Uploaded December 2021 | Updated September 2026, 1 week ago
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Writing by Sam Denby
Editing by Alexander Williard
Animation by Josh Sherrington
Sound by Graham Haerther
Thumbnail by Simon Buckmaster
References:
[1] americanairlines.gcs-web.com/static-files/ceb67596-d59a-41e3-ad0c-b5556dd43b4a
[2] ir.united.com/static-files/1c0f0c79-23ca-4fd2-80c1-cf975348bab9
[3] researchgate.net/publication/257430933_30_years_of_frequent_flyer_programs
Select footage courtesy Getty and AP; Select imagery courtesy Geolayers; Select music courtesy Epidemic sound
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Writing by Sam Denby
Editing by Alexander Williard
Animation by Josh Sherrington
Sound by Graham Haerther
Thumbnail by Simon Buckmaster
References:
[1] americanairlines.gcs-web.com/static-files/ceb67596-d59a-41e3-ad0c-b5556dd43b4a
[2] ir.united.com/static-files/1c0f0c79-23ca-4fd2-80c1-cf975348bab9
[3] researchgate.net/publication/257430933_30_years_of_frequent_flyer_programs
Select footage courtesy Getty and AP; Select imagery courtesy Geolayers; Select music courtesy Epidemic sound



![The Logistics of Firefighting
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Writing by Sam Denby and Tristan Purdy
Editing by Alexander Williard
Animation led by Max Moser
Sound by Manni Simon
Thumbnail by Simon Buckmaster
References
[1] https://www.piercemfg.com/pierce/press-release/pierce-manufacturing-introduces-new-ultra-highrise-pumper-at-china-fire-2019
[2] https://youtu.be/6LVuuCc5XZs?si=GSFYzqPshReS2461&t=246
[3] https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/fema_nims_doctrine-2017.pdf
[4] https://www.firerescue1.com/fire-attack/articles/fire-tactic-offensive-vs-defensive-fire-attack-Z1Vn8eQY9zr1yTGu/
[5] https://www.firefighternation.com/firerescue/dry-wet-hoseline-stretches/?_ga=2.241932480.317792057.1704724647-484687679.1704462003&_gl=1%2A1fnp3bm%2A_ga%2ANDg0Njg3Njc5LjE3MDQ0NjIwMDM.%2A_ga_0ZX5H1R1KT%2AMTcwNDcyNDY0Ny4yLjAuMTcwNDcyNDY0Ny4wLjAuMA
[6] https://www.firehouse.com/operations-training/article/21204705/fire-studies-defensive-and-transitional-modes-of-fire-attack
[7] https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/07/08/nyregion/bronx-fire-nyc.html The Logistics of Firefighting](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/iJuGkwA7S1c/mqdefault.jpg)
![Why the Southern Hemisphere is Poorer
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Writing by Sam Denby
Research by Sam Denby and Tristan Purdy
Editing by Alexander Williard
Animation by Josh Sherrington
Sound by Graham Haerther
Thumbnail by Simon Buckmaster
Select footage courtesy the AP Archive
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_and_wealth#/media/File:GDP_per_capita_(nominal)_2015.png
[2] https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2018/10/27/the-chinese-century-is-well-under-way
[3] https://archive.org/details/civilizationandc031898mbp/page/n39/mode/2up?q=mental
[4] https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gdp-per-capita-vs-latitude
[5] https://www.jstor.org/stable/40568423
[6] https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS
[7] https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-the-labor-force-employed-in-agriculture
[8] http://www.fao.org/3/u8480e/u8480e07.htm
[9] https://medcraveonline.com/OAJS/effects-of-high-temperature-stress-and-traits-associated-with-tolerance-in-wheat.html#ref5
[10] https://data.apps.fao.org
[11] https://ourworldindata.org/burden-of-disease
[12] https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00678713/document Why the Southern Hemisphere is Poorer](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/iO5mfbpq16A/mqdefault.jpg)
![The Economics of Private Jets
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Animation by Josh Sherrington
Sound by Graham Haerther (http://www.Haerther.net)
Thumbnail by Simon Buckmaster
