Uploaded August 2017 | Updated September 2026, 1 week ago
Thank you for viewing this video on Sky Scholar! This channel is dedicated to new ideas about the nature of the sun, the stars, thermodynamics, and the microwave background. We will discuss all things astronomy, physics, chemistry, and imaging related! We hope that the combination of facts and special effects will aid in learning even the toughest concepts in astronomy. If you enjoyed this video, please subscribe. Sky Scholar will be releasing at least one video per week to make sure you don’t run out of content!
Pierre-Marie Robitaille, Ph.D., is a professor of radiology at The Ohio State University. He also holds an appointment in the Chemical Physics Program. In 1998, he led the design and assembly of the world’s first Ultra High Field MRI System. This brought on the need to question fundamental aspects of thermal physics, including ideas related to Kirchhoff’s Law of thermal emission, and more. These presentations are not endorsed by The Ohio State University.
Figures not to scale and used for visualization purposes only.
This channel is educational in nature.
Astronomy links of interest:
Space Weather: spaceweathernews.com
NASA Image and Video Search: images.nasa.gov
NASA Hubble Satellite: hubblesite.org
NASA Helioviewer: helioviewer.org
NASA ADS Scientific Article Search Page: adsabs.harvard.edu/bib_abs.html
National Solar Observatory: nso.edu/
SOHO Satellite: soho.nascom.nasa.gov
SDO Satellite: sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/data
IRIS Satellite: nasa.gov/mission_pages/iris/index.html
Hinode, JAXA/NASA: nasa.gov/mission_pages/hinode/index.html
Daniel K. Inoue Solar Telescope: dkist.nso.edu/
National Solar Observatory GONG: gong.nso.edu/
1 meter Swedish Solar Telescope: www.isf.astro.su.se/
All observational images and videos are credited to NASA unless otherwise specified. Images obtained by the SDO satellite are a courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams. Images obtained by the SOHO satellite are courtesy of SOHO (ESA & NASA).
Link to Professor Robitaille’s papers on Vixra:
vixra.org/author/pierre-marie_robitaille
Outro Music:
Foria: Break Away
soundcloud.com/foria
youtube.com/watch?v=UkUweq5FAcE
Classic papers on blackbody radiation:
1. Kirchhoff G. Über den Zusammenhang zwischen Emission und Absorption von Licht und. Wärme. Monatsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, sessions of Dec. 1859, 1860, 783–787.
2. Kirchhoff G. Über das Verhältnis zwischen dem Emissionsvermögen und dem Absorptionsvermogen. der Körper fur Wärme und Licht. Poggendorfs Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 1860, v. 109, 275–301. (English translation by F.
3. Guthrie: Kirchhoff G. On the relation between the radiating and the absorbing powers of different bodies for light and heat. Phil. Mag., 1860, ser. 4, v. 20, 1–21).
4. Wien W. Über die Energieverteilung in Emissionspektrum eines schwarzen Körpers. Ann. Phys., 1896, v. 58, 662–669.
5. Stefan J. Über die Beziehung zwischen der Warmestrahlung und der Temperature. Sitzungsberichte der mathematischnatur wissenschaftlichen Classe der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 1879, v. 79, 391–428.
6. Planck M. Über das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum.
Annalen der Physik, 1901, v. 4, 553–563 (English translation by ter Haar D.: Planck M. On the theory of the energy distribution in the normal spectrum. The old quantum theory. Pergamon Press, 1967, 82–90; also Planck’s December 14, 1900 lecture Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung in Normalspectrum, which stems from this paper, can be found in either German, or English, in: Kangro H. Classic papers in physics: Planck’s original papers in quantum physics. Taylor & Francis, London, 1972, 6–14 or 38–45).
7. Planck M. The theory of heat radiation. P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., Philadelphia, PA, 1914. gutenberg.org/ebooks/40030
8. Stewart B. An account of some experiments on radiant heat, involving an extension of Prévost’s theory of exchanges. Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, 1858, v. 22, no. 1, 1–20 (also found in Harper’s Scientific Memoirs, edited by J. S. Ames: The Laws of Radiation and Absorption: Memoirs of Prévost, Stewart, Kirchhoff, and Kirchhoff and Bunsen, translated and edited by D. B. Brace, American Book Company, New York, 1901, 21–50).
