Uploaded November 2023 | Updated September 2026, 1 week ago
Hello! This video covers the esophagus anatomy in one minute. Full version in my channelππ½ββοΈ #taimtalksmed #anatomyshorts #taim #anatomy
Hello! This video covers the esophagus anatomy in one minute. Full version in my channelππ½ββοΈ #taimtalksmed #anatomyshorts #taim #anatomy





![CN 1: Olfactory Nerve (Scheme, Pathway, Clinical Relevance) | Neuroanatomy
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Content:
0:00 Introduction
00:49 Olfactory Nerve Scheme
02:43 Olfactory Nerve and Epithelium
04:11 How Do We Detect Smells?
06:14 Mechanism of Odorant Signal Transduction
07:20 Olfactory Nerve
08:00 Olfactory Bulb
09:27 Olfactory Pathway
10:12 Lateral Olfactory Stria
14:13 Medial Olfactory Stria
14:40 Intermediate Olfactory Stria
15:15 Anosmia and Dysosmia
18:29 Recap
Olfactory Scheme / Overview:
- Smell - Olfactory Nerves - Olfactory Bulb - Olfactory Tract - Olfactory Trigone - Lateral Stria, Medial Stria and Intermediate stria
Olfactory Epithelium:
- Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium (supporting cells)
- Consists of: Basal Cells, Sustentacular Cells, Olfactory gland cells (Bowmans glands), Olfactory receptor neurons
- Olfactory neurons are bipolar neurons
How we detect smell:
- Odorants enters nasal cavity through either nasal opening or nasopharynx.
Olfactory Neuron:
- Dendrites detect smell through a g-protein couples membrane receptor.
- Signals pass through the cell body and axon
- Axons form nerve bundles (fila olfactoria)
Olfactory Bulb (bulbus olfactorius):
- Mitral Cells
- Olfactory Glomerulus (glomeruli)
- Tufted Cells
- Amacrine Granular Cells
- Periglomerular Cells
Olfactory Pathway:
- Olfactory Bulb to the Olfactory Tract
- When the tract gets closer to the olfactory tract, it widens as the Olfactory Trigone (trigonum olfactorium) and divides into Lateral olfactory stria, Medial olfactory stria and intermediate olfactory stria.
Lateral Olfactory Stria (stria olfactoria lateralis)
- Towards Primary Olfactory Cortex, which sends information to secondary olfactory cortex
Medial Olfactory Stria (stria olfactoria medialis):
- Go towards the subcallosal gyrus (part of limbic system)
Intermediate Olfactory Stria (stria olfactoria intemedialis):
- Goes towards the olfactory Tubercle (part of the limbic system and the rewards system)
Clinical Relevance:
- Anosmia: Temporary or permanent loss of the sense of smell
- Dysosmia: Distortion of the perception of smell
- Parosmia: Normal smell smell and taste unpleasant/disgusting
- Phantosmia: Detect smells that arent really there in your envirnoment
Sources:
- Singh, I. (2017). Human neuroanatomy (10th ed.).
- Olfaction: The Sense of Smell (biology-pages.info)
- Physiology, Olfactory - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf (nih.gov)
- Olfactory Nerve | Radiology Key
- Frontiers | Effects of odor on emotion, with implications (frontiersin.org)
Other sources used;
- Helwany M, Bordoni B. Neuroanatomy, Cranial Nerve 1 (Olfactory) [Updated 2023 Aug 14]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556051/
- Kozlowski, T. (2017). Memorix Anatomy: The Complete Study Guide. 2nd ed. Thieme Medical Publishers. CN 1: Olfactory Nerve (Scheme, Pathway, Clinical Relevance) | Neuroanatomy](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/xnZReBgzWxY/mqdefault.jpg)
![CN 10: Vagus Nerve (Scheme, Pathways, Branches) | Neuroanatomy
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Content:
0:00 Introduction
00:49 Vagus Nerve Scheme
10:46 Functional Components
14:01 Nuclei of Vagus Nerve
15:30 Intracranial Course
15:57 Extracranial Course
17:32 Branches of the Vagus Nerve
17:52 Branches in the Jugular Fossa
19:00 Branches in the Neck
24:51 Branches in the Thorax
27:41 Branches in the Abdomen
30:11 Recap
Cranial Nerve 10
Longest course of all the cranial nerves, extending from the head to the abdomen it has a parasympathetic component, which help regulate functions like the heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.
Functional Components of the Glossopharyngeal Nerve:
- Special visceral efferent fibers (SVE) (somatomotor fibers of vagus nerve)
- General visceral efferent fibers (GVE) (visceral motor fibers of vagus nerve) provide parasympathetic innervation
- General visceral afferent fibers (GVA) (visceral sensory fibers of vagus nerve)
- Special Visceral afferent fibers (SVA).
- General somatic afferent fibers (GSA) (general sensory) p
Nuclei of glossopharyngeal nerve:
- Nucleus ambiguus - motor
- Posterior nucleus of vagus nerve (nucleus posterior nervi vagi)
- Nuclei of solitary tract (nuclei tractus solitarii) β a viscerosensory nucleus
β Gustatory nucleus (nucleus gustatorius) β a special sensory nucleus β
- Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve (nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini) β a somatosensory nucleus
Course: Intracranial
- Intracranial course:
The vagus nerve emerges as a series of rootlets in a groove between the olive and inferior cerebellar peduncle. It traverses the posterior cranial fossa and exits the skull through jugular foramen. The superior sensory ganglion of the nerve is located in the jugular foramen.
