Uploaded April 2026 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago

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Selected academic references for this video

Ackerknecht, Erwin H. "Primitive Surgery." American Anthropologist, n.s., 49, no. 1 (January–March 1947): 25–45. doi.org/10.1525/aa.1947.49.1.02a00030.

Herbert, Eugenia W. "Smallpox Inoculation in Africa." The Journal of African History 16, no. 4 (October 1975): 539–559. doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700014547.

Imperato, Pascal James. African Folk Medicine: Practices and Beliefs of the Bambara and Other Peoples. Baltimore, MD: York Press, 1977.