Thank you for viewing this video on Sky Scholar! This channel is dedicated to new ideas about the nature of the sun, the stars, thermodynamics, and the microwave background. We will discuss all things astronomy, physics, chemistry, and imaging related! We hope that the combination of facts and special effects will aid in learning even the toughest concepts in astronomy. If you enjoyed this video, please subscribe. Sky Scholar will be releasing at least one video per week to make sure you don’t run out of content!
Pierre-Marie Robitaille, Ph.D., is a professor of radiology at The Ohio State University. He also holds an appointment in the Chemical Physics Program. In 1998, he led the design and assembly of the world’s first Ultra High Field MRI System. This brought on the need to question fundamental aspects of thermal physics, including ideas related to Kirchhoff’s Law of thermal emission, and more. These presentations are not endorsed by The Ohio State University.
Figures not to scale and used for visualization purposes only.
This channel is educational in nature.
Astronomy links of interest:
Space Weather: spaceweathernews.com
NASA Image and Video Search: images.nasa.gov
NASA Hubble Satellite: hubblesite.org
NASA Helioviewer: helioviewer.org
NASA ADS Scientific Article Search Page: adsabs.harvard.edu/bib_abs.html
National Solar Observatory: nso.edu/
SOHO Satellite: soho.nascom.nasa.gov
SDO Satellite: sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/data
IRIS Satellite: nasa.gov/mission_pages/iris/index.html
Hinode, JAXA/NASA: nasa.gov/mission_pages/hinode/index.html
Daniel K. Inoue Solar Telescope: dkist.nso.edu/
National Solar Observatory GONG: gong.nso.edu/
1 meter Swedish Solar Telescope: www.isf.astro.su.se/
All observational images and videos are credited to NASA unless otherwise specified. Images obtained by the SDO satellite are a courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams. Images obtained by the SOHO satellite are courtesy of SOHO (ESA & NASA).
Link to Professor Robitaille’s papers on Vixra:
vixra.org/author/pierre-marie_robitaille
Outro Music:
Foria: Break Away
soundcloud.com/foria
youtube.com/watch?v=UkUweq5FAcE
Classic papers on blackbody radiation:
1. Kirchhoff G. Über den Zusammenhang zwischen Emission und Absorption von Licht und. Wärme. Monatsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, sessions of Dec. 1859, 1860, 783–787.
2. Kirchhoff G. Über das Verhältnis zwischen dem Emissionsvermögen und dem Absorptionsvermogen. der Körper fur Wärme und Licht. Poggendorfs Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 1860, v. 109, 275–301. (English translation by F.
3. Guthrie: Kirchhoff G. On the relation between the radiating and the absorbing powers of different bodies for light and heat. Phil. Mag., 1860, ser. 4, v. 20, 1–21).
4. Wien W. Über die Energieverteilung in Emissionspektrum eines schwarzen Körpers. Ann. Phys., 1896, v. 58, 662–669.
5. Stefan J. Über die Beziehung zwischen der Warmestrahlung und der Temperature. Sitzungsberichte der mathematischnatur wissenschaftlichen Classe der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 1879, v. 79, 391–428.
6. Planck M. Über das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum.
Annalen der Physik, 1901, v. 4, 553–563 (English translation by ter Haar D.: Planck M. On the theory of the energy distribution in the normal spectrum. The old quantum theory. Pergamon Press, 1967, 82–90; also Planck’s December 14, 1900 lecture Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung in Normalspectrum, which stems from this paper, can be found in either German, or English, in: Kangro H. Classic papers in physics: Planck’s original papers in quantum physics. Taylor & Francis, London, 1972, 6–14 or 38–45).
