Uploaded August 2025 | Updated September 2026, 1 hour ago
No single question has rocked international communities like the question of how to judge Israel, particularly since October 7, 2023. The very criteria by which we judge the actions of a nation are uncertain. What should be the role of international law, and what the role of history? How can we determine whether words like “genocide” or “apartheid” are polemical and when they are justified? What should be the consequences of those judgments? The Einstein Forum has taken strong positions on these and related questions while preserving room for civil and reasonable disagreement, as we will continue to do in this discussion.
No single question has rocked international communities like the question of how to judge Israel, particularly since October 7, 2023. The very criteria by which we judge the actions of a nation are uncertain. What should be the role of international law, and what the role of history? How can we determine whether words like “genocide” or “apartheid” are polemical and when they are justified? What should be the consequences of those judgments? The Einstein Forum has taken strong positions on these and related questions while preserving room for civil and reasonable disagreement, as we will continue to do in this discussion.
![Jan Philipp Reemtsma: Monsieur Bovary
Saturday, July 2 2022 at Einstein Forum, Potsdam
Jean Améry’s Charles Bovary, Landarzt is a novel and should be read as such. The novel is a trial Charles Bovary vs. Gustave Flaubert, and Charles Bovary wins–whatever that means. Flaubert is accused of misusing the freedom of creation by creating a Charles Bovary not fit to be the lover Emma Bovary deserved. He is accused to be not a true realist as an author, because he did not show reality as a bundle of possibilities. Instead as an It-is-what-it-is-prison (for Charles). Améry defends Charles Bovary against his creator because he himself wants an appropriate lover for Emma—not those she had chosen. Améry defends Charles and his defence transforms in a love-phantasy. Charles Bovary, Landarzt is a novel of and about the author Jean Améry to a woman another author had created. A strange book—and a fascinating one.
Jan Philipp Reemtsma is the founder and chair of the Hamburg Foundation for the Advancement of Scholarship and Culture and the founder of the Arno Schmidt Foundation. Until March 2015, he was the director of the Hamburg Institute for Social Research, which he also founded. Among his many works, those available in English include Trust and Violence (2012 [2008]), In the Cellar (1999 [1997]), and More than a Champion. The Style of Muhammad Ali (1998 [1997]). His latest publication is Helden und andere Probleme (2020). Jan Philipp Reemtsma: Monsieur Bovary](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/YGQ4ZGsTOs0/mqdefault.jpg)









