Uploaded April 2025 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago

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Breath has a fundamental influence on our psychophysiological
system. Deep exhalation is beneficial for both meditation and running. Many systems support breathing through visual or auditory
guidance. In contrast, our work uses electrical muscle stimulation
(EMS) to stimulate the abdominal muscles during the exhalation
phase of the breath. We explored both a guided approach, in which
the EMS functions as a passive guidance, and a force approach, in
which EMS is used to force an exhalation. We present both implementations and reflect on using EMS for breathing as a form of
human-computer integration.

exertiongameslab.org