Uploaded March 2021 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago
The Astrophysics Pioneers program is funding four innovative new missions that read like a best-hits album of the most exciting astronomical frontiers: from galaxy evolution and exoplanets, to neutron star mergers and astroparticle physics.
Hosted by: Caitlin Hofmeister
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow Space by becoming a patron on Patreon: patreon.com/scishowspace
----------
Huge thanks go to the following Patreon supporters for helping us keep SciShow free for everyone forever:
Silas Emrys, Charles Copley, Drew Hart, Jeffrey Mckishen, James Knight, Christoph Schwanke, Jacob, Matt Curls, Christopher R Boucher, Eric Jensen, Lehel Kovacs, Adam Brainard, Greg, GrowingViolet, Ash, Laura Sanborn, Sam Lutfi, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, charles george, Alex Hackman, Chris Peters, Kevin Bealer
----------
Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: dftba.com/scishow
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:
science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/programs/astrophysics-pioneers
nasa.gov/feature/nasa-selects-4-concepts-for-small-missions-to-study-universe-s-secrets
nsf.gov/attachments/300822/public/9_NASA_APD_Programs_and_Budget_Update_Paul_Hertz.pdf
https://news.arizona.edu/story/uarizona-will-lead-nasa-space-telescope-mission-reveal-unseen-dynamic-lives-galaxies
kold.com/2021/01/14/university-arizona-lead-telescopic-mission-with-nasa
annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-astro-091916-055240
aasnova.org/2019/07/30/making-it-rain-in-the-circumgalactic-medium
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/asna.201713343
nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0204-1
https://www.wildcat.arizona.edu/article/2021/01/sc-aspera-mission
optics.org/news/12/2/8
web.archive.org/web/20160706034142/http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/quick_facts.php
pandorasat.com
llnl.gov/news/lab-will-co-lead-nasa-mission-study-stars-planets
universetoday.com/149824/nasa-has-chosen-4-new-pioneer-missions-aspera-pandora-starburst-and-peuo
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1538-3873/128/967/094401/meta
theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_eea07ae4-5b3c-11eb-9a0a-f712394eaadf.html
sciencemag.org/news/2017/10/merging-neutron-stars-generate-gravitational-waves-and-celestial-light-show
qmul.ac.uk/spa/pprc/research/neutrino-physics/anitapueo
snowmass21.org/docs/files/summaries/CF/SNOWMASS21-CF7_CF0-NF4_NF0-IF10_IF0_Vieregg-222.pdf
arxiv.org/abs/2010.02892
https://physics.wustl.edu/news/nasa-selects-astrophysics-mission-detect-ultrahigh-energy-neutrinos
https://news.psu.edu/story/646449/2021/02/03/academics/antarctic-balloon-mission-chosen-nasa-pioneers-program
icrc2019.org/uploads/1/1/9/0/119067782/icrc_july2019_vieregg.pdf
https://www.phys.hawaii.edu/~anita/about/science-overview
hep.ucl.ac.uk/uhen/anita
http://stratocat.com.ar/fichas-e/2006/MCM-20061214.htm
https://home.cern/science/engineering/restarting-lhc-why-13-tev
arxiv.org/abs/1908.00923
Images:
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13758
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10657
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10543
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NanoRacksCubeSatLaunch_ISS038-E-056389.jpg
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10395
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20314
hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2019/17/4493-Image.html?page=6&keyword=galaxy&filterUUID=4c394bbb-b21e-43ab-a160-2a4521d70243
hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2020/01/4615-Image?page=3&keyword=galaxy&filterUUID=4c394bbb-b21e-43ab-a160-2a4521d70243
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/30949
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10663
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13815
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13297
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13663
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13496
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12797
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13778
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13510
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12740
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13220
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13041
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13427
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13427
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20186
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ANITA-4_prior_to_launch.jpg
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12994
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3848
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11209
The Astrophysics Pioneers program is funding four innovative new missions that read like a best-hits album of the most exciting astronomical frontiers: from galaxy evolution and exoplanets, to neutron star mergers and astroparticle physics.
