon.com/robwords
📝FREE NEWSLETTER: http://www.robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
http://robwords.com
http://x.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:34 The Celtic languages
1:42 Celtic language tree
4:05 Understanding eachother
5:15 italki
6:50 No “yes” or “no”
7:43 Crazy counting
8:30 Sound changes
10:20 Place names
12:04 Words we borrowed
12:58 Influence on English
14:05 Extinction
16:14 How are they doing?
19:25 Handy phrases
Enjoy these 10 Anglo-Saxon words that I think we should bring back.
Apologies for my Old English pronunciation. I really tried.
LINKS & SOURCES
Max Miller making medieval mead: youtu.be/1MAB-VVqjOE?si=v2XZhzLbdI9zDtWr
Old English anthology: oldenglishaerobics.net/anthology.html
Anglo-Saxon wisdom: blog.oup.com/2015/09/old-english-wisdom
bosworthtoller.com
oed.com
⭐️PATREON COMMUNITY: patreon.com/robwords
📝FREE NEWSLETTER: http://www.robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
http://robwords.com
http://x.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
#AngloSaxon #OldEnglish #etymology
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:42 What is Old English?
1:15 WINETREOW - friendfaith
3:03 HRÆDWYRDE - wordhasty
4:52 RUNCRÆFTIG - runecrafty
6:50 WUNDORSMIÞ - wondersmith
8:29 NordVPN
9:53 HWÆLWEG - whaleway
11:18 EARDFÆST - earthfast
12:50 MEDUDREAM - meadglee
14:57 AERSLING - arselong
16:28 UHTCEARE - morrowsorrow
18:45 FULLÞUNGEN - fullthungen
In this video I respond to the claim that English does not exist, but is instead merely badly pronounced French. I explain just how much the French have influenced our language, but why it is still a distinct, Germanic language.
📕PROF. CERQUIGLINI'S BOOK (not an affiliate link): amazon.com/langue-anglaise-nexiste-pas-fran%C3%A7ais/dp/207305661X
⭐️MY PATREON COMMUNITY: patreon.com/robwords
📝MY FREE NEWSLETTER: http://www.robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
http://robwords.com
http://x.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
#english #french #etymology
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Does English exist?
0:26 Where English comes from
1:14 England’s French kings
2:12 French words in English
4:46 Lingoda
6:01 More French words
6:49 Different dialects
8:41 After the French kings
10:42 English words in French
12:27 French grammar
13:52 H dropping
15:19 Poetry
17:12 Conclusion
This took a lot of research. For almost every state there are multiple stories behind the name, but I've done my best to double and triple-source each of the ones included.
In the cases of words from native American languages, I have cross-referenced the information with that given on the official websites of the relevant tribes and nations.
Here are some of my other sources:
1970s US govt press release (some dodgy stuff in there): bia.gov/as-ia/opa/online-press-release/origin-names-us-states#:~:text=IOWA%3A%20From%20an%20Indian%20tribe,was%20applied%20to%20the%20State
David Wilton from wordorigins.org has done brilliant work: wordorigins.org/big-list-entries/alabama
Library of Congress for images and old documents: loc.gov
Oxford English Dictionary for etymology: oed.com/dictionary/alabama_n?tab=factsheet#12020589
Merriam-Webster for pronunications: merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Algonquian
⭐️PATREON COMMUNITY: patreon.com/robwords
📝FREE NEWSLETTER: http://www.robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
http://robwords.com
http://x.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
Edited with Gling AI: bit.ly/46bGeYv
#USA #language #etymology
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 States with "New"
2:20 Named after monarchs
3:58 TypeAI
5:10 Named after colonists
6:22 Named after Native American peoples
12:24 From Native American descriptions
16:22 Alaska & Hawaii
17:46 From European languages
20:56 Dunno! Oregon & Rhode Island
Why is 🏴England named after the Angles and not the Saxons? Does 🏴"Welsh" really mean slave? And where was the original 🏴Scotland? These questions answered and many more on this etymological trip around the 🇬🇧UK.
