A shallower laminar flow over an immersed dodecahedron @NilsBerglund

Nils Berglund | A shallower laminar flow over an immersed dodecahedron @NilsBerglund | Uploaded August 2024 | Updated October 2024, 3 minutes ago.
This is a simulation of a the shallow water equation similar to the one in the video youtu.be/Y1wyZ-FM_l4 , but with a shallower layer of water, and with an initial state flowing eastwards.
The depth in the shallow water equation has been computed from the distance between the sphere and an embedded dodecahedron of smaller volume, completely contained in the sphere. The water depth influences the wave speed, and thereby the water height, which reveals the presence of the dodecahedron.
The shallow water equations are nonlinear equations, which give a better description of the motion of water than the linear wave equation. In particular, unlike the linear wave equation, they conserve the total volume of water. The linear equation gives an approximation of the solutions, when the wave height remains close to its average over space.
The equations used here include viscosity and dissipation, as described for instance in
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallow_water_equations#Non-conservative_form , including the Coriolis force.
The video has four parts, showing the same simulation with two different color schemes and two different visualizations:
Wave height, 3D: 0:00
Velocity (norm and direction), 3D: 0:43
Wave height, 2D: 1:33
Velocity (norm and directions), 2D: 2:18
In the first and third part, the color hue and radial coordinate show the height of the water. In the second and fourth part, the color hue shows the direction of the flow, and the radial coordinate shows its speed (the norm of the velocity). The 2D parts use a projection in equirectangular coordinates. In the 3D parts, the point of view is slowly rotating around the sphere in a plane containing its center. The position of the sphere is represented by a line starting above the north pole, and pointing in a fixed direction.
The velocity field is materialized by 2000 tracer particles that are advected by the flow.

Render time: 3D part - 1 hour 40 minutes
2D part - 1 hour 37 minutes
Color scheme: Parts 1 and 3 - Viridis by Nathaniel J. Smith, Stefan van der Walt and Eric Firing
github.com/BIDS/colormap
Parts 2 and 4 - Twilight by Bastian Bechtold
github.com/bastibe/twilight

Music: "Heart Strings" by Coyote Hearing@TRUEBLUEMUSICLTD

See also
https://images.math.cnrs.fr/des-ondes-dans-mon-billard-partie-i/ for more explanations (in French) on a few previous simulations of wave equations.

The simulation solves the 2D shallow water equation by discretization (finite differences).

C code: github.com/nilsberglund-orleans/YouTube-simulations
https://www.idpoisson.fr/berglund/software.html
Many thanks to Marco Mancini and Julian Kauth for helping me to accelerate my code!

#shallowwater #waves #wave

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$Almost a branched flow: Waves crossing a finer percolation-style arrangement Like the video https://youtu.be/QhRmQ_ZX31Y , this one shows waves originating from a point interacting with obstacles obtained by randomly deleting circles from a regular square lattice. 15% of the points of the regular lattice have been kept. The arrangement is more random than a square lattice, but not as random as a Poisson disc process. The lattice is finer as in the previous simulation, as it contains four times as many points. I also chose different color gradients. In particular the energy part shows a filamentation of the energy distribution not unlike that of a branched flow, illustrated for instance in the video https://youtu.be/kOR6OiRlL8Y This video has two parts, showing the same evolution with two different color gradients: Wave height: 0:00 Averaged wave energy: 1:27 In the first part, the color hue depends on the height of the wave. In the second part, it depends on the energy of the wave, averaged over a sliding time window. The contrast has been enhanced by a shading procedure, similar to the one I have used on videos of reaction-diffusion equations. The process is to compute the normal vector to a surface in 3D that would be obtained by using the third dimension to represent the field, and then to make the luminosity depend on the angle between the normal vector and a fixed direction. There are absorbing boundary conditions on the borders of the simulated rectangle. The display at the right shows a time-averaged version of the signal near the right boundary of the simulated rectangular area. More precisely, it shows the square root of an average of squares of the respective field value (wave height or energy). Render time: 36 minutes 12 seconds Compression: crf 23 Color scheme: Part 1 - Cividis by Jamie R. Nuñez, Christopher R. Anderton, Ryan S. Renslow https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0199239 Part 2 - Turbo, by Anton Mikhailov https://gist.github.com/mikhailov-work/6a308c20e494d9e0ccc29036b28faa7a Music: Magical Gravity by Asher Fulero@AsherFulero See also https://images.math.cnrs.fr/des-ondes-dans-mon-billard-partie-i/ for more explanations (in French) on a few previous simulations of wave equations. The simulation solves the wave equation by discretization. The algorithm is adapted from the paper https://hplgit.github.io/fdm-book/doc/pub/wave/pdf/wave-4print.pdf C code: https://github.com/nilsberglund-orleans/YouTube-simulations https://www.idpoisson.fr/berglund/software.html Many thanks to Marco Mancini and Julian Kauth for helping me to accelerate my code! #wave #diffraction$

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$When waves crossing a square lattice have a larger phase than group velocity The simulation https://youtu.be/15fpsopRyn8 , that showed waves from two different sources having different frequencies cross a regular square grid of obstacles, revealed another interesting feature: After a while, the waves from the source with a lower frequency seemed to propagate through the lattice at a larger speed than the wave speed. This has to be an instance of the situation where the phase velocity (measuring how fast wave fronts move) is larger than the group velocity (measuring the speed of energy transfer). This video focuses on this phenomenon, by using only one source, having the lower frequency, and an additional plot of the signal in the x-direction. This video has two parts, showing the same evolution with two different color gradients: Wave height: 0:00 Averaged wave energy: 1:16 In the first part, the color hue depends on the height of the wave. In the second part, it depends on the energy of the wave, averaged over a sliding time window. The contrast has been enhanced by a shading procedure, similar to the one I have used on videos of reaction-diffusion equations. The process is to compute the normal vector to a surface in 3D that would be obtained by using the third dimension to represent the field, and then to make the luminosity depend on the angle between the normal vector and a fixed direction. There are absorbing boundary conditions on the borders of the simulated rectangle. The displays at the right and bottom show a time-averaged version of the signal near the right boundary of the simulated rectangular area. More precisely, it shows the square root of an average of squares of the respective field value (wave height or energy). Render time: 30 minutes 28 seconds Compression: crf 23 Color scheme: Part 1 - Viridis by Nathaniel J. Smith, Stefan van der Walt and Eric Firing Part 2 - Inferno by Nathaniel J. Smith and Stefan van der Walt https://github.com/BIDS/colormap Music: Future Girl by RKVC@rkvc See also https://images.math.cnrs.fr/des-ondes-dans-mon-billard-partie-i/ for more explanations (in French) on a few previous simulations of wave equations. The simulation solves the wave equation by discretization. The algorithm is adapted from the paper https://hplgit.github.io/fdm-book/doc/pub/wave/pdf/wave-4print.pdf C code: https://github.com/nilsberglund-orleans/YouTube-simulations https://www.idpoisson.fr/berglund/software.html Many thanks to Marco Mancini and Julian Kauth for helping me to accelerate my code! #wave #diffraction #phase_velocity$

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