How This SUBSTANCE Caused a DISASTER? @Thoisoi2

Thoisoi2 - Chemical Experiments! | How This SUBSTANCE Caused a DISASTER? @Thoisoi2 | Uploaded May 2024 | Updated October 2024, 1 hour ago.
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Hi, today I will tell you about red mud and how it caused a disaster.

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$Tungsten - The MOST REFRACTORY Metal ON EARTH! Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/Thoisoi?ty=h Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thoisoi2 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thoisoi/ So, today I will tell you about the top refractory metal on Earth – tungsten. Tungsten is one of the transition metals, and is located in group 6 of the periodic table of chemical elements. It got it’s name from the mineral wolframite, from which this mineral is obtained. Also, a tiny fun fact, wolfram is a Swedish word. Now if we look at the appearance, tungsten looks like a shiny metal with gray tint, though if you hold a rod of tungsten in the hand you may experience one special characteristic. The density of tungsten is almost 20 grams per cubic centimeter, which is very close to the density of gold. That is the reason why tungsten was used for faking gold bars. A couple of years ago there was news that some gold bars had a filling of tungsten inside, which of course is significantly cheaper than gold. Though the forgery causes skepticism among some scientists. To clearly demonstrate to you how much is 20 gram per cubic centimeter, I will compare the mass of a rod of tungsten and a rod of magnesium. As you can see, the tungsten rod is not only several times smaller than the magnesium one, but is also even heavier than the latter. Also, tungsten is a fairly brittle metal, it is plastic only when it has a very high purity. In addition, tungsten has the highest tensile strength. However, this is not the main feature of this metal. To melt a piece of tungsten, you need to reach an extremely high temperature of 3422 degrees Celsius. That is why this metal was at first used as the filament in incandescent bulbs. However, if you pass a current through the thin tungsten filament, it can overheat and then break, thereby ceasing any production of light . All is due to the fact that in air tungsten oxidizes at a high temperature, forming on its surface oxides of tungsten. Also, the tungsten rod after calcination with a gas burner obtains beautiful colored stains, caused by the different thickness of the oxide film on the metal surface. However, in light bulbs it’s not really about the beauty, more about the ability to actually produce light, hence all the oxygen from the bulb is pumped out and is replaced with a mixture of nitrogen and argon under reduced pressure. In these circumstances, the filament can shine for quite a long time. Also another fun fact, when taking pictures of the the filament in macro I’ve noticed the difference of the more powerful old light bulbs and the less powerful modern ones. In the old light bulbs the filament is made simply in the form of a spiral, but it turns out the modern ones have a double helix, making the filament thinner, which creates more sections of uneven thickness in the yarn, which then leads to the more rapid failure of the bulb. From a chemical point of view, tungsten is fairly stable, it is not soluble in hydrochloric or sulphuric acids. And the most stable compounds of hexavalent tungsten, such as, for example, the sodium tungstate are used as a catalyst of epoxidation in the organic synthesis, andin manufacturing of pigments. Sodium tungstate is soluble in water, but instead of water I will use the 30% acetic acid to obtain the so-called tungsten blue pigment that has a very intense color. To do this, we’ll add a piece of magnesium to the test-tube. Magnesium reacts with acetic acid, releasing hydrogen, which in turn recovers tungsten from the hexavalent state to tungsten oxide 3 with an admixture of other oxides. The formed particles of oxides are of a small size, allowing them to form colloidal solution of a bright blue or blue-green color. The shade depends mainly on the acidity of the environment. The obtained tungsten blue can be used as a good dye for fabric, paper or other items that have the ability to adsorb particles of tungsten blue. The metal tungsten has a very high hardness and is hardly turned on the grinding wheel. Today tungsten finds many applications. First and foremost, this metal is used in filaments for the halogen lamps, refractory electrodes for argon-arc welding, as well as in hard projectile cores in some military shells. The most common substance of the tungsten compounds is tungsten carbide, which also goes by the name Pobedit but mainly in Russia (which if you translate that to English means “will win”). It is mostly used as a cutter when machining metals or stones because of its high hardness. Quality high hardness steel would almost always be composed of tungsten. So that’s what this metal tungsten is like, which is found in practically every house and has the most interesting and unique properties.$