In this video, I explain the origins of the names of England, Scotland and Wales, as well as the rest of the British Isles and 🇮🇪Ireland. And prepare for a shocking revelation about walnuts.
⭐️PATREON COMMUNITY: patreon.com/robwords
📝FREE NEWSLETTER: http://www.robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
http://robwords.com
http://x.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:22 "England"
3:54 "Wales"
4:56 Ground News
6:07 "Wales" continued
9:25 "Scotland"
11:05 "Ireland"
11:37 "Britain"
11:09 "Albion"
14:04 The British Isles ("Shetland", "Isle of Man" etc.)
I hope you enjoy this exploration of skunked, bleached and mangled words. In it, we'll discuss the words that have been misused to the point of rendering them useless! And we'll get expert help from Peter Sokolowski from Merriam-Webster dictionaries.
⭐️PATREON COMMUNITY: patreon.com/robwords
📝FREE NEWSLETTER: http://www.robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
http://robwords.com
http://x.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
1:49 Skunked words
2:40 BEMUSED
3:27 NONPLUSSED, AMBIVALENT, DISINTERESTED, PERUSE
5:04 Blinkist
6:25 UNIQUE & LITERALLY
8:39 Bleached words
9:07 GENIUS, HERO, LEGEND
11:33 Etymology vs. Usage (DECIMATE)
13:45 ENORMITY
15:00 Historical changes (NICE, SILLY, WEIRD, APOLOGY)
16:20 Changing now (PROBLEMATIC, TRUTH)
17:17 Rob on his high horse
toki a! I hope you enjoy my exploration of Toki Pona, the world's smallest language. With enormous help from a couple of Toki Pona speakers, I'll do my best to explain how a language can function with only around 120 words.
Thanks to jan Mimoku for the TOKI PONA SUBTITLES
🎶 jan Usawi's music 🎶
@janusawi8794
janusawi.bandcamp.com
🎓 Toki Pona resources 🎓
Discord: discord.gg/nbgXCC6
Main site: tokipona.org
Tokiponize your name: reddit.com/r/tokipona/wiki/tokiponize
One of many great video courses: youtu.be/J93GWOMbgdg?si=8lt9ycIkHvvwTdxX
🟡 More from me 🟡
⭐️PATREON COMMUNITY: patreon.com/robwords
📝FREE NEWSLETTER: http://www.robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
http://robwords.com
http://x.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
Edited with Gling AI: bit.ly/46bGeYv
#tokipona #conlang #language
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:31 Guests
1:15 What is Toki Pona?
1:48 How many words?
2:22 HOW??
3:40 Opera browser
4:52 Is Toki Pona' 'vague'?
8:52 Toki Pona music
11:20 Word origins
12:27 Alphabet
13:22 Tokiponized names
15:44 sitelen pona writing
17:45 Numbers
18:51 Who speaks it?
English generally only uses accent marks for words borrowed from other languages. However, using them more widely could solve many of the spelling and pronunciation problems with our language. In this video, I recommend six accents - or diacritical marks - that we should adopt.
p̆ - BREVE - Silent letters - U+0306 (type letter then use unicode to add mark)
ė - OVERDOT - Schwa - U+0307
ō - MACRON - long vowel - U+0304
i̱ - MACRON BELOW - emphasis - U+0331
ù - GRAVE - homographs - U+0300
ë - DIAERESIS - vowel change - U+0308
⭐️PATREON COMMUNITY: patreon.com/robwords
📝FREE NEWSLETTER: http://www.robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
http://robwords.com
http://x.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
Edited with Gling AI: bit.ly/46bGeYv
#accents #english #linguistics
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:32 The problem with English
1:09 p̆ - BREVE - Silent letters
3:25 ė - OVERDOT - Schwa
6:34 ō - MACRON - long vowel
8:13 BABBEL!