Special thanks to Patreon supporters Adam Chelminski, Arkadiy Kulev, Charles Zilinski, Chris Allen, Connor J Smith, Daddy Donald, Etienne Dechamps, Eyal Matsliah, Hank Green, John & Becki Johnston, Kyle, MyNameIsKir, Plinio Correa, Qui Le, Remi_Scarlet, Tom Dooner, Tyler Hamm, and Vaughn Mudrick
Music by http://epidemicsound.com
Select footage courtesy the AP Archive
References:
[1] https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/SEX255218; http://newflightcharters.com/private_jet_charter_flight_pricing.htm; https://www.charterhub.com/listings/aircraft/for-charter/list/?Mdltxt=G550&Manu=GULFSTREAM&mdlx=exact; https://www.privatefly.com/us/private-jets/longrange-jet-hire/Gulfstream-G550
[2] https://hbr.org/2018/07/the-leaders-calendar#what-do-ceos-actually-do
[3] https://www.epi.org/files/pdf/130354.pdf
[4] https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2017-10-31/in-defense-of-corporate-aircraft-no-really
[5] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/tesco-wal-mart-private-jets-fabrizio-poli/
[6] https://uk.flightaware.com/resources/registration/N455DG
[7] http://www.corporatejetsolutions.com/PDF/Aircraft%20Comparisons/Citation%20VII%20vs.%20Hawker%20700%20vs.%20Lear%2045.pdf; https://awin.aviationweek.com/portals/awin/pdfs/BCAOpPlanningGuide/2012_Production.pdf; https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2015/november/16/hourly-operating-costs-of-45-jets-compared
[8] https://www.symmetry.com/resources/payroll-news/2017/11/13/how-many-working-days-are-in-a-year
[9] https://corporate.walmart.com/media-library/document/2019-environmental-social-governance-report/_proxyDocument?id=0000016a-9485-d766-abfb-fd8d84300000&mod=article_inline
[10] https://www.stratosjets.com/private-jets/bombardier-7500/; https://www.trilogyaviationgroup.com/jet/Global-7500; https://www.privatefly.com/us/private-jets/longrange-jet-hire/bombardier-global-7500
[11] https://www.economist.com/business/2012/04/14/winging-it
[12] https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/co2_vol_mass.php; https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/en.atm.co2e.pc
[13] https://www.economist.com/business/2017/02/16/why-bosses-are-flying-more-for-play-not-work
[14] https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=529822 The Economics of Private Jets](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/jYPrH4xANpU/mqdefault.jpg)
![The Terrifying Efficiency of Drone Warfare
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Writing by Sam Denby and Tristan Purdy
Editing by Alexander Williard
Animation led by Max Moser
Sound by Graham Haerther
Thumbnail by Simon Buckmaster
References
[1] https://www.cfr.org/article/how-drone-war-ukraine-transforming-conflict
[2] https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/02/technology/ukraine-war-ai-weapons.html
[3] https://www.politico.eu/article/robots-coming-ukraine-testing-ground-ai-artificial-intelligence-powered-combat-war-russia/
[4] https://breakingdefense.com/2024/02/the-revolution-that-wasnt-how-ai-drones-have-fizzled-in-ukraine-so-far/
[5] https://www.anduril.com The Terrifying Efficiency of Drone Warfare](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/kFSR6OuWVQ4/mqdefault.jpg)
![Saudi Arabia’s Plan to Conquer Global Golf
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Writing by Sam Denby and Tristan Purdy
Editing by Alexander Williard
Animation led by Josh Sherrington
Sound by Graham Haerther
Thumbnail by Simon Buckmaster
References
[1] https://wrestlenomics.com/2020/11/09/how-we-know-wwe-gets-paid-about-50-million-by-the-kingdom-of-saudi-arabia-for-each-event/
[2] https://companiesmarketcap.com/entertainment/largest-entertainment-companies-by-market-cap/
[3] https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.533776/gov.uscourts.nysd.533776.57.0.pdf
[4] https://wrestlenomics.com/2022/09/20/opinion-crown-jewel-main-event-shows-wwe-still-has-at-least-one-dictator/
[5] https://golfweek.usatoday.com/lists/players-support-pga-tour-saudi-arabia-super-golf-league/
[6] https://golf.com/news/timeline-liv-golf-how-we-arrived-pro-golf-civil-war/
