Uploaded June 2012 | Updated September 2026, 16 hours ago

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Some skeptics and atheists have tried to refute the Kalam Cosmological Argument with the following rebuttal: "The argument equivocates on 'begins to exist.' In (1) it means to begin 'from a previous material state,' but in (2) it means 'not from a material state.'"

William Lane Craig responds to this so-called refutation.