Nils Berglund | An asteroid impact in the North Atlantic, modeled with a shallow water equation @NilsBerglund | Uploaded September 2024 | Updated October 2024, 1 hour ago.
This is an attempt at modeling an asteroid impact in the North Atlantic ocean using a nonlinear wave equation. A version using the linear wave equation appeared previously on this channel, see youtu.be/mjSFAVcpglA The main difference in the nonlinear equation is that the wave speed becomes larger when the water is shallower, which can lead to build-up of the waves in coastal and other shallow regions. This causes problems in the simulation, because land masses can lead to blow-up of the solution. This problem is circumvented here by replacing the continents by a repelling force field, plus a dissipative term.
The initial state features velocities radiating outward from the impact point of the asteroid. One issue of the simulation is that waves tend to slow down as time goes on. This may be related to parameter values used in the equation.
The shallow water equations are nonlinear equations, which give a better description of the motion of water than the linear wave equation. In particular, unlike the linear wave equation, they conserve the total volume of water. The linear equation gives an approximation of the solutions, when the wave height remains close to its average over space.
The equations used here include viscosity and dissipation, as described for instance in
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallow_water_equations#Non-conservative_form , including the Coriolis force.
One difficulty is to model the wetting boundary, which separates regions that are under water and those which are not. This difficulty has been circumvented here by replacing the continents by a repulsive force field, directed downslope, instead of a sharp boundary.
The video has four parts, showing simulations at two different speeds and with two different visualizations:
Time lapse, 3D: 0:00
Time lapse, 2D: 0:16
Original speed, 3D: 0:33
Original speed, 2D: 1:39
The color hue and radial coordinate show the height of the water, on an exaggerated radial scale. The 2D parts use a projection in equirectangular coordinates. In the 3D parts, the point of view is slowly rotating around the Earth in a plane containing its center. In parts 1 and 2, the animation has been speeded up by a factor 4.
The velocity field is materialized by 2000 tracer particles that are advected by the flow.
Render time: 3D parts - 2 hour 38 minutes
2D parts - 3 hours 20 minutes
Color scheme: Viridis by Nathaniel J. Smith, Stefan van der Walt and Eric Firing
github.com/BIDS/colormap
Music: "Sink Whole Dream" by the 129ers
See also
https://images.math.cnrs.fr/des-ondes-dans-mon-billard-partie-i/ for more explanations (in French) on a few previous simulations of wave equations.
The simulation solves the 2D shallow water equation by discretization (finite differences).
C code: github.com/nilsberglund-orleans/YouTube-simulations
https://www.idpoisson.fr/berglund/software.html
Many thanks to Marco Mancini and Julian Kauth for helping me to accelerate my code!
#shallowwater #waves #Earth
This is an attempt at modeling an asteroid impact in the North Atlantic ocean using a nonlinear wave equation. A version using the linear wave equation appeared previously on this channel, see youtu.be/mjSFAVcpglA The main difference in the nonlinear equation is that the wave speed becomes larger when the water is shallower, which can lead to build-up of the waves in coastal and other shallow regions. This causes problems in the simulation, because land masses can lead to blow-up of the solution. This problem is circumvented here by replacing the continents by a repelling force field, plus a dissipative term.
The initial state features velocities radiating outward from the impact point of the asteroid. One issue of the simulation is that waves tend to slow down as time goes on. This may be related to parameter values used in the equation.
The shallow water equations are nonlinear equations, which give a better description of the motion of water than the linear wave equation. In particular, unlike the linear wave equation, they conserve the total volume of water. The linear equation gives an approximation of the solutions, when the wave height remains close to its average over space.
The equations used here include viscosity and dissipation, as described for instance in
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallow_water_equations#Non-conservative_form , including the Coriolis force.
One difficulty is to model the wetting boundary, which separates regions that are under water and those which are not. This difficulty has been circumvented here by replacing the continents by a repulsive force field, directed downslope, instead of a sharp boundary.
