Uploaded April 2023 | Updated September 2026, 1 week ago
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Between 260 and 274 AD, the western provinces of the Roman Empire broke away from the Empire. The territories of Germania, Gaul, Britannia and even Hispania for a period formed a de facto separate state during a time when the Roman Empire itself almost collapsed.
The Gallic Empire was established by Postumus in 260 AD in the wake of barbarian invasions and instability in Rome. Postumus was a Roman Commander of Batavian origin who went on to rule as the Emperor of the Gallic Empire from 260 to 269 AD, when he was assassinated by his own troops. The Gallic Empire survived for another five years with different leaders, until it was retaken by Roman emperor Aurelian after the Battle of Châlons in 274, which took place in the north of modern France.
The Gallic Empire arose during the Crisis of the Third Century, a period of instability that almost caused the Roman Empire to collapse. It began 235 AD with the assassination of Emperor Severus Alexander by his own troops. This led to a 50-year period of instability caused by political rivals competing for power, barbarians invasions, economic crises and various other pressures nearly bringing Rome to her knees. There were at least 26 claimants to the title of emperor, mostly prominent Roman army generals, all vying for power. What could go wrong.
In fact, by 268, the empire had split into three competing states: the Gallic Empire to the West; the Palmyrene Empire (including the eastern provinces of Syria Palaestina and Aegyptus); and, between them, the Italian-centered Roman Empire proper.
Sources:
Gallic Empire en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Empire
Crisis of the Third Century en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century
#history #romanempire #gallicempire
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Between 260 and 274 AD, the western provinces of the Roman Empire broke away from the Empire. The territories of Germania, Gaul, Britannia and even Hispania for a period formed a de facto separate state during a time when the Roman Empire itself almost collapsed.
The Gallic Empire was established by Postumus in 260 AD in the wake of barbarian invasions and instability in Rome. Postumus was a Roman Commander of Batavian origin who went on to rule as the Emperor of the Gallic Empire from 260 to 269 AD, when he was assassinated by his own troops. The Gallic Empire survived for another five years with different leaders, until it was retaken by Roman emperor Aurelian after the Battle of Châlons in 274, which took place in the north of modern France.
The Gallic Empire arose during the Crisis of the Third Century, a period of instability that almost caused the Roman Empire to collapse. It began 235 AD with the assassination of Emperor Severus Alexander by his own troops. This led to a 50-year period of instability caused by political rivals competing for power, barbarians invasions, economic crises and various other pressures nearly bringing Rome to her knees. There were at least 26 claimants to the title of emperor, mostly prominent Roman army generals, all vying for power. What could go wrong.
In fact, by 268, the empire had split into three competing states: the Gallic Empire to the West; the Palmyrene Empire (including the eastern provinces of Syria Palaestina and Aegyptus); and, between them, the Italian-centered Roman Empire proper.
Sources:
Gallic Empire en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Empire
Crisis of the Third Century en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century
#history #romanempire #gallicempire
![The Truth About Pictish DNA: Scotland’s Ancient Ancestry Decoded…
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Solving the Pictish DNA Mystery: Scotlands Ancestry Revealed…
Chapters:
0:00 Intro
0:34 The Picts and Their Symbol Stones
3:00 Picts and Scythia
4:10 Pictish DNA and Genetics
7:30 Pictish DNA Haplogroups
9:46 Summary
Were the Picts actually exotic outsiders who migrated from across the sea? Or were they one of the truly indigenous peoples of ancient Scotland? Well modern DNA research has shed light on this debate, and the results are fascinating. So in this video we will look at the truth about Pictish DNA, what this says about their exotic origin stories, and how it relates to your genetics. For instance, is their DNA closer to people from western or eastern Scotland today?
But first lets get a quick overview of who these people actually were. Now the Picts were one of ancient peoples who lived in the northern regions of the land we call Scotland today. They were likely related to the earlier Caledonians, but the term “Pict” is a Roman label. The Picts were first referenced in 297 AD, when a Roman writer spoke of the “Picts and Irish [Scots] attacking” Hadrian’s Wall. The name is thought to mean painted ones, due to their practice of body painting or tattooing. Yet we don’t know what they called themselves.
Now in 843 AD, Kenneth MacAlpin is said to have unified the Picts and Gaels into the embryonic Kingdom of Scotland, known as Kingdom of Alba. And the distinct Pictish identity faded by around the 10th century. So the Picts are very much one of the foundational populations of Scotland, but what do we know about their DNA and how it relates to your genetics? And does modern DNA research support the idea of an exotic origin?