7. Planck M. The theory of heat radiation. P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., Philadelphia, PA, 1914. gutenberg.org/ebooks/40030
8. Stewart B. An account of some experiments on radiant heat, involving an extension of Prévost’s theory of exchanges. Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, 1858, v. 22, no. 1, 1–20 (also found in Harper’s Scientific Memoirs, edited by J. S. Ames: The Laws of Radiation and Absorption: Memoirs of Prévost, Stewart, Kirchhoff, and Kirchhoff and Bunsen, translated and edited by D. B. Brace, American Book Company, New York, 1901, 21–50).




![EXTREME Density! The White Dwarf Star, Eddington, and Thermodynamics!
P.M. Robitaille, Forty Lines of Evidence for Condensed Matter — The Sun on Trial: Liquid Metallic Hydrogen as a Solar Building Block, Progr. Phys. 2013, 4, 90-142.
P.M. Robitaille, A Thermodynamic History of the Solar Constitution - I: The Journey to a Gaseous Sun, Progr. Phys. 2011, 3, 3-25.
P.M. Robitaille, A Thermodynamic History of the Solar Constitution — II: The Theory of a Gaseous Sun and Jeans Failed Liquid Alternative, Progr. Phys. 2011, 3, 41-59.
A.S. Eddington, The Internal Constitution of the Stars, Cambridge University Press, 1926.
A.S. Eddington, Stars and Atoms. Yale University Press, New Haven,
1927.
G. Srinivasan, From White Dwarfs to Black Holes: The Legacy of S. Chandrasekhar, University of Chicago Press, 1996.
Remembering Chandra, The University of Chicago Chronicles, Oct. 12, 1995
Vol. 15, No. 3. https://chronicle.uchicago.edu/951012/chandra.shtml
K.C. Wali, Chandrasekhar: The Man Behind the Legend – Chandra Remembered. London: Imperial College Press, 1997.
D. Giordano, et al., Fluid statics of a self-gravitating isothermal sphere of van der Waals’ gas, Dec. 27, 2023, arXiv:2311.12150v2
E. Wigner and H.B. Huntington, On the possibility of a metallic modification of hydrogen. J. Chem. Phys., 1935, v.3, 764–770.
S.J. Crothers and P.-M. Robitaille, Eddington’s mass-luminosity relation and the laws of thermodynamics, Physics Essays, 2019, 32, 353-357.
The Main Sequence of the Stars: What is the Most Likely Structure?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmNix3Eih20
A Star is Born: Gravitational Collapse vs Condensation Reactions!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJf0MX96ERY
Reactions in the Chromosphere of the Sun!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UHD06X51o-k
How are Stars Formed? The Standard Model: Gravitational Collapse, Black Holes, and The Big Bang! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LoqsG7V13G8
Does Gravitational Collapse Occur? Insight from the Laws of Thermodynamics! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DtMee3rrHDY
Thermodynamics and the Virial Theorem - Dos and Donts!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSUtQ6LKXuc
The Jeans Mass - Imaginary Surfaces and the Great Swindle of Astrophysics! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=udqNWpbL9dA
The Life Cycle of the Stars | Pierre-Marie Robitaille [OTF2017]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FDn_0hwLsKM
Thank you for viewing this video on Sky Scholar! This channel is dedicated to new ideas about the nature of the sun, the stars, thermodynamics, and the microwave background. We will discuss all things astronomy, physics, chemistry, and imaging related! We hope that the combination of facts and special effects will aid in learning even the toughest concepts in astronomy. If you enjoyed this video, please subscribe.
Pierre-Marie Robitaille, Ph.D., was a professor of Radiology at The Ohio State University from 1989-2019, and also held an appointment in the Chemical Physics Program. In 1998, he led the design and assembly of the world’s first Ultra High Field MRI System. Readings from this equipment brought into question fundamental aspects of modern thermal physics, such as Kirchhoff’s Law of thermal emission.
Outro Music:
Foria: Break Away
https://soundcloud.com/foria
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkUweq5FAcE EXTREME Density! The White Dwarf Star, Eddington, and Thermodynamics!](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/k4bcb98W9-4/mqdefault.jpg)

![A Star is Born: Gravitational Collapse vs Condensation Reactions!
J.H. Jeans, I. The stability of a spherical nebula, Philosophical Transactions, 1902, 199(312), 1-53.
