Uploaded June 2016 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago
This election is divisive, both in & between parties. Unfortunately, our brains don't work too well in groups.
*Links for the Curious*
Evidence of an increasing division between political parties in the US - annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.070204.105138
Tajfel et al's 1971 paper demonstrating that even totally arbitrary grouping does weird stuff to human brains - morilab.net/gakushuin/Tajfel_et_al_1971.pdf
A study about how ingroup/outgroup bias can color what characteristics people are quick to assign to their ingroup/outgroup - sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103199913999
Evidence that we show greater affinity for ingroup members who promote the group's distinctiveness over those who try to be more evenhanded - researchgate.net/publication/234023326_Castelli_Carraro_EJSP_2010
A study showing that simply framing a political argument as coming from the ingroup increases its acceptance dramatically - sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103116301056
Groups also make us prone to riskier behavior, arriving at more extreme conclusions together than we would on our own - https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/108371
This election is divisive, both in & between parties. Unfortunately, our brains don't work too well in groups.
*Links for the Curious*
Evidence of an increasing division between political parties in the US - annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.070204.105138
Tajfel et al's 1971 paper demonstrating that even totally arbitrary grouping does weird stuff to human brains - morilab.net/gakushuin/Tajfel_et_al_1971.pdf
A study about how ingroup/outgroup bias can color what characteristics people are quick to assign to their ingroup/outgroup - sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103199913999
Evidence that we show greater affinity for ingroup members who promote the group's distinctiveness over those who try to be more evenhanded - researchgate.net/publication/234023326_Castelli_Carraro_EJSP_2010
A study showing that simply framing a political argument as coming from the ingroup increases its acceptance dramatically - sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103116301056
Groups also make us prone to riskier behavior, arriving at more extreme conclusions together than we would on our own - https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/108371






![257. Orality & Literacy
Our mental landscape is irrevocably bound up in variations of 26 characters, but were historical exceptions.
- Links for the Curious -
1. Dissemination (J. Derrida, 1972) - http://archive.org/details/derrida-dissemination
2. List of languages by first written account - https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_languages_by_first_written_account&oldid=1266554494
3. Literacy (Roser, M. & Ortiz-Ospina, E., 2018) - https://ourworldindata.org/literacy
4. Literacy in Traditional Societies (Goody, J., 1975)
5. Orality and literacy: the technologizing of the word (Ong, W. J., 2012)
6. Silent reading - https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silent_reading&oldid=1258004457
7. The Consequences of Literacy (Goody, J. & Watt, I., 1963) - http://www.jstor.org/stable/177651
8. Phaedrus (Plato, 360BC) - https://classics.mit.edu/Plato/phaedrus.html
9. The Power of Names (Graham, L., 2011) - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14746700.2011.547020
10. The Truth of Fact, the Truth of Feeling (Chiang, T., 2013)
11. ‘There’s been a genuine vibe shift and it is no longer “cool” to be—’ You bolt awake. It is 2600 BC in holy Sumer. You are a scribe lately experimenting with rotating pictograms into an abstract, repeatable, recombinant logosyllabary. Your work, all of it, must be destroyed. (Jacob Bacharach [@jakebackpack], 2025) - https://x.com/jakebackpack/status/1878559969735573709
12. Word And Object, Quine (Von Quine, 1977) - http://archive.org/details/word-and-object-quine
13. Writing on the Wall: Social Media - The First 2,000 Years (Standage, T., 2013)
14. Literacy acquisition facilitates inversion effects for faces with full-, low-, and high-spatial frequency: evidence from illiterate and literate adults (Yang et al, 2023) (Thanks Ripple_Echo!) 257. Orality & Literacy](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/N7Q4yU719FA/mqdefault.jpg)



