Uploaded April 2022 | Updated September 2026, 3 weeks ago

---

Jessica Bell is a senior director on the Global Biological Policy and Programs team at the Nuclear Threat Initiative and co-lead of the GHS Index.

The 2021 GHS Index measures the capacities of 195 countries to prepare for epidemics and pandemics. All countries remain dangerously unprepared for future epidemic and pandemic threats, including threats potentially more devastating than COVID-19. Read the report’s findings and recommendations, explore the data, view the country rankings, and learn more about the GHS Index at ghsindex.org