Uploaded June 2015 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago
NOTE! The label for "sister chromatids" at 1:30 should say "homologous chromosomes"! Sadly, Youtube deleted the "annotations" feature that had previously corrected the error. Thanks for the viewers who noticed the problem!
Chromosomal problems can easily occur during reproduction. Continuing our discussion of reproduction, this screencast concerns common chromosomal abnormalities, specifically non-disjunction. During nondisjunction, an incorrect number of chromosomes are allocated into the resulting sex cells.
NOTE! The label for "sister chromatids" at 1:30 should say "homologous chromosomes"! Sadly, Youtube deleted the "annotations" feature that had previously corrected the error. Thanks for the viewers who noticed the problem!
Chromosomal problems can easily occur during reproduction. Continuing our discussion of reproduction, this screencast concerns common chromosomal abnormalities, specifically non-disjunction. During nondisjunction, an incorrect number of chromosomes are allocated into the resulting sex cells.

![Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling
This video covers the topics of energy flow and nutrient cycling in ecosystems. It reviews primary, secondary and tertiary consumers, producers and decomposers. Additionally, this video covers the 10% rule; the idea that 10% of the energy or calories are transferred up each trophic level. Enjoy!
Avoid plagiarism, cite BOGObiology!
[BOGObiology]. (2016, September 9). Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/urmKLXwv_50 Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/urmKLXwv_50/mqdefault.jpg)
![Hershey and Chase Experiment: DNA is the Molecule of Heredity
The classic Hershey and Chase Experiment proved conclusively that DNA was the molecule of heredity in 1952.
Dr. Alfred Hershey and Dr. Martha Chase’s now famous experiment was actually the third major investigation into what genes are made of. They learned from the previous work of Frederick Griffith in 1928 and Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty in 1944.
Griffiths Experiment Video: https://youtu.be/92HWRdvDF_s
Avery Experiment Video: https://youtu.be/fci1oS1kofs
Avery Experiment Handout: https://etsy.me/3DvLDv6
Hershey and Chase harnessed the viral life cycle to prove which of the two contenders was actually responsible for inheritance; proteins or nucleic acids. Hershey and Chase used two groups of bacteriophages, and made a single component radioactive in each one to keep track of what it was doing. In one group, they tested the viral protein coat on the outside, and in the other group they tested the nucleic acids on the inside of the virus.
The experiment consisted of three major steps; infection, blending, and centrifugation. In the infection step, Hershey and Chase then allowed each type of bacteriophage to infect a host cell to see whether the radioactive proteins or the radioactive nucleic acids would make radioactive bacteriophages. Next, in the blending step, they used a high speed blender to jiggle the e coli cells enough to shake off the empty protein shell from the outside. (This is why this experiment is sometimes affectionately referred to as the “Blender Experiment”). This created a mixture of liquid, phage parts and bacteria called a “suspension”. Finally, in the centrifugation, they spun this mixture in a centrifuge so that the heavier bacteria condensed and formed a pellet at the bottom of the test tube. Since the virus particles were much smaller and lighter, they remained suspended in the liquid or the “supernatant”.
Hershey and Chase found that the supernatant was more radioactive in the protein group, and the pellet was more radioactive in the nucleic acid group, indicating that the viral DNA had entered the cell. This provided very compelling evidence that nucleic acids, not proteins, were the molecule of inheritance.
0:00-0:11 Introduction
0:11-0:34 Biomolecules
0:34-1:28 Griffiths Transforming Principle Experiment
1:29-2:11 Avery Experiment Claims DNA is the Transforming Principle
2:11-3:54 Hershey and Chase Harness T4 Bacteriophages
3:55-4:38 Key Elements of Proteins and Nucleic Acids
4:39-5:28 Hershey and Chase Experiment Design
5:29-6:26 Hershey and Chase Experiment Results
6:27-6:42 Response to the Hershey and Chase Experiment
6:43-7:00 Nobel Prize committee snubs Dr. Martha Chase
7:00-7:14 Conclusion
Avoid plagiarism! Cite BOGObiology! Copy and Paste the Following APA Citation:
[BOGObiology]. (2021, November 17). Hershey and Chase Experiment: DNA is the Molecule of Heredity. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/wSjlip4iY0s
#hersheychase #dna #moleculeofheredity Hershey and Chase Experiment: DNA is the Molecule of Heredity](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/wSjlip4iY0s/mqdefault.jpg)
![ATP Synthesis and Chemiosmosis in Photosynthesis
New Photosynthesis Video! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKC_aRrf1Rg
This is a description of the process of chemiosmosis, which occurs in the light independent reactions of Photosynthesis. This video shows how the photosystems capture light from the sun and use it to power the chemiosmotic reactions within the thylakoids. It also shows how the ATP synthase is powered by the proton gradient. Be sure to check out the other videos in the playlist for extra review!
Avoid plagiarism! Cite BOGObiology!
[BOGObiology]. (2015, June 19). Photosynthesis 4 Chemiosmosis. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/x8m4Q7M3V-0 ATP Synthesis and Chemiosmosis in Photosynthesis](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/x8m4Q7M3V-0/mqdefault.jpg)

![Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration Comparison
Photosynthesis vs Respiration Study Guide: https://etsy.me/347Vh75
This video compares and contrasts Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration. It covers relevant organisms, reagents and products, location within the cell, chemiosmosis and the generation of ATP, and a review of the major steps (Light Dependent Reactions and the Light Independent Reactions/Calvin Cycle for Photosynthesis, and Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain for Respiration).
Chapters:
0:00-0:12 Intro
0:13-0:37 What the AP Biology Curriculum has to say
0:38-1:00 Goal of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
1:01-1:27 Organisms
1:29-3:00 Reagents, Products and Equations
3:03-4:47 Location of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
4:48-5:34 Major Reaction Steps of Photosynthesis
5:35-6:49 Major Reaction Steps of Cellular Respiration
6:50-7:21 Summary
Avoid plagiarism! Cite BOGObiology!
[BOGObiology]. (2017, October 25). Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration [Video File]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/xmfhKbmQhq0
#photosynthesis #cellularrespiration #biology
NGSS: HS-LS1-7 Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration Comparison](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/xmfhKbmQhq0/mqdefault.jpg)