Hosted by: Caitlin Hofmeister
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow Space by becoming a patron on Patreon: patreon.com/scishowspace
----------
Huge thanks go to the following Patreon supporters for helping us keep SciShow free for everyone forever:
Silas Emrys, Charles Copley, Drew Hart, Jeffrey Mckishen, James Knight, Christoph Schwanke, Jacob, Matt Curls, Christopher R Boucher, Eric Jensen, Lehel Kovacs, Adam Brainard, Greg, GrowingViolet, Ash, Laura Sanborn, Sam Lutfi, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, charles george, Alex Hackman, Chris Peters, Kevin Bealer
----------
Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: dftba.com/scishow
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: instagram.com/thescishow
----------
Sources:
science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/programs/astrophysics-pioneers
nasa.gov/feature/nasa-selects-4-concepts-for-small-missions-to-study-universe-s-secrets
nsf.gov/attachments/300822/public/9_NASA_APD_Programs_and_Budget_Update_Paul_Hertz.pdf
https://news.arizona.edu/story/uarizona-will-lead-nasa-space-telescope-mission-reveal-unseen-dynamic-lives-galaxies
kold.com/2021/01/14/university-arizona-lead-telescopic-mission-with-nasa
annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-astro-091916-055240
aasnova.org/2019/07/30/making-it-rain-in-the-circumgalactic-medium
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/asna.201713343
nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0204-1
https://www.wildcat.arizona.edu/article/2021/01/sc-aspera-mission
optics.org/news/12/2/8
web.archive.org/web/20160706034142/http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/quick_facts.php
pandorasat.com
llnl.gov/news/lab-will-co-lead-nasa-mission-study-stars-planets
universetoday.com/149824/nasa-has-chosen-4-new-pioneer-missions-aspera-pandora-starburst-and-peuo
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1538-3873/128/967/094401/meta
theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_eea07ae4-5b3c-11eb-9a0a-f712394eaadf.html
sciencemag.org/news/2017/10/merging-neutron-stars-generate-gravitational-waves-and-celestial-light-show
qmul.ac.uk/spa/pprc/research/neutrino-physics/anitapueo
snowmass21.org/docs/files/summaries/CF/SNOWMASS21-CF7_CF0-NF4_NF0-IF10_IF0_Vieregg-222.pdf
arxiv.org/abs/2010.02892
https://physics.wustl.edu/news/nasa-selects-astrophysics-mission-detect-ultrahigh-energy-neutrinos
https://news.psu.edu/story/646449/2021/02/03/academics/antarctic-balloon-mission-chosen-nasa-pioneers-program
icrc2019.org/uploads/1/1/9/0/119067782/icrc_july2019_vieregg.pdf
https://www.phys.hawaii.edu/~anita/about/science-overview
hep.ucl.ac.uk/uhen/anita
http://stratocat.com.ar/fichas-e/2006/MCM-20061214.htm
https://home.cern/science/engineering/restarting-lhc-why-13-tev
arxiv.org/abs/1908.00923
Images:
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13758
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10657
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10543
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NanoRacksCubeSatLaunch_ISS038-E-056389.jpg
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10395
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20314
hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2019/17/4493-Image.html?page=6&keyword=galaxy&filterUUID=4c394bbb-b21e-43ab-a160-2a4521d70243
hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2020/01/4615-Image?page=3&keyword=galaxy&filterUUID=4c394bbb-b21e-43ab-a160-2a4521d70243
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/30949
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10663
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13815
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13297
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13663
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13496
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12797
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13778
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13510
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12740
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13220
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13041
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13427
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13427
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20186
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ANITA-4_prior_to_launch.jpg
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12994
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3848
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11209




![We Live in a Chimney
There are some captivating things when you look up at the night sky, but our location in the Milky Way may be fogging up our view.
Hosted By: Reid Reimers
SciShow is on TikTok! Check us out at https://www.tiktok.com/@scishow
Support SciShow Space by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/SciShowSpace
Huge thanks go to the following Patreon supporter for helping us keep SciShow Space free for everyone forever: GrowingViolet, Jason A Saslow, Heriberto Bustos!
Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: http://dftba.com/scishow
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
SciShow Tangents Podcast: http://www.scishowtangents.org
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
Sources:
https:energy.utexas.edusitesdefaultfilesUTAustin%20%282021%29%20EventsFebruary2021TexasBlackout%2020210714.pdf [PDF]
https:acore.orgwp-contentuploads202107GS_Resilient-Transmission_proof.pdf [PDF]
https:infrastructurereportcard.orgcat-itemenergy
https:www.energy.govsitesprodfiles201512f28united-states-electricity-industry-primer.pdf [PDF]
https:docs.txoga.orgfiles2644-4-22-21-enverus_txoga_winter-storm-uri-natural-gas-analysis.pdf [PDF]
https:www.energy.govsitesprodfilesoeprodDocumentsandMediaDOE_SG_Book_Single_Pages%281%29.pdf [PDF]
https:www.texastribune.org20210216natural-gas-power-storm
https:www.texastribune.org20210220texas-power-grid-winterize
https:www.forbes.comsitesjemimamcevoy20210527report-finds-hundreds-more-died-in-texas-winter-storm-than-state-says?sh=33ec43e152cc
https:www.eia.govtodayinenergydetail.php?id=35652
https:newbedev.comwhat-happens-to-excess-electricity-generated-going-in-to-a-grid
https:ready.nola.govhazard-mitigationhazardsinfrastructure-failure-power-outage
https:spectrum.ieee.orgbird-poop-can-cripple-power-grids
https:www.tdworld.comintelligent-undergroundingarticle20971838flooding-and-underground-cables-myth-or-reality
https:energyconsumersofthecarolinas.orgbury-our-electric-lines-easy-question-complicated-answer
https:www.kosu.orgu-s-news2021-09-20efforts-to-shore-up-the-electrical-grid-could-mean-moving-power-lines-underground
https:www.utilitydive.comnewsutilities-need-to-harden-the-grid-as-they-green-it-consumers-arent-ready595719
https:www.utilitydive.comnewssophisticated-hackers-could-crash-the-us-power-grid-but-money-not-sabotag603764
https:foreignpolicy.com20210210is-germany-making-too-much-renewable-energy
https:www.greentechmedia.comarticlesreadgermanys-stressed-grid-is-causing-trouble-across-europe
https:www.reuters.comarticleus-utilities-sandiego-blackoutinsight-power-reliability-will-cost-americans-more-idUSTRE78C4UG20110913
https:www.businessinsider.comreplacing-the-us-electric-grid-could-cost-5-trillion-2017-3
https:environment-review.yale.edutrue-cost-power-outages-0
https:www.sciencenewsforstudents.orgarticleexplainer-what-electric-grid
IMAGES
https:en.wikipedia.orgwikiFile:HOUSTON_TEXAS_WINTER_SNOW_STORM_OF_2021_DJI_MAVIC_MINI_2.webm
https:en.wikipedia.orgwikiNorth_American_power_transmission_grid#mediaFile:NERC-map-en.svg
https:commons.wikimedia.orgwikiFile:UnitedStatesPowerGrid.jpg
https:www.istockphoto.comphotoelectric-power-station-substation-stock-photo-electricity-substation-gm1298544311-391383095
https:www.storyblocks.comvideostockaerial-drone-view-of-tall-chimney-pipes-with-grey-smoke-from-coal-power-plant-production-of-electricity-with-fossil-fuel-ecology-and-pollution-of-nature-s5gg8f4ddkofsuqfc
https:www.storyblocks.comvideostockhand-puts-a-power-plug-in-the-wall-socket-sbqmz8njfjfvyqepd
https:www.storyblocks.comvideostocknatural-gas-field-in-winter-r1z1ymkqmjf08y3kj
https:www.storyblocks.comvideostockclose-up-shot-of-the-spillway-and-power-lines-on-the-grand-coulee-hydroelectric-dam-washington-usa-cu-01mov-n6ixxxa
https:www.storyblocks.comvideostockair-conditioner-operating-4uc-u_p_lijs9m5jc
https:commons.wikimedia.orgwikiFile:2003_North_American_Blackout_After.jpg
https:www.storyblocks.comvideostockwind-turbine-working-rifjaijpoliyvy84qn
https:en.wikipedia.orgwikiFile:Lisberg_Burg_Windr%C3%A4der_Solar_power_PC313027.jpg
https:commons.wikimedia.orgwikiFile:Schneebergerhof_01.jpg
https://www.istockphoto.com/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotron_light_source#/media/File:SynchrotronLight.jpg
http://cds.cern.ch/record/2028199/plots We Live in a Chimney](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/gQkKECc_S8E/mqdefault.jpg)

![Five Of The Biggest, Baddest Supernova Varieties
Head to https://complexlycalendars.com/products/scishowspace to buy your 2023 SciShow Space calendar today!