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$Tantalum - The MOST CONFLICT Metal On EARTH! Thanks for the provided tantalum: http://www.samaterials.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/Thoisoi?ty=h Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thoisoi2 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thoisoi/ Do not repeat the experiments shown in this video! So, today I want to tell you about this refractory and also a conflict making metal, tantalum. In the periodic table of chemical elements tantalum is located in the fifth group, among the so-called transitional refractory metals. Due to its rarity and difficulty in obtaining, tantalum was named after the Greek king Tantalus. According to the legend, he offended Zeus and the other gods, for which he was cast out of heaven for an eternal torment. Like the ancient Greek king, many scientists and researchers have suffered and endured, trying to obtain this element in its pure form. Externally, tantalum looks like a grey shiny metal, and by the way quite heavy. In its density it comes next after the gold. If you take the current market price, one kilogram of tantalum costs around $150, therefore this metal is quite expensive. Tantalum is very ductile, it’s very easy to make a wire or foil from it. This metal is extracted from the mineral coltan, the deposits of which are located in Brazil, but especially rich deposits of tantalum ores are found in Central Africa. Recently tantalum is referred to as a conflict making metal, because a lot of African countries are fighting to get their hands on it. For example, in Congo and Rwanda there are military conflicts associated with the smuggling of tantalum ore. From about the last decade, about 9 African countries and 20 different military groups were involved in the tantalum wars. However, let’s go back to the chemical properties of the tantalum metal. From the chemical point of view, this metal is extremely stable, it is not soluble in dilute acids, even in the hydrofluoric acid due to a very robust oxide film covering the metal. One of the very few caustic environments that can dissolve tantalum is a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid, in which from the tantalum a complex compound forms that is soluble in water. In the form of a powder tantalum burns quite well in air, forming the tantalum oxide. In spite of all its chemical stability, this metal also reacts well with molten alkalis, forming tantalates. For example, if you pour a bit of dry sodium hydroxide on the tantalum foil and then melt it, such an aggressive environment can easily dissolve the tantalum and burn a hole in the tantalum foil. Though that’s pretty much it, you cannot conduct any other special chemical experiments with tantalum due to its inertness. The only thing we can do is heat the tantalum rod and see how fast will it oxidize in the hot flame of a gas burner. After such an abuse, tantalum rod gets covered with a white and inert substance – tantalum oxide from reacting with oxygen in air. This material is also used in creating glass that absorbs gamma rays. Because of its plasticity and chemical stability, in the olden days tantalum was used for making filaments for light bulbs, but later with the rise of the price for this metal, tantalum was replaced with a much cheaper tungsten. The internal resistivity of tantalum is comparable to the one of steel, hence this element can be used to create heating elements instead of using nichrome, especially in places where you need a very high temperature, as tantalum melts at more or less about three thousand degrees Celsius! So, for example, it is possible to heat the tantalum wire and it will not oxidize as much. At the moment, one of the most important applications of tantalum is in manufacturing the most efficient tantalum capacitors, in electronics. In the capacitors like anode a very fine tantalum powder is used, which is pressed around the tantalum wire and is sintered to the form of a sponge. Then such sponge is anodized, i.e. is covered with a layer of tantalum pentoxide that acts as the dielectric layer. Next, the anodized tantalum sponge is covered with a layer of the cathode of manganese dioxide. Then, on top, a layer of graphite and a layer of silver is added, and now the capacitor is ready. The advantage of these capacitors is that they can be made to be extremely small, due to the very thin dielectric film. These kind of capacitors can be put into any computer, smartphone or a tablet. So say thanks to tantalum for the smartphones. Recently, jewelers are trying to use tantalum in the jewelry, as this metal is quite dense and is completely non-toxic to humans. Now even the Chinese sell tantalum rings. Hmm, would you gift your girlfriend a tantalum decoration? In my opinion, it would be quite original. However, tantalum by itself is grey and doesn’t shine as beautifully as gold.$

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