How Fast Is Evolution? @Best0fScience

Uploaded March 2010 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago

facebook.com/ScienceReason ... Facts of Evolution (Chapter 5): How Fast Is Evolution?

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EVOLUTION IS REAL SCIENCE:

1. Does The Evidence Support Evolution?
youtube.com/watch?v=p1R8w_QEvEU
2. Vitamin C And Common Ancestry
youtube.com/watch?v=SF2N2lbb3dk
3. Are We Descended From Viruses?
youtube.com/watch?v=nIsWZCSMSSs
4. Does The Fossil Record Support Evolution?
youtube.com/watch?v=QWVoXZPOCGk
5. Where Are The Transitional Forms?
youtube.com/watch?v=kfTbrHg8KGQ

FACTS OF EVOLUTION:

1. Introduction
youtube.com/watch?v=43SskX-pEqA
2. Universal Common Descent
youtube.com/watch?v=G0UGpcea8Zg
3. Good Design, Bad Design
youtube.com/watch?v=1Mtr3Cum74A
4. Speciation And Extinction
youtube.com/watch?v=T5kumHLiK4A
5. How Fast Is Evolution?
youtube.com/watch?v=6XgeSi1EGkU
6. What Can Embryos Tell Us About Evolution?
youtube.com/watch?v=uAZmLYWEPGk
7. The Molecules Of Life
youtube.com/watch?v=nvJFI3ChOUU
8. Molecular Evolution: Genes And Proteins
youtube.com/watch?v=mA7BE3mEb64
9. Retroviruses And Pseudogenes
youtube.com/watch?v=8ZvTmgCk1Lo

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Rates of Evolution

Evolutionary rates can be measured quantitatively for a character within a lineage, and we begin by seeing how this is conventionally done. We then look at a large compilation of over 500 such measurements and ask whether fossil evolutionary rates fit in with the theory of population genetics.

Punctuated equilibrium is an influential modern idea about evolutionary rates in fossils and we discuss the theory, how to test it, evidence for and against it, and its conceptual relation with the modern synthesis.

The rate of evolution is a measurement of the change in an evolutionary lineage over time.

The method for measuring the rate of evolution can be illustrated by work done by MacFadden on horse teeth: horse teeth are classic materials in the study of evolution.

The rate of evolution is measured as follows:

Suppose that a character has been measured at two times, t1 and t2 ; t1 and t2 are expressed as times before the present in millions of years.

The time interval between the two samples can be written as:Dt = t1 - t2,

which is 1 million years if t1 = 15.2 and t2 =14.2 The average value of the character is defined as x1 in the earlier sample and x2 in the later sample; we then take natural logarithms of x1 and x2 (the natural logarithm is the log to base e where e = 2.718, and it is symbolized by ln).

The evolutionary rate (r) then is

r = (ln(x2) - ln(x1)) / Dt

The rate of evolution is measured in 'darwins'.

Haldane defined a 'darwin' as a unit to measure evolutionary rates; one darwin is a change in the character by a factor of e in one million years.

The formula above for r gives the rate in darwins provided that the time interval is in millions of years.

• blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/tutorials/Rates_of_evolution1.asp
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_%28unit%29
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$Hubble eXtreme Deep Field - Farthest Ever View of the Universe http://www.facebook.com/ScienceReason ... Hubble eXtreme Deep Field - Farthest Ever View of the Universe. Hubble goes to the eXtreme to assemble farthest ever view of the Universe. Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) pushes back the frontiers of time and space. This video explains how astronomers meticulously assembled mankinds deepest view of the universe from combining Hubble Space Telescope exposures taken over the past decade. Guest scientists are Dr. Garth Illingworth and Dr. Marc Postman. Please subscribe to Science & Reason: • http://www.youtube.com/Best0fScience • http://www.youtube.com/ScienceTV • http://www.youtube.com/FFreeThinker • http://www.youtube.com/RationalHumanism Like photographers assembling a portfolio of best shots, astronomers have assembled a new, improved portrait of mankinds deepest-ever view of the universe. Called the eXtreme Deep Field, or XDF, the photo was assembled by combining 10 years of NASA Hubble Space Telescope photographs taken of a patch of sky at the center of the original Hubble Ultra Deep Field. The XDF is a small fraction of the angular diameter of the full Moon. The Hubble Ultra Deep Field is an image of a small area of space in the constellation Fornax, created using Hubble Space Telescope data from 2003 and 2004. By collecting faint light over many hours of observation, it revealed thousands of galaxies, both nearby and very distant, making it the deepest image of the universe ever taken at that time. The new full-color XDF image reaches much fainter galaxies and includes very deep exposures in red light from Hubbles new infrared camera, enabling new studies of the earliest galaxies in the universe. The XDF contains about 5,500 galaxies even within its smaller field of view. The faintest galaxies are one ten-billionth the brightness of what the human eye can see. • http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2012/37/ Flight Through the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field This scientific visualization depicts a flight through the galaxies in the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF). Using measured and estimated distances for approximately three thousand galaxies, astronomers and visualizers constructed a three-dimensional model of the XDF galaxy distribution. The camera traverses more than thirteen billion light-years of space. For cinematic reasons, the exceedingly vast distances in the 3D model have been greatly compressed. Science Credit: G. Illingworth, P. Oesch, and D. Magee (University of California, Santa Cruz) Flight Through the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (2D Zoom and 3D Fly-Through Sequence) This video begins with a zoom into the small area of sky that the Hubble Space Telescope observed to construct the eXtreme Deep Field, or XDF. The region is located in the southern sky, far away from the glare of the Milky Way, the bright plane of our galaxy. In terms of angular size, the field is a fraction the angular diameter of the full Moon, yet it contains thousands of galaxies stretching back across time. The video then depicts a flight through the galaxies in the XDF. Using measured and estimated redshifts for approximately three thousand galaxies, astronomers and visualizers constructed a three-dimensional model of the XDF galaxy distribution. The camera starts from Hubbles viewpoint, traverses more than thirteen billion light-years of space, and exits the data set past a red dot galaxy (or proto-galaxy) with a redshift of 7.82. For cinematic reasons, the exceedingly vast distances in the 3D model have been greatly compressed. XDF Moon Comparison Video This video compares the angular size of the XDF field to the angular size of the full Moon. The XDF is a very small fraction of sky area, but it provides a core sample of the heavens by penetrating deep into space over a sightline of over 13 billion light-years. Several thousand galaxies are contained within this small field of view. At an angular diameter of one-half degree, the Moon spans an area of sky only one-half the width of a finger held at arms length. Credit: NASA, ESA, and M. Estacion, G. Bacon, L. Frattare, Z. Levay and F. Summers (STScI) Tags: hubble extreme deep field xdf ultra udf space telescope galaxies universe video 3d fly-through nasa .$

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