9:37 i̱ - MACRON BELOW - emphasis
12:28 ù - GRAVE - homographs
16:27 ë - DIAERESIS - vowel change
18:53 - Honorable mentions - ñ š
20:05 - Conclusion
The Latin alphabet is useless for describing the English language. We're constantly having to use combinations of letters to express single sounds! That's why the Shavian alphabet - or Shaw alphabet - was invented.
It was designed as part of a competition paid for by George Bernard Shaw, via money left in his will. Its 48 characters represent every sound you can think of in the English language. It's more efficient and it's easy on the eye too.
*The Shavian Alphabet*
*𐑐* Peep - *𐑑* Tot - *𐑒* Kick - *𐑓* Fee - *𐑔* THigh - *𐑕* So - *𐑖* Sure - *𐑗* CHurch - *𐑘* Yea - *𐑙* huNG
*𐑚* Bib - *𐑛* Dead - *𐑜* Gag - *𐑝* Vow - *𐑞* THey - *𐑟* Zoo - *𐑠* meaSure - *𐑡* Judge - *𐑢* Woe - *𐑣* Ha-ha
*𐑤* Loll - *𐑮* Roar - *𐑥* Mime - *𐑯* Nun - *𐑦* If - *𐑰* EAt - *𐑧* Egg - *𐑱* Age - *𐑨* Ash - *𐑲* Ice
*𐑩* Ado - *𐑳* Up - *𐑪* On - *𐑴* OAk - *𐑫* wOOl - *𐑵* OOze - *𐑬* OUt - *𐑶* OIl - *𐑭* Ah - *𐑷* AWe
*𐑸* ARe - *𐑹* OR - *𐑺* AIR - *𐑻* ERR - *𐑼* ARRay - *𐑽* EAR - *𐑾* IAn - *𐑿* YEW
🎓Evan's brilliant website: shavian.info
🔁 Convert words to Shavian: readlex.pythonanywhere.com/converter
⭐️MY PATREON COMMUNITY: patreon.com/robwords
📝FREE NEWSLETTER: http://www.robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
http://robwords.com
http://x.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Why our alphabet is bad
0:57 Introducing Shavian
1:42 George Bernard Shaw
2:40 War Thunder part 1
4:01 The competition
5:50 Letter names
6:21 Letter shapes & sounds
9:29 Is it phonetic?
11:26 Accents
12:33 Countries & names
13:41 It's more efficient
15:38 Too many letters?
16:16 Why is it forgotten?
17:20 How YOU can use it
18:24 War Thunder part 2
For this video exploring the most wonderful rare words in English I am joined by my hero, Susie Dent! She's the star of Dictionary Corner on British TV show Countdown and the UK's undisputed Queen of Words. In this video she gives us her top 5 wonderful words... and I give mine!
📚SUSIE'S LOVELY BOOKS📚
Roots of Happiness: https://a.co/d/3ZMw4On
Interesting Stories About Curious Words: https://a.co/d/0tqu4qY
⭐️PATREON COMMUNITY: patreon.com/robwords
📝FREE NEWSLETTER: http://www.robwords.com/newsletter
🇩🇪UNTRANSLATABLE GERMAN: youtu.be/YUVtkWfzWCs?si=XfLghqhk8a8Dr2st
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
robwords.com
http://x.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
Edited with Gling AI: bit.ly/46bGeYv
#etymology #english #SusieDent
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:27 Susie Dent
1:00 CONFELICITY
3:00 SCURRYFUNGE
3:41 ULTRACREPIDARIAN
5:04 Skillshare
6:16 RESPAIR
7:02 THUNDERPLUMP
7:39 BUBBER
9:31 CACAFUEGO
10:30 NIMGIMMER
12:08 PHILOBRUTISH
13:09 TWITTERPATED
⭐️PATREON: patreon.com/RobWords
📝FREE NEWSLETTER:
robwords.com/newsletter
📚SUSIE DENT'S LOVELY BOOKS📚
Roots of Happiness: https://a.co/d/3ZMw4On
Interesting Stories About Curious Words: https://a.co/d/0tqu4qY
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
robwords.com
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
Edited with Gling AI: bit.ly/46bGeYv
#english #etymology #language
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 What are lost positives?
