Uploaded April 2021 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago
Thanks to Kerry D. Wong who originally piqued my interest by sending me this:
kerrywong.com/2009/09/06/an-alternative-illustration-of-prime-number-distribution
Here are the papers about finding arbitrarily large gaps between primes:
The first paper: arxiv.org/abs/1408.4505
The paper one day later: arxiv.org/abs/1408.5110
Watch the author of the second paper James Maynard talk about it on Numberphile:
youtube.com/watch?v=BH1GMGDYndo&ab_channel=Numberphile
The 'top dots' are called "Jumping Champions" and you can read more about them being primorials here: mathworld.wolfram.com/JumpingChampion.html
Here is loads about prime gaps with references if you want to see the original papers.
http://sweet.ua.pt/tos/gaps.html
That link was sent to me by my Patreon supporter Bruce Garner (who has also calculated the first trillion prime gaps using C++). That page is excellent; I wish I'd found it before I started writing the video.
CORRECTIONS:
- At 08:07 they should have been p_(n+1) - p_n ≥ 8. Or I guess p_n - p_(n-1) ≥ 8. But not what I put. What I put was wrong.
- Wow. At 15:33 I said "big zero" instead of "big O". I'm so adamant that I say "zero" instead of "oh" for the digit that I finally had a subconscious false-positive!
UPDATE: I actually spotted this one right before release and it looks like responses were pretty split on if I should have fixed that. I didn't. twitter.com/standupmaths/status/1379438185374171137
- Let me know if you spot any mistakes.
Thanks to my Patreons who are vital in keeping the videos coming. Future Matt has a very expensive rider.
patreon.com/standupmaths
As always: thanks to Jane Street who support my channel. They're amazing.
janestreet.com
Filming editing by Alex Genn-Bash
Graphics by James Arthur and Matt Parker
Music by Howard Carter
Design by Simon Wright and Adam Robinson
MATT PARKER: Stand-up Mathematician
Website: standupmaths.com
US book: penguinrandomhouse.com/books/610964/humble-pi-by-matt-parker
UK book: mathsgear.co.uk/collections/books/products/humble-pi-signed-paperback
Thanks to Kerry D. Wong who originally piqued my interest by sending me this:
kerrywong.com/2009/09/06/an-alternative-illustration-of-prime-number-distribution
Here are the papers about finding arbitrarily large gaps between primes:
The first paper: arxiv.org/abs/1408.4505
The paper one day later: arxiv.org/abs/1408.5110
Watch the author of the second paper James Maynard talk about it on Numberphile:
youtube.com/watch?v=BH1GMGDYndo&ab_channel=Numberphile
The 'top dots' are called "Jumping Champions" and you can read more about them being primorials here: mathworld.wolfram.com/JumpingChampion.html
Here is loads about prime gaps with references if you want to see the original papers.
http://sweet.ua.pt/tos/gaps.html
That link was sent to me by my Patreon supporter Bruce Garner (who has also calculated the first trillion prime gaps using C++). That page is excellent; I wish I'd found it before I started writing the video.
CORRECTIONS:
- At 08:07 they should have been p_(n+1) - p_n ≥ 8. Or I guess p_n - p_(n-1) ≥ 8. But not what I put. What I put was wrong.
- Wow. At 15:33 I said "big zero" instead of "big O". I'm so adamant that I say "zero" instead of "oh" for the digit that I finally had a subconscious false-positive!
UPDATE: I actually spotted this one right before release and it looks like responses were pretty split on if I should have fixed that. I didn't. twitter.com/standupmaths/status/1379438185374171137
- Let me know if you spot any mistakes.
Thanks to my Patreons who are vital in keeping the videos coming. Future Matt has a very expensive rider.
patreon.com/standupmaths
As always: thanks to Jane Street who support my channel. They're amazing.
janestreet.com
Filming editing by Alex Genn-Bash
Graphics by James Arthur and Matt Parker
Music by Howard Carter
Design by Simon Wright and Adam Robinson
MATT PARKER: Stand-up Mathematician
Website: standupmaths.com
US book: penguinrandomhouse.com/books/610964/humble-pi-by-matt-parker
UK book: mathsgear.co.uk/collections/books/products/humble-pi-signed-paperback







![I wired my tree with 500 LED lights and calculated their 3D coordinates.
If you support me on Patreon at any point in December 2020 I will film your name on my xmas tree while I give you a thumbs-up of appreciation. https://www.patreon.com/standupmaths
Huge thanks to Eugénie von Tunzelmann for helping me out with this video. You can see more of Eugénie in my General Relativity: Top 05 Mishaps [inc INTERSTELLAR] video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4oy6mnkyW4
Thanks to Ben Sparks for helping out with the GeoGebra file. You can try an online version here: https://www.geogebra.org/m/p2pdz6v2
And of course thanks to Howard Carter for yet one more remix of the Stand-up Maths theme song. The main theme is on bandcamp: https://standupmaths.bandcamp.com/ If there is enough demand well make a Christmas album.
Here is my code on github (along with the 3D coordinates of all 500 LEDs on my tree). If you have a program you would like to see run on my tree, email me matt@standupmaths.com
https://github.com/standupmaths/xmastree2020
My prototype LEDs were type WS2801 and wired to as Raspberry Pi Zero.
The WS2801 LEDs I used on Amazon. Other retailers are available.
https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B01MDJ3VBC/ref=sr_1_1?_encoding=UTF8&tag=stanupmath-21
I set-up the Pi to run headless (no monitor or keyboard) largely using this guide:
https://www.tomshardware.com/uk/reviews/raspberry-pi-headless-setup-how-to,6028.html
I followed this guide to wire and program the WS2801 LEDs. If you use an off-the-shelf power supply you do not need to worry about the mains wiring (which you should not do unless you are qualified).
https://tutorials-raspberrypi.com/how-to-control-a-raspberry-pi-ws2801-rgb-led-strip/
Then I switched the WS2811 LEDs because I could buy 500 of them (they are also cheaper). I also switched to a Raspberry Pi 3 because my Pi Zero didnt have wifi.
The WS2811 LEDs I used on Amazon. Other retailers are available.
https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0775CC559//ref=sr_1_1?_encoding=UTF8&tag=stanupmath-21
https://www.amazon.com/ALITOVE-Individually-Addressable-Advertising-Waterproof/dp/B0775CC559?_encoding=UTF8&tag=stanupmath-20
I wired up the WS2811 LEDs and coded them using this guide.
https://learn.adafruit.com/neopixels-on-raspberry-pi/raspberry-pi-wiring
CORRECTIONS:
- None yet. Let me know if you spot anything!
Thanks again, as always, for Jane Street being my principal sponsor.
https://www.janestreet.com/
Thanks to my Patreon supporters who funded those LEDs. If this video does well, Ill buy even more next year.
https://www.patreon.com/standupmaths
Filming and editing by Alex Genn-Bash and Matt Parker
Music by Howard Carter
Design by Simon Wright and Adam Robinson
MATT PARKER: Stand-up Mathematician
Website: http://standupmaths.com/
Maths book: http://wwwh.umble-pi.com
Nerdy maths toys: http://mathsgear.co.uk/ I wired my tree with 500 LED lights and calculated their 3D coordinates.](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/TvlpIojusBE/mqdefault.jpg)