The Main Sequence of the Stars: What is the Most Likely Structure?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmNix3Eih20
How are Stars Formed? The Standard Model: Gravitational Collapse, Black Holes, and The Big Bang! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LoqsG7V13G8
Does Gravitational Collapse Occur? Insight from the Laws of Thermodynamics! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DtMee3rrHDY
Thermodynamics and the Virial Theorem - Dos and Donts!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSUtQ6LKXuc
The Jeans Mass - Imaginary Surfaces and the Great Swindle of Astrophysics! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=udqNWpbL9dA
Energy Partition in the Sun - Liquid Metallic Hydrogen Model!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0R9S4HFDrg
Reactions in the Chromosphere of the Sun!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UHD06X51o-k
The Life Cycle of the Stars | Pierre-Marie Robitaille [OTF2017]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FDn_0hwLsKM
R. Clampitt and L. Gowland, Clustering of cold hydrogen gas on protons, Nature 1969, 223(5208), 815-816.
R. Clampitt and D.K. Jefferies, Ion Clusters, Nature 1970, 226(5241), 141-142.
N.J. Kirchner, M.T. Bowers, An experimental study of the formation and reactivity of ionic hydrogen clusters: The first observation and characterization of even clusters H4+, H6+, H8+, and H10+, J. Chem. Phys. 1987, 86(3), 1301-1310.
S. Litting, H3+: The Molecule that Made the Universe, April 11, 2012.
https://news.arizona.edu/story/h3-the-molecule-that-made-the-universe
J. Tennyson and S. Miller, Hydrogen molecular ions:H+3, H+5and beyond, Phil. Trans. A 2018, 377, 20180395.
Thank you for viewing this video on Sky Scholar! This channel is dedicated to new ideas about the nature of the sun, the stars, thermodynamics, and the microwave background. We will discuss all things astronomy, physics, chemistry, and imaging related! We hope that the combination of facts and special effects will aid in learning even the toughest concepts in astronomy. If you enjoyed this video, please subscribe.
Pierre-Marie Robitaille, Ph.D., was a professor of Radiology at The Ohio State University from 1989-2019, and also held an appointment in the Chemical Physics Program. In 1998, he led the design and assembly of the world’s first Ultra High Field MRI System. Readings from this equipment brought into question fundamental aspects of modern thermal physics, such as Kirchhoff’s Law of thermal emission.
Outro Music:
Foria: Break Away
https://soundcloud.com/foria
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkUweq5FAcE A Star is Born: Gravitational Collapse vs Condensation Reactions!](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/kJf0MX96ERY/mqdefault.jpg)
![White Dwarf Stars: NOT the Answer to Stellar Life Cycles and Supernovae?
J.B. Holberg, Sirius Brightest Diamond in the Night Sky, Springer, New York, 2007.
J.B. Holberg, Sirius B and the measurement of the gravitational redshift, J. Hist. Astro. 2010, 41, 41-64.
P.M. Robitaille, Forty Lines of Evidence for Condensed Matter - The Sun on Trial: Liquid Metallic Hydrogen as a Solar Building Block, Progr. Phys. 2013, 90-142. http://www.ptep-online.com/2013/PP-35-16.PDF
J.C. Robitaille and P.M. Robitaille, Liquid Metallic Hydrogen III. Intercalation and Lattice Exclusion Versus Gravitational Settling and Their Consequences Relative to Internal Structure, Surface Activity, and Solar Winds in the Sun, Progr. Phys. 2013, 2, 87-97.
S. Ichimaru, Statistical Plasma Physics — Volume II: Condensed Plas-
mas, Addison-Westly, Redwood, CA, 1991 (reprinted by Westview
Press, Boulder, CO, 2004).
S. Ichimaru and H. Kitamura, Pycnonuclear reactions in dense astro-
physical and fusion plasmas. Phys. Plasmas, 1999, v. 6, no. 7, 2649–
2671.
S. Ichimaru, Radiative proton-capture of high-Z nuclei in the sun and in
liquid-metallic hydrogen. Phys. Let. A, 2000, v. 266, 167–172.