0:59 INNOCENT / NOCENT
1:30 Susie Dent!!
2:58 RUTHLESS / RUTHFUL
3:38 FECKFUL / FECKLESS
4:46 GORMLESS / GORMFUL
5:49 WHELMED
6:38 INFLAMMABLE / FLAMMABLE
7:11 DISGRUNTLED / GRUNTLED
8:50 NONCHALANT / CHALANT
10:30 UNKEMPT / KEMPT
11:44 UNCOUTH / COUTH
12:58 UNRULY / RULY
13:20 INEPT / EPT
14:36 INCESSANT / CESSANT
14:53 INEVITABLE / EVITABLE
15:12 UNWIELDY / WIELDY
15:32 INDEFATIGABLE / DEFATIGABLE
German has a knack of expressing things in one word that takes English-speakers much longer. In this video I give you my top 10 'untranstlatable' German words that English should steal.
#German #English #language
📝 Sign up to my FREE NEWSLETTER: robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
robwords.com
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
Edited with Gling AI: bit.ly/46bGeYv
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:34 10 - JEIN
2:24 9 - KUMMERSPECK
3:39 8 - BACKPFEIFENGESICHT
5:22 7 - SPRACHGEFÜHL
6:31 Babbel
7:48 6 - STURMFREI
9:00 5 - SCHNAPSIDEE
10:15 5.5 - WEGBIER
11:33 4 - KOPFKINO
12:33 - Why is German so good at this?
14:25 3 - FERNWEH
16:17 2 - ZUGZWANG
17:49 1 - FEIERABEND
In this video, let's explore the stories behind the names of the world's favourite dinosaurs. Which dinos are the "roof lizard", "egg thief", "chicken mimic" and "arm lizard"? Watch to find out!
By the way, this is a great companion of you're into Life On Our Planet on Netflix.
#etymology #lifeonourplanet #dinosaurs
Sign up to my newsletter here: robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
robwords.com
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:34 What "Dinosaur" means
1:54 MyHeritage
3:18 Dinosaur categories
3:36 THEROPODS: T-rex, Velociraptor, Gallimimus etc.
8:45 SAUROPODS: Diplodocus, Brachiosaurus, Brontosaurus etc.
11:40 CERAPODS: Triceratops, Styracosaurus, Hadrosaurs, Pachycephalosaurs
14:27 THYREOPHORANS: Stegosaurus, Ankylosaurus
15:15 Names after places
16:25 NON-DINOSAURS: Pterosaurs, Plesiosaurs & Ichthyosaurs
17:35 DINO TEST
We use words left behind by the Romans every day. Their encounters with the Germanic tribes caused Latin words to slip into our language before it even became "English".
In this video let's explore all the words that we've borrowed from the Romans: from the earliest imports to modern medical Latin.
Enjoy!
📝Sign up to my NEWSLETTER here: robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
robwords.com
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
Edited with Gling AI: bit.ly/46bGeYv
#english #latin #etymology
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:34 Before Old English
2:49 Old English
4:56 Lingopie
6:19 Middle English
7:20 The Renaissance
9:15 Spellings ruined
9:58 Scientific words
11:28 New technology
In this video, we go deep into the dark world of censorship. With the help of the world's only Banned Books Museum, we'll take a look at some notorious literature.
Should Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf be banned? Why is The Anarchist Cookbook still available? And did Thirteen Reasons Why really cause suicides?
