Uploaded May 2012 | Updated September 2026, 2 hours ago
I discuss the assumptions of both the pooled-variance and Welch (unpooled variance) t procedures, and their advantages and disadvantages. I illustrate some of pros and cons using the results of two simulations.
I discuss the assumptions of both the pooled-variance and Welch (unpooled variance) t procedures, and their advantages and disadvantages. I illustrate some of pros and cons using the results of two simulations.







![Finding the Appropriate z Value for the Confidence Interval Formula (Using a Table)
I show how to find the appropriate z value (using the standard normal table) when calculating a confidence interval. The version of the table used in this video gives the area to the left of the z value (and not the area between 0 and z).
For those that use R, below is the R code to find the values (see the video for illustrations).
z value for a 95% interval:
qnorm(.975)
[1] 1.959964
z value for a 75% interval:
qnorm(.875)
[1] 1.150349 Finding the Appropriate z Value for the Confidence Interval Formula (Using a Table)](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/grodoLzThy4/mqdefault.jpg)