Supernovae are only rare to the passive stargazer, but if you’re an astronomer studying them, you get to see some of the most brilliant explosions in the universe. Here are five of the most significant supernovae known to science.
Hosted by: Savannah Geary (they/them)
Huge thanks go to the following Patreon supporter for helping us keep SciShow Space free for everyone forever: Jason A Saslow, David Brooks, and AndyGneiss!
Support SciShow Space by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/SciShowSpace
Or by checking out our awesome space pins and other products over at DFTBA Records: http://dftba.com/scishow
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
SciShow on TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@scishow
SciShow Tangents Podcast: http://www.scishowtangents.org
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
Sources:
General:
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/375341
https://www.astro.ru.nl/~onnop/education/stev_utrecht_notes/chapter12-13.pdf [PDF]
https://www.ucolick.org/~woosley/ay112-14/lectures/lecture16.4x.pdf [PDF]
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/51-our-solar-system/the-sun/birth-death-and-evolution-of-the-sun/167-how-do-you-calculate-the-lifetime-of-the-sun-advanced
1987A:
https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2013/04/aa21072-13/aa21072-13.html
https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/514/3/3941/6607506
https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/412/3/1639/1051427
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/703/2/2205
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ab93c2
1054:
https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2001/04/aah2323/aah2323.html
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988ApJ...334..909M/abstract
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ab4b4b
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aa92c5
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/810/1/34
2007bi:
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08579
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ApJ...342..364M/abstract
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/734/2/102
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2f92
1006:
https://academic.oup.com/astrogeo/article/51/5/5.27/206961
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11447
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/319535
https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/447/3/2803/987269
2016aps:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-020-1066-7
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/abd6ce
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/836/2/244
Sources:
https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/the-birth-of-the-solar-system-in-space-a-big-bang-stock-footage/944562394?phrase=supernova&adppopup=true
https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/spaceship-flies-near-red-nebula-in-space-billions-of-stock-footage/1336280503?phrase=supernova&adppopup=true
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7nQsz7S7Eg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Treasures3.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Evolved_star_fusion_shells.svg
Five Of The Biggest, Baddest Supernova Varieties
https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/stsci-h-p1708a-m-1823x2000.png
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hubble_Chronicles_Brightening_of_Ring_around_Supernova_1987A_(1994-2016).webm
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_material_around_SN_1987A.jpg
https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/crab-nebula-mosaic.jpg
https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/the-sun-solar-atmosphere-isolated-on-black-background-3d-stock-footage/1378376654
https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/supernova-crab-nebula-formation-stock-footage/531885282
https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/meteor-shower-shooting-across-the-milky-way-stock-footage/1331444841
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPxLVgTIAbk
https://tinyurl.com/bdzr7zwn
https://tinyurl.com/ef49acfs
https://tinyurl.com/2yeuhzxr
https://tinyurl.com/yea8vh7e
https://tinyurl.com/2y52hvwn
https://tinyurl.com/3jdr3df3
https://tinyurl.com/2mhwsc4p
https://tinyurl.com/mr258xs9
https://tinyurl.com/3t4h3cty
https://tinyurl.com/4j4s23mc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSmuqBiAQ4c&t=75s
https://www.universetoday.com/145215/two-white-dwarfs-merged-together-into-a-single-ultramassive-white-dwarf/
https://tinyurl.com/5adu76ss
https://tinyurl.com/3cryyppj
https://tinyurl.com/27vt7pxn
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heinrich_III._sieht_den_neuen_Stern_%C3%BCber_der_Stadt_Tivoli_(Tyburtina).jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SN_1006_Supernova_Remnant.jpg
https://tinyurl.com/2wy7cyn4 Five Of The Biggest, Baddest Supernova Varieties](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/gng6rop6Ii0/mqdefault.jpg)