Those questions answered and more, along with a look at censorship in China, Salman Rushdie's "fatwa", banned children's books and the restriction of language books.
Sign up to my newsletter here: robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
robwords.com
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
Edited with Gling AI: bit.ly/46bGeYv
#banned #books #language
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:49 The Banned Books Museum
1:40 Mein Kampf - Adolf Hitler
4:41 The Anarchist Cookbook - William Powell
7:30 Ground News
8:40 13 Reasons Why - Jay Asher
12:27 The Satanic Verses - Salman Rushdie
13:57 Censorship in China
15:36 Banned language books
16:30 Conclusion
17:15 Newsletter
#language #basque #spain
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
robwords.com
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
In this video we take a world tour of weird place names: from the rude to the ridiculous. We focus in on the mad names of some UK towns, check out some American classics, then I count down my "Rest of the World Top 10".
Enjoy this romp around the world's ludicrously named localities. Thanks to the people of Aa in Estonia for hosting us (not that we actually found anyone there).
==LINKS==
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
robwords.com
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:31 Welcome to Aa
1:02 British place names (Bottoms, Bell End, Shitterton)
2:27 Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch
3:08 NordVPN
4:29 USA place names (Protection, Accident, Nameless, Truth & Consequences)
8:29 Zzyzx
9:41 World top 10 place names (Anus, Monster, Maggotty and more)
Web: go.italki.com/robwords
App: go.italki.com/robwords
Is 🇮🇹Italian delightful and 🇩🇪German disgusting? Is 🇨🇳Mandarin a melodic mess? In this episode, Rob meets the linguists who've tried to work out which are the world's prettiest and ugliest languages. The results are sure to surprise you.
==LINKS==
Niklas and the team's study: researchgate.net/publication/370072268_Do_some_languages_sound_more_beautiful_than_others
Daya: italki.com/en/teacher/2412143
Bank: italki.com/en/teacher/7470575
Klingon Style: youtube.com/watch?v=CayMeza487M
Jesus Film: jesusfilm.org/watch/jesus.html/tok-pisin.html
Check me out on the web, on Twitter & TikTok:
robwords.com
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:34 Good and bad reputations
2:30 ITALIAN - The most beautiful?
3:40 italki
4:50 GERMAN - The ugliest?
6:09 EXPERIMENT
7:32 RESULTS
8:07 Disliked languages
9:45 THAI - A tonal language
11:05 Languages we like
11:36 MOST BEAUTIFUL familiar languages
12:30 TOK PISIN - A popular Creole
13:44 How German did
14:28 SIDE EFFECTS
15:23 The ideal voice
16:38 CONCLUSION
Edited with Gling AI: bit.ly/46bGeYv
#languages #linguistics #breakthrough
Eggcorns are no "old wise tale". These misheard phrases are everywhere. In this video we look at lots of examples of these amusing mishaps and try to understand why they happen, with the help of Professor Mark Liberman who helped coin the term "eggcorn". We also discuss other linguistic calamities, including malapropisms, folk etymologies and mondegreens.
==LINKS==
Prof. Liberman's blog post inspired by our chat: https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=59277
The Bonnie Earl O' Moray song: youtube.com/watch?v=Cz_1zYDFnTs
Online eggcorn database: eggcorns.lascribe.net/browse-eggcorns
⭐️PATREON COMMUNITY: patreon.com/robwords
📝FREE NEWSLETTER: http://www.robwords.com/newsletter
Check me out on the web, Twitter & TikTok:
robwords.com
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:45 What is an "eggcorn"?
1:45 Mark Liberman explains the name
3:57 Malapropisms
5:20 Rob's confession
5:56 Mondegreens - origin & Hendrix
7:27 Spot the eggcorns with NordVPN
9:00 Eggcorns aren't stupid
10:20 Butt naked or buck naked?