We know for instance that some primary sources from around the time of Picts said that they came from Scythia, a region in the ancient world north the Black Sea.
Sources:
Morez A et al. (2023) Imputed genomes and haplotype-based analyses of the Picts of early medieval Scotland reveal fine-scale relatedness between Iron Age, early medieval and the modern people of the UK. PLoS Genet 19(4): e1010360. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010360
Bede (2008) - Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Oxford University Press)
Picts - Wikipedia
Picts exotic origins a myth, say researchers - BBC News
Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA) - Eupedia
Double disc (Pictish symbol) - Wikipedia
Scottish DNA: What is the Genetic History of Scotland?
E. Gilbert et al. The genetic landscape of Scotland and the Isles, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116 (38) 19064-19070, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904761116 (2019).
Pictish Symbols Explained: 14 Pictish stones in Scotland and the meaning of their symbols
FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-DF49
FamilyTreeDNA Discover - mtDNA Haplogroup J1c3
List of kings of the Picts - Wikipedia
DNA researchers trace the origin of the Picts in Scotland - Stockholms universitet
FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-L1335
Northern Ireland men have Pict DNA
Pictland
Creative Commons Imagery:
Pictish-mithraism File:Pictish Symbol Stones designs - Z-Rod & Double Disc Selection.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons
SKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons
#ancestry #dna #picts The Truth About Pictish DNA: Scotland’s Ancient Ancestry Decoded…](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/nv4c96VLoNc/mqdefault.jpg)






![Was the First King of England Actually Gay? The Truth About the Last Kingdom: Seven Kings Must Die
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Was Æthelstan, the First King of the English between 927 and 939 AD, gay? In the new the Last Kingdom Netflix film, Seven Kings Must Die, Æthelstan is depicted as being in a gay relationship with one of his advisers, but is there any truth to this?
To be clear, I have no problem with historical figures or anyone being gay. The problem only arises if woke politics are inserted into historically based dramas with no historical basis for it whatsoever.
In this instance, there is no historical evidence that Æthelstan was gay as such, but it isn’t so straight forward. The reason why this is speculated is that he never married and never had any children. In a 2020 interview, Bernard Cornwell, the author of the Saxon Stories books, which the Last Kingdom is based on, explained his initial inspiration for making Aethelstan a gay character.
History records that he never married, which is unusual in a king because of the desire to leave an heir, and also that he liked to decorate his hair with golden ringlets, and on that small evidence I decided he might have been gay. [Its] a choice that hasn’t pleased all my readers, but I was happy with it.
So, the decision to make Æthelstan gay isn’t completely unfounded, but there could be other reasons why he never married or had children, maybe he was infertile for instance. What’s your thoughts however, let me know in the comments below…
Æthelstan was the grandson of Alfred the Great and is considered by many historians to be the first King of England, with previous and subsequent generations being instrumental in this of course. He won many battles in the process of unifying England, including conquering the Viking kingdom centred on York, known as Scandinavian York, or the Kingdom of Jórvík. After Æthelstan’s death in 939, the Vikings seized back control of York, and it was not finally reconquered until 954. This episode speaks to the back and forth nature of unifying England.
His most famous victory was at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937, and this is the final battle in the Last Kingdom film. The battle was fought between Æthelstan, King of England, and an alliance of Olaf Guthfrithson, King of Dublin, Constantine II, King of Scotland, and Owain, King of Strathclyde, with Æthelstan emerging the victor.
Sources:
Radio Times, Was King Aethelstan really gay? Seven Kings Must Die writer explains https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/seven-kings-must-die-aethelstan-gay-exclusive/
Athelstan https://www.britannica.com/biography/Athelstan
Battle of Brunanburh https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh
Æthelstan https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelstan
The Last Kingdom: Seven Kings Must Die https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15767808/?ref nm_flmg_t_1_act
Seven Kings Must Die | Official Trailer | Netflix https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqCYw_o5lng
Scandinavian York https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_York
Battle of Brunanburh https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh
Deadpool and Korg React https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7q60i_Lh_E
Chapters:
0:00 How Accurate is the Last Kingdom: Seven Kings Must Die?
2:05 Æthelstan, the First King of England?
2:50 The Battle of Brunanburh 937AD
3:23 Film Review
#thelastkingdom #netflix #england
The Last Kingdom: Seven Kings Must Die Review Film History England Documentary Netflix Was the First King of England Actually Gay? The Truth About the Last Kingdom: Seven Kings Must Die](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/qXOeCgUC6cY/mqdefault.jpg)