The video has four parts, showing simulations at two different speeds and with two different visualizations:
Time lapse, 3D: 0:00
Time lapse, 2D: 0:16
Original speed, 3D: 0:33
Original speed, 2D: 1:39
The color hue and radial coordinate show the height of the water, on an exaggerated radial scale. The 2D parts use a projection in equirectangular coordinates. In the 3D parts, the point of view is slowly rotating around the Earth in a plane containing its center. In parts 1 and 2, the animation has been speeded up by a factor 4.
The velocity field is materialized by 2000 tracer particles that are advected by the flow.
Render time: 3D parts - 2 hour 38 minutes
2D parts - 3 hours 20 minutes
Color scheme: Viridis by Nathaniel J. Smith, Stefan van der Walt and Eric Firing
github.com/BIDS/colormap
Music: "Sink Whole Dream" by the 129ers
See also
https://images.math.cnrs.fr/des-ondes-dans-mon-billard-partie-i/ for more explanations (in French) on a few previous simulations of wave equations.
The simulation solves the 2D shallow water equation by discretization (finite differences).
C code: github.com/nilsberglund-orleans/YouTube-simulations
https://www.idpoisson.fr/berglund/software.html
Many thanks to Marco Mancini and Julian Kauth for helping me to accelerate my code!
#shallowwater #waves #Earth
![[Flash warning] A planar wave crossing a gradient index lens at an angle](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/vZ_pKzjFXvo/hqdefault.jpg "[Flash warning] A planar wave crossing a gradient index lens at an angle
The first part of this video shows some flashing due to the formation of standing waves.
This is a variant of the simulation https://youtu.be/CdpTq3dSrXA , in which the incoming planar wave makes a small angle with the axis of symmetry of the lens. The videos are inspired by Huygens Optics recent short https://youtube.com/shorts/VGd3Ajnp6e0 showing the principle of a gradient index lens.
Lenses focus incoming rays of light by delaying them more near the center of the lens than at its periphery. This is often done with a material of constant index of refraction, by making the lens thicker near the center, as shown for instance in the simulation https://youtu.be/rrJJBh9ubUE . However, one can also build lenses of constant thickness, by making the index of refraction of their material depend on the location in the lens.In this simulation, the index decreases like sqrt(n0² - a*r²), where r is the distance to the axis of symmetry. This results in the incoming planar wave being focused at a point in the focal plane, marked by a vertical line. The plot to the right shows a time-averaged value of the field along that plane.
This video has two parts, showing the same evolution with two different color gradients:
Wave height: 0:00
Averaged wave energy: 1:03
In the first part, the color hue depends on the height of the wave. In the second part, it depends on the energy of the wave, averaged over a sliding time window.
There are periodic boundary conditions between the top and bottom boundaries, absorbing boundary conditions on the right boundary, and a time-periodic signal is imposed on the left boundary. The display at the right shows the signal along the focal plane, which is indicated by a vertical line.
Render time: 30 minutes 1 second
Compression: crf 23
Color scheme: Part 1 - Twilight by Bastian Bechtold
https://github.com/bastibe/twilight
Part 2 - Inferno by Nathaniel J. Smith and Stefan van der Walt
https://github.com/BIDS/colormap
Music: Chicago by Joe Bagale
See also https://images.math.cnrs.fr/Des-ondes-dans-mon-billard-partie-I.html for more explanations (in French) on a few previous simulations of wave equations.
The simulation solves the wave equation by discretization. The algorithm is adapted from the paper https://hplgit.github.io/fdm-book/doc/pub/wave/pdf/wave-4print.pdf
C code: https://github.com/nilsberglund-orleans/YouTube-simulations
https://www.idpoisson.fr/berglund/software.html
Many thanks to Marco Mancini and Julian Kauth for helping me to accelerate my code!
#wave #lens #gradient_index")