11:50 Old Timer's Disease, wet your appetite, just desserts
13:25 Damp squid or damp squib
14:08 Historic eggcorns
14:53 Folk etymologies: Jerusalem artichoke
17:31 Call for foreign eggcorns
Edited with Gling AI: bit.ly/46bGeYv
The existing English alphabet is out of date. In this video, I attempt to bring it into the 21st century by stealing letters from other languages, removing unnecessary letters and even inventing an entirely new one.
Let me know what you think of my new and improved alphabet. I welcome you suggestions for improvements.
==
Thanks to Oat Milk Studios for letting me use their lovely old factory.
==
Check me out online, on Twitter & TikTok:
robwords.com
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
1:06 Þ: Bring back thorn!
3:32 Ş for SH
4:48 Ч for CH
6:06 Getting rid of Q
7:03 Inventing a letter: Part 1
8:03 Skillshare
9:24 ß for SS
10:20 Ñ for NY
11:30 Ə: Our most common sound
12:54 Ŋ for NG
13:49 Inventing a letter: Part 2
15:01 Replacing W
16:35 &
16:53 Ž for ZH
17:14 BIG MUSICAL FINISH
Japanese is full of surprises. This video is everything you need to know before you head to Japan or begin to learn the language. On my own trip I discovered that Japanese is trying its hardest to be easy for English speakers. I hope this video gets you off to a good start.
==FEATURED VOCAB==
arigatō - thank you
arigatō gozaimasu - thank you (formal)
kudasai - please
onegaishimasu - please
sumimasen - excuse me
kon'nichiwa - hello
ohayō - good morning
konbanwa - good evening
mata ne - see ya!
omakase - you choose for me
okaikei - the bill
checcu - the check
kādo - (credit) card
genkin - cash
oishī - delicious
sugoi - amazing!
īe - no (but it's complicated)
hai - yes
Check me out online, on Twitter & TikTok:
robwords.com
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:48 Why I made this
1:53 Japanese is unique
2:50 Three alphabets of Japanese
3:50 Japanese & English
4:36 Japan's problem saying L
5:29 Romaji
5:52 NordVPN
7:57 VOCAB
8:40 "thank you"
10:00 "please"
10:46 sumimasen (excuse me)
11:40 "hello"
12:29 the sayonara lie (goodbye)
13:49 omakase
14:36 paying the bill
15:38 "delicious" and "fantastic"
16:06 "yes" and "no"
#japanese #japan #language
...except there's no Z.
...or X, actually.
But there is a Ȝ!
Enjoy.
==
Other relevant videos:
The story of "monger" - youtu.be/v9IZemiyDF0
Why Brits spell hiccup weirdly - youtu.be/JkdcYYduUeM
Rebracketing of "an adder" - youtu.be/XBVu4CjYZmo
==
Check me out on Twitter, TikTok and on my website:
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
http://robwords.com
📕 A dictionary writer's favourite word
🦨 What a "skunked" word is
💃🏼 What FABULOUS actually means
👩💻 How ChatGPT could change dictionaries
📚 Whether it's getting easier to get a word in the dictionary
Enjoy!
Check me out on Twitter & TikTok:
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
🤷 Whether it's aluminUM or aluminIUM
🥇 Why the chemical symbol for gold is Au, not Go
🧌 The secret mythical figures hiding in the periodic table
🌍 Which place has the most elements named after it (you won't guess)
So let's get in our element, and explore the fascinating stories behind our names for the elements.
Check me out online, on Twitter & TikTok:
http://robwords.com
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:42 Hydrogen, Oxygen and friends
2:40 Helium & Aluminium
4:33 Carbon, Gold, Silver, Mercury
6:55 Ytterby elements
9:35 Named after places
10:29 Mythology elements
12:47 Named for characteristics
13:46 Named after people
14:13 Confusing chemical symbols
15:07 Interrupted by dog
I'll explain...
𐦃 The Egyptian hieroglyphics that became our letters
🏛 Why W is called "double U"
🇫🇷 Why do the French call Y a "Greek I"?
