Evidence for the concept of spectator ions in precipitation. @bobworley7974
Evidence for the concept of spectator ions in precipitation.  @bobworley7974
Uploaded December 2025 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago
This is a combination of microscale, STEM and smart materials. It looks at the changes in light intensity when barium chloride is added to sodium sulfate solution (it remains constant). This is compared with the addition of copper chloride to sodium sulfate solution, where there is an increase in the number of ions present in the droplet. So the light intensity increases. It is difficult to see the changes in light intensity, but you can read the changes in the voltage coming from the IR-LED.
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Bob Worley |

Evidence for the concept of spectator ions in precipitation.

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