J.H. Jeans, Problems of Cosmogony and Stellar Dynamics — Being
an Essay to which the Adams Prize of the University of Cambridge
for the year 1917 was Adjudged. Cambridge University Press, 1919.
J.H. Jeans, Astronomy and Cosmogony. Cambridge University Press,
1928.
J.H. Jeans, The Universe Around Us. 1st Edition, Cambridge Univer-
sity Press, 1933.
R. Kippenhahn and A. Weigert, Stellar Structure and Evolution, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994.
M.S. Dresselhaus. and G. Dresselhaus, Intercalation compounds of
graphite. Adv. Phys., 2002, v. 1, no. 1, 1–186.
L. Pietronero and E. Tosatti, Physics of intercalation compounds.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1981.
H. Zabel and S.A. Solin, Graphite intercalation compounds I: Structure
and dynamics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990.
M.S. Dresselhaus and R. Kalish, Ion implantation in diamond, graphite
and related materials. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992.
T. Enoki, M. Suzuki and M. Endo Graphite intercalation compounds
and applications. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K., 2003.
W.H. Martin and J.E. Brocklehurst, The thermal expansion behavior
of pyrolytic graphite-bromine residue compounds. Carbon, 1964, v. 1,
no. 2, 133–141.
B. Hou, et al., Rapid preparation of expanded graphite at low temperature, New Carbon Materials 2020, 35(3), 262-268.
The Final Stages of the Evolution of a Sun-like Star
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/book/export/html/1827
K. Werner, T. Rauch and J. W. Kruk, The hot white dwarf in the peculiar binary nucleus of the planetary nebula EGB 6, Astron. Astrophys. 2018, 616, A73 (6 pp.).
S. Vennes, et al., An unusual white dwarf star may be a surviving remnant of a subluminous Type Ia supernova, Science 2017, 357(6352), 680-683.
K. Werner, Central stars of planetary nebulae: The white dwarf connection, Planetary Nebulae: An Eye to the Future, (A. Manchado, L. Stanghellini & D. Schonberner, eds.), Proc. IAU Symp. 2011, 283, 196-203.
G.H. Darwin, The stability of the pear-shaped figure of equilibrium
of a rotating mass of liquid. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A, 1903,
v.200, 251–314.
S. Chandrasekhar, Ellipsoidal Figures of Equilibrium, Dover Publications, New York, 1987.
The Life Cycle of the Stars | Pierre-Marie Robitaille [OTF2017]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FDn_0hwLsKM&list=FLxq7mZOdQ7LrQt3LDK2SG9Q&index=175
The Main Sequence of the Stars: What is the Most Likely Structure?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmNix3Eih20
A Star is Born: Gravitational Collapse vs Condensation Reactions!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJf0MX96ERY
EXTREME Density! The White Dwarf Star, Eddington, and Thermodynamics!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4bcb98W9-4
The Early Years in White Dwarf Research - Gravitational Red Shifts?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RbolJBWYBS8
Car Salesmen or Astronomers? Temperature & Red Shifts in Sirius B!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=st6bxU6WmPE
Thank you for viewing this video on Sky Scholar! This channel is dedicated to new ideas about the nature of the sun, the stars, thermodynamics, and the microwave background. We will discuss all things astronomy, physics, chemistry, and imaging related! We hope that the combination of facts and special effects will aid in learning even the toughest concepts in astronomy. If you enjoyed this video, please subscribe.
Pierre-Marie Robitaille, Ph.D., was a professor of Radiology at The Ohio State University from 1989-2019, and also held an appointment in the Chemical Physics Program. In 1998, he led the design and assembly of the world’s first Ultra High Field MRI System. Readings from this equipment brought into question fundamental aspects of modern thermal physics, such as Kirchhoff’s Law of thermal emission.
Outro Music:
Foria: Break Away
https://soundcloud.com/foria
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkUweq5FAcE White Dwarf Stars: NOT the Answer to Stellar Life Cycles and Supernovae?](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/l7lIKC9Zl1g/mqdefault.jpg)