💤 Is it ZEE or ZED??
✏️ How I and J were the same for the Romans
🤔 Why we can easily confuse U and V
Let's get cracking!
===LINKS===
A is for Ox by Lyn Davies: goodreads.com/en/book/show/5040123
(Thanks to those who suggested I read it)
Weird plurals in English: youtu.be/3rhxeDInKu8
Lost letters of the alphabet: youtu.be/wJxKyh9e5_A
Check me out on Twitter & TikTok:
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:43 The birth of the alphabet
1:25 Hieroglyphics: A & B
4:13 C, E, K, M, N, O & R
6:04 L, S, D & Q - Early Semitic
9:23 F, U, V & Y - Ypsilon
10:35 W - double U
11:34 I & J - Latin double
13:08 G, H, P, T & X
14:29 Z - zed or zee?
What would English have been like if William the Conqueror had been William the Conquered? How would we be speaking if our language had never come under the influence of French, Latin or Greek? The answer is: Anglish.
In this video:
🏴 Learn to speak Anglish
🗣 See how great speakers (e.g. Churchill) make use of Anglo-Saxon words
📕 Hear about historic attempts to rid English of borrowed vocab
🇺🇸 Watch me REWRITE THE US CONSTITUTION!
==LINKS==
Paul Jennings' Anglish articles: anglish.fandom.com/wiki/1066_and_All_Saxon
The Anglish Times: theanglishtimes.com
Anglish reddit: reddit.com/r/anglish
Loads more about Anglish: anglish.org
Check me out on Twitter & TikTok:
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
1:00 What is Anglish?
2:55 "To be or not to be" in Anglish
4:03 The Anglish Times 1
5:03 Winston Churchill's Anglo-Saxon
6:25 NordVPN
8:22 How to write in Anglish (Anglish Times 2)
11:42 Inkhorn Controversy
15:02 Rewriting the US Constitution
16:03 Anglish Constitution
Check me out on Twitter & TikTok:
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
Check me out on Twitter & TikTok:
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
🥚 A gaggle of geese
📊 A business of ferrets
🎓 A school of fish
🔪 A murder of crows
🦊 A skulk of foxes
⏱ An impatience of wives (seriously)
Where on earth did we get all of these strange words for groups of things? Find out in this latest RobWords, where we do some of our own linguistic archaeology.
Check me out on Twitter & TikTok:
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
In this video I'm going to tell you all sorts, including:
🎂 The origin of your birth month
🗓 Why our months are in the wrong order
🪶 The Old English names for our months
🏹 What a Hobbit's calendar looks like
🥛 Which month the lactose intolerant should avoid
Enjoy!
#etymology #english #oldenglish
===
Check me out on Twitter & TikTok:
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
1:07 Origin of January
3:28 February
5:30 March
6:36 Squarespace
7:45 April - where Easter gets its name
9:40 May
11:00 June
12:12 July
13:55 August
15:11 September, October, November, December
German and English are part of the same language family. That means you can tweak German words to make them look a lot more like their English equivalents. In this video, I'll show you how.
I'll also teach you a bit about the shared history of German and English, and why we have Germany's famous fairytale-tellers the Brothers Grimm to thank.
Check me out on Twitter & TikTok:
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
#etymology #dogs #shorts
Check me out on Twitter & TikTok:
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
#english #etymology #shorts
In this video, find out:
🥭 What MONGERS have to do with mangoes
🍏 Why GROCERS are gross
🥕 Why vegetables used to be considered meat
🧵 Why a TAILOR can be afraid of needles
🧶 Where the lovely word HABERDASHER comes from
🎩 The satisfying story behind "MILLINER"
🕷 Why spiders make great WEAVERS
Enjoy exploring the origins of more jobs in another RobWords etymology fest.