[7] https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/11/sports/golf/senate-hearing-pga-liv-saudi.html?searchResultPosition=5
[8] https://golf.com/news/how-liv-golf-vs-pga-tour-began/
[9] https://www.hsgac.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023-07-10-PSI-Majority-Staff-Memorandu[…]bian-Public-Investment-Fund-with-Consolidated-Appendix.pdf Saudi Arabia’s Plan to Conquer Global Golf](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/mYGTNHfgZ8E/mqdefault.jpg)

![The Most Dangerous Subway in America
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Writing by Sam Denby and Tristan Purdy
Editing by Alexander Williard
Animation led by Max Moser
Sound by Graham Haerther
Thumbnail by Simon Buckmaster
Select visuals courtesy the Boston Globe
References
[1] https://transitapp.com/apta
[2] https://www.massdottracker.com/wp/divisions/mbta/mbta-budget-capital-performance/#:~:text=This%20measures%20how%20much%20of,in%20FY19%20before%20the%20pandemic
[3] https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/2023-06/FY24%20Itemized%20Budget.pdf
[4] https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/born_broke.pdf
[5] https://www.mbta.com/leadership/mbta-board-directors
[6] https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/2022-08/FTA-Safety-Management-Inspection-Report-for-MBTA-and-DPU_0.pdf The Most Dangerous Subway in America](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/nDXsVhFG7TE/mqdefault.jpg)
![The Logistics of Evacuating Afghanistan
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Writing by Sam Denby
Research by Sam Denby and Tristan Purdy
Editing by Alexander Williard
Animation by Josh Sherrington
Sound by Graham Haerther
Thumbnail by Simon Buckmaster
References:
[1] https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-asia-58219963?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=611935efd825f75cc4e28bc2%26%27Kabul%20airport%20under%20fire%27%20-%20US%20embassy%262021-08-15T15%3A55%3A53.917Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:25e5f939-3186-47a5-a0a0-32ad03b6b4aa&pinned_post_asset_id=611935efd825f75cc4e28bc2&pinned_post_type=share
[2] https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-asia-58219963?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=61194b77de5452771131ec4e%26Commercial%20flights%20out%20of%20Kabul%20suspended%262021-08-15T17%3A24%3A36.924Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:03317446-1415-4a20-8707-3fcdaa47cbe4&pinned_post_asset_id=61194b77de5452771131ec4e&pinned_post_type=share
[3] https://twitter.com/Zabehulah_M33/status/1426815375707099136?s=20
[4] https://twitter.com/Zabehulah_M33/status/1426905752782966786?s=20
[5] https://twitter.com/MilMonWorld/status/1427025918652977156?s=20
[6] https://www.state.gov/joint-statement-from-the-department-of-state-and-department-of-defense-update-on-afghanistan/
[7] https://twitter.com/NicolaCareem/status/1427122975971561475?s=20
[8] https://twitter.com/Maxar/status/1427287696578392064?s=20
[9] https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-asia-58219963?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=611a061627b37217d37d5261%26US%20takes%20control%20of%20Kabul%20airport%20to%20evacuate%20staff%20from%20country%262021-08-16T06%3A44%3A51.544Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:64cf88b5-cfe1-46c9-9e33-dee403c5819e&pinned_post_asset_id=611a061627b37217d37d5261&pinned_post_type=share
[10] https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-asia-58219963?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=611a1acc27b37217d37d5283%26Deaths%20reported%20at%20Kabul%20airport%262021-08-16T08%3A29%3A37.467Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:d48f6464-902d-495b-b752-db87275ed935&pinned_post_asset_id=611a1acc27b37217d37d5283&pinned_post_type=share
Select footage courtesy Getty and AP; Select imagery courtesy Geolayers; Select music courtesy Epidemic sound The Logistics of Evacuating Afghanistan](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/o4tuhWvKduU/mqdefault.jpg)