Uploaded February 2026 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago

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Beowulf gives much attention to Hrothgar, king of the Danes. He is also called Lord of the Friends of Ing, and while some interpret that as a fancy name for the Danes, it may denote Hrothgar having hegemony over many tribes which he and his predecessors subjugated, and all centered around a cult site to Ing or Yngvi-Freyr at Lejre.

Thoughts taken from: Hrothgar's Empire: Old English Ingwine and Scandinavian Paganism by Leonard Neidorf, Medium Ævum XCIV no. 1, pp. 1-13 (the website confuses me, I was sent the journal digitally as a member of the society) mediumaevum.org.uk/journal

Aid from the Elf-Ruler: Line 1314a and the Pre-Christian Antecedents of Beowulf by Michael D. C. Drout and Caiden Kumar, Studies in Philology, Vol. 121, No. 2 (Spring 2024), pp. 209-235.


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