- Extracranial course:
The inferior ganglion of vagus lies below the jugular foramen. Just below the inferior ganglion, cranial root of accessory nerve joins the vagus nerve to distribute along its pharyngeal and laryngeal branches. In the neck, vagus lies in the carotid sheath with the internal jugular vein and common carotid arteries. The right vagus runs on the posterior surface of oesophagus, contributing to the oesophageal plexus. It enters the abdomen by passing through the oesophageal opening in the diaphragm. It supplies stomach, duodenum, liver, kidneys, small and large intestine up to the junction of proximal two-thirds and distal third of transverse colon. It has a wide distribution in the abdomen via coeliac, superior mesenteric and renal plexuses. The left vagus runs anterior to oesophageal plexuses, then enters abdomen supplies stomach, liver, duodenum and head of pancreas.
Branches in the jugular fossa:
- Meningeal branch (ramus meningeus)
- Auricular branch (ramus auricularis)
Branches in the neck
- Pharyngeal branches (rami pharyngei)
β Pharyngeal plexus (plexus pharyngeus)
- Superior laryngeal nerve (nervus laryngeus superior)
β Internal branch (ramus internus) β a sensory branch
β External branch (ramus externus) - a mixed branch
- Recurrent laryngeal nerve (nervus laryngeus recurrens)
β Tracheal branches (rami tracheales)
β Esophageal branches (rami oesophagei)
β Pharyngeal branches (rami pharyngei)
β inferior laryngeal nerve (nervus laryngeus inferior)
β Superior cervical cardiac branches (rami cardiaci cervicales superiores) forming cardiac plexus
Branches in thorax
- Inferior cervical and thoracic cardiac branches (rami cardiaci cervicales inferiores et thoracici)
- Bronchial branches (rami bronchiales)
β Pulmonary plexus (plexus pulmonalis)
- Oesophageal plexus (plexus oesophageus)
Branches in the abdomen
- Anterior vagal trunk (Truncus vagalis anterior)
β Anterior gastric branches (rami gastrici anteriores)
β Hepatic branches (rami hepatici)
- Posterior vagal trunk (Truncus vagalis posterior)
β Posterior gastric branches (rami gastrici anteriores et posteriores)
β Coelic branches (rami coeliaci)
Β§ Coeliac plexus (plexus coeliacus) or Solar Plexus
β Renal branches (rami renales)
β Hepatic branches (rami hepatici)
Sources:
- Singh, I. (2017). Human neuroanatomy (10th ed.).
- Kozlowski, T. (2017). Memorix Anatomy: The Complete Study Guide. 2nd ed. Thieme Medical Publishers.
- Petko B, Tadi P. Neuroanatomy, Nucleus Ambiguus. [Updated 2023 Jul 24]. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-
- Topography and extent of pulmonary vagus nerve supply with respect to transthoracic oesophagectomy. Journal of Anatomy,
Programs:
- Complete Anatomy: https://3d4medical.com/
- Biorender: https://www.biorender.com/
- PowerPoint
- Camtasia 2023
Pictures and Visuals used under licenced permission CN 10: Vagus Nerve (Scheme, Pathways, Branches) | Neuroanatomy](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/yX9-iKUkFko/mqdefault.jpg)


![Muscles of the Arm (Division, Origin, Insertion, Function)
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Content
0:00 Introduction
0:24 Division of the Arm Muscles
0:45 Brachialis
1:00 Coracobrachialis
1:21 Biceps Brachii
2:02 Anconeus
2:16 Triceps Brachii
Muscles of the arm
- Anterior (Flexor) Group [3]
- Posterior (Extensor) Group [2]
Anterior (Flexor) Group [3]
Brachialis
Musculus brachialis
- O: Anterior diaphysis of the humerus
- I: Tuberosity of Ulnae
Tuberositas ulnae
- F: Flexion
Coracobrachialis
musculus coracobrachialis
- O: Coracoid process
processus coracoideus scapulae
- I: Anterior diaphysis of the humerus
- F: Flexion, adduction and Internal Rotation
Biceps Brachii
musculus biceps brachii
- Long Head
O: Supraglenoid Tubercule
tuberculum supraglenoidale scapulae
- Short Head
O: Coracoid process
processus coracoideus scapulae
- I: Radial Tuberosity
tuberositas radii
- Function:
Flexion+Supination of forearm
Flextion+Abduction of arm
Posterior (Extensor) Group [2]
Anconeus
musculus anconeus
O: Lateral Epicondyle of the Humerus
epicondylus lateralis humeri
- I: Proximal Epiphysis of the Ulna
- F: Extention of lower arm
Triceps Bachii
Musculus ticeps brachii
- Medial Head
β O: Daphysis of humerus
- Lateral Head
β O: Diaphysis of humerus
- Long Head
β O: Infraglenoid Tubercle
- I: Olecranon of Ulna
- F:
Extension of forearm
Extension + Adduction of arm Muscles of the Arm (Division, Origin, Insertion, Function)](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/z8_hFSQKXm8/mqdefault.jpg)
