Uploaded November 2020 | Updated September 2026, 14 hours ago

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In this episode we see just how much progress has really gone on in Origin of Life research.

REFERENCES:

PROTEINS

Sidney Fox and Proteinoids
science.sciencemag.org/content/128/3333/1214

Sidney Fox Copolomerization of Amino Acids
pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja01499a069?src=recsys&#

First manmade protein in history
books.google.com/books?id=lkEEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA47&vq=insulin&pg=PA47#v=onepage&q=insulin&f=false

Panayotis Katsoyannis at the University of Pittsburgh
link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-4612-5_35

Helmut Zahnat RWTH Aachen University in Germany
chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jlac.19666910132

Synthetic Proteins more Useful than natural ones
sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/02/070207090959.htm1960 Formation of protein-like polymers
pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja01499a069?src=recsys

Sidney Fox Library
researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/2034774-Sidney-W-Fox/publications/2

2011 Synthetic protein supporting life
journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0015364




LIPIDS

Total synthesis of escherichia coli lipid A
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040403900985484

Synthetic and natural escherichia coli free lipid A express identical exotoxic activities. febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08798.x

Toyoki Kunitake Yoshio Okahata - "A totally synthetic bilayer membrane"
pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00453a066

Alec Bangham - Lipids organize into bilayers spontaneously through dehydration and rehydration
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022283664801157

Paul Mueller & Donald O. Rudin - In Vitro artificial lipid layer that had fluidity, high electrical resistance and self-healing.
nature.com/articles/194979a0

Artificial Lipid Cell Mimic
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5528198

Synthetic Lipid Membranes - Past, Present, and Future
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5618123


CARBOHYDRATES

Solid Phase Synthesis of Peptides
pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00897a025

1971 - Conrad Schuerch and Jean M. Frechet - Solid Phase Synthesis of Oligosaccharides
pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00731a031

Synthetic Carbohydrates
pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/cr9903104

Automated Synthesis of Complex Carbohydrates
science.sciencemag.org/content/291/5508/1523/tab-figures-data

Applications for synthetic carbohydrates
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1367593110000219#:~:text=Access%20to%20synthetic%20carbohydrates%20is,as%20automated%20solid%2Dphase%20synthesis


NUCLEIC ACIDS

1951 Johnathan Desmond Bernal - The Origin Of Life
nature.com/articles/169297a0

1981 Mizio Matteucci and Marvin Caruthers - "Synthesis of deoxyoligonucleotides on a polymer support”
pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00401a041

1996 RNA Chains on mineral surfaces
nature.com/nature/journal/v381/n6577/abs/381059a0.html

2003 Experimental models of primitive cellular compartments: encapsulation, growth, and division
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576428

2006 Long chains of RNA catalyzed by clay
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1664692

2010 Craig Venter "Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome"
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20488990

2011 The role of montmorillonite in its catalysis of RNA synthesis
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169131711002201

2012 Synthetic lipids from synthetic genome.
science.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/932

2017 Synthetic proteins from a synthetic genome.
nature.com/articles/nature24659

2017 Synthetic protein encapsulating its own DNA
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29236688

2019 Synthetic life with six nucleotides
nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1192-5


RIBOSOME

1955 - First Ribosome Observed by George Palade “A SMALL PARTICULATE COMPONENT OF THE CYTOPLASM”
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2223592

1967 Alexander Rich - “Partial resistance of nascent polypeptide chains to proteolytic digestion due to
ribosomal shielding”
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0022283667903014

1971 - Alexander Rich “Ribosome-Catalyzed Polyester Formation”
science.sciencemag.org/content/173/3994/340

1977 - Carl Woese and George E. Fox
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC432104

2013 - David A. Leigh et al "Sequence-specific peptide synthesis by an artificial small-molecule machine"
science.sciencemag.org/content/339/6116/189

2014 Loren Williams - “Evolution of the ribosome at atomic resolution”
pnas.org/content/111/28/10251

2015 - Cedric Orelle et al "Protein synthesis by ribosomes with tethered subunits"
zenodo.org/record/894862/files/article.pdf