==
Check me out on Twitter & TikTok:
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:37 Origin of MONGER
2:13 What a COSTERMONGER actually is
3:21 Etymology of GROCER
4:15 When vegetables were MEAT
5:03 SQUARESPACE
5:56 The tale behind TAILOR
7:38 Origin of HABERDASHER
8:44 Where MILLINER comes from
9:35 Etymology of WEAVER
10:50 What is a WEBSTER?
10:57 Goodbye
Some ghost words, like foupe, dord and kimes were quickly weeded out. Others remain in use to this day: like tweed, syllabus and gravy.
Be they accidental inventions or deliberate deceptions, you'll enjoy exploring the weird world of ghost words.
#etymology #english #halloween
==SOCIALS==
Check me out on Twitter & TikTok:
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==SOURCES==
grammarly.com/blog/ghost-words
quickanddirtytips.com/articles/ghost-words
newyorker.com/magazine/2005/08/29/not-a-word
theconversation.com/the-story-of-tweed-27013
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:46 What are ghost words?
1:22 FOUPE - Samuel Johnson's error
2:47 ADVENTINE - Johnson's second mistake
3:16 The origin of "ghost words"
3:40 ABACOT - The wrong hat
4:14 KIMES - A misreading
4:47 MORSE - Walter Scott misunderstanding
5:35 SQUARESPACE
6:35 DORD - Density confusion
7:49 PHANTOMNATION - Alexander Pope error
9:27 GRAVY - A delicious mistake
10:22 TWEED - Wrong about the river
11:17 SYLLABUS - Cicero slip-up
12:09 ESQUIVALIENCE - A deliberate ruse
13:46 BEWARE!
14:00 Goodbye
Find out:
🔪 Which animal a BUTCHER is named after
🥖 The surprising old name for a lady BAKER
🕯️ How candles are linked with candidates
🔨 What CARPENTERS originally made
👞 Why COBBLERS are associated with nonsense
🌍 Which country copper is named after
...and lots more!
As well as the three fellas from the nursery rhyme, we also look at the origins of cobbler, carpenter and blacksmith. And I get interrupted by a cat.
#etymology #words #english
==
Check me out on Twitter & TikTok:
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
1:09 Origins of "trade" and "profession"
2:11 BUTCHER
3:18 BAKER: baxter, brown & white bread
5:17 SQUARESPACE
6:10 CANDLESTICK MAKER: candle, candid, candidate
7:46 BLACKSMITH: origin, whitesmith, coppersmith, copper, poet
9:27 COBBLER: talking cobblers, cobbler dessert
11:08 Cat interruption
11:45 CARPENTER: origin, real meaning, Zimmermann
13:23 Goodbye
The Vikings raided, pillaged... and changed our language. Their Old Norse words invaded English and many remain to this day (I used one right there - watch to find out which!). In this video, discover:
⚔️ The everyday words that the Vikings gave us.
🥚 Why they stopped us confusing our eyes and our eggs.
🛡️ The Old Norse place names that are still around.
🪓 The names for people that come from Old Norse.
📅 The days of the week that we get from the Vikings.
⚧ How the Vikings are changing gender politics.
...and loads more!
#Vikings #etymology #OldNorse
===
Check me out on Twitter & TikTok:
http://twitter.com/robwordsYT
http://tiktok.com/@robwords
==CHAPTERS==
0:00 Introduction
0:54 Rosetta Stone
2:09 Old Norse and Old English
3:47 Viking pronouns - gender politics (non-binary they, them, their)
4:39 Viking verbs - "are", "take", "dazzle", "crawl", "guess", "trust"
5:57 Violent words
6:22 Everyday Old Norse
6:57 Shirt and skirt
8:08 Doubling up - "egg" and "ey"
9:15 Old Norse place names
9:54 York - gates, bars and pubs
10:29 Scottish place names
11:08 Old Norse dialect words
11:53 Viking surnames
12:37 Days of the week
13:43 Goodbye