Uploaded September 2024 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago
Find out more at https://gupress.gallaudet.edu/internationalperspectives
"How Far We Have Come, and How Much Further Do We Have to Go? Sign Language Translation and Interpreting in the United Kingdom" | Chapter summary in British Sign Language
Chapter authors: Robert Adam, Jemina Napier, and Stacey Webb
From “International Perspectives on Sign Language Translator and Interpreter Education”
Edited by Jemina Napier, Stacey Webb, and Robert Adam
Published by Gallaudet University Press
**This video may not be repurposed or incorporated into other works in any way without the express written consent of the signer and the chapter authors.**
Visual description: Woman with blonde wavy hair and glasses wearing a burgundy dress with large white flowers. She is seated with a background of one green and one blue thick stripes. She is signing in British Sign Language.
Transcript:
This is a summary of the UK chapter, presented in British Sign Language (BSL). Jemina Napier, Robert Adam, and Stacey Webb, co-authors and fellow faculty members at Heriot-Watt University in the UK, have contributed over 80 years collectively to the research and teaching of Sign Language Translation and Interpreting (SLTI).
The United Kingdom comprises four nations: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. There are an estimated 40,000 to 70,000 deaf BSL users in the UK. The BSL (Scotland) Act of 2015 and the UK BSL Act of 2022 officially recognize BSL as a minority language.
The SLTI profession in the UK is supported by various membership organizations, each serving different regions or special interest groups: Scottish Collaborative of Sign Language Interpreters (SCOSLI), Association of Sign Language Interpreters UK (ASLI) and Visual Language Professionals (VLP), which both operate across the UK, and special interest groups such as the Deaf Interpreters Network (DIN), Interpreters of Colour Network (IOCN), and the Muslim BSL Interpreters Network (MBSLIN).
The National Union of BSL Interpreters (NUBSLI) advocates for fair pay and working conditions.
There are three primary registration bodies for SLTIs: Scottish Register of Language Professionals with the Deaf Community (SRLPDC), National Register for Communication Professionals with Deaf and Deafblind People (NRCPD), and the Regulatory Body of Sign Language Interpreters (RBSLI) — both offer registration across the whole of the UK.
The first registration body, the Scottish Association of Sign Language Interpreters (SASLI), was established in 1981 and later evolved into SCOSLI and SRLPDC in 2020 as separate membership and registration bodies. The first UK-wide registration body, initially known as the Council for the Advancement of Communication with Deaf People (CACDP), was established in 1982 and is now called NRCPD. All registered SLTIs must fulfill Continuing Professional Development (CPD) requirements.
Currently, there are approximately 1,600 registered SLTIs in the UK, including increasing numbers of deaf practitioners and new signers who learned BSL later in life.
Training for SLTIs initially stemmed from deaf organizations and later expanded to several universities. Presently, only four universities offer interpreter training programs: two undergraduate and three postgraduate programs. Additionally, vocational training through the National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) route is available via seven private providers in the UK. All training programs must align with the National Occupational Standards (NoS) for all translators and interpreters, including SLTIs. Trainees may achieve either Trainee (TSLI) or fully qualified Registered (RSLI) status.
Heriot-Watt University (HWU) uniquely offers the opportunity to study BSL alongside a spoken language and is also involved in the European Masters in Sign Language Interpreters (EUMASLI) program, delivered jointly with universities in Germany and Finland.
The field of SLTI research in the UK is expanding, with 19 PhDs completed since 2005. Future developments include improved training opportunities to expand the number of deaf translators and interpreters; the introduction of a BSL school qualification (GCSE); potential specializations in legal, health, and conference interpreting; and initiatives to enhance diversity and representation in the profession and in training recruitment. These changes indicate a dynamic future for the profession and its training pathways.
Find out more at https://gupress.gallaudet.edu/internationalperspectives
"How Far We Have Come, and How Much Further Do We Have to Go? Sign Language Translation and Interpreting in the United Kingdom" | Chapter summary in British Sign Language
Chapter authors: Robert Adam, Jemina Napier, and Stacey Webb
From “International Perspectives on Sign Language Translator and Interpreter Education”
Edited by Jemina Napier, Stacey Webb, and Robert Adam
Published by Gallaudet University Press
**This video may not be repurposed or incorporated into other works in any way without the express written consent of the signer and the chapter authors.**
Visual description: Woman with blonde wavy hair and glasses wearing a burgundy dress with large white flowers. She is seated with a background of one green and one blue thick stripes. She is signing in British Sign Language.
Transcript:
This is a summary of the UK chapter, presented in British Sign Language (BSL). Jemina Napier, Robert Adam, and Stacey Webb, co-authors and fellow faculty members at Heriot-Watt University in the UK, have contributed over 80 years collectively to the research and teaching of Sign Language Translation and Interpreting (SLTI).
The United Kingdom comprises four nations: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. There are an estimated 40,000 to 70,000 deaf BSL users in the UK. The BSL (Scotland) Act of 2015 and the UK BSL Act of 2022 officially recognize BSL as a minority language.
The SLTI profession in the UK is supported by various membership organizations, each serving different regions or special interest groups: Scottish Collaborative of Sign Language Interpreters (SCOSLI), Association of Sign Language Interpreters UK (ASLI) and Visual Language Professionals (VLP), which both operate across the UK, and special interest groups such as the Deaf Interpreters Network (DIN), Interpreters of Colour Network (IOCN), and the Muslim BSL Interpreters Network (MBSLIN).
The National Union of BSL Interpreters (NUBSLI) advocates for fair pay and working conditions.
There are three primary registration bodies for SLTIs: Scottish Register of Language Professionals with the Deaf Community (SRLPDC), National Register for Communication Professionals with Deaf and Deafblind People (NRCPD), and the Regulatory Body of Sign Language Interpreters (RBSLI) — both offer registration across the whole of the UK.
The first registration body, the Scottish Association of Sign Language Interpreters (SASLI), was established in 1981 and later evolved into SCOSLI and SRLPDC in 2020 as separate membership and registration bodies. The first UK-wide registration body, initially known as the Council for the Advancement of Communication with Deaf People (CACDP), was established in 1982 and is now called NRCPD. All registered SLTIs must fulfill Continuing Professional Development (CPD) requirements.
Currently, there are approximately 1,600 registered SLTIs in the UK, including increasing numbers of deaf practitioners and new signers who learned BSL later in life.
Training for SLTIs initially stemmed from deaf organizations and later expanded to several universities. Presently, only four universities offer interpreter training programs: two undergraduate and three postgraduate programs. Additionally, vocational training through the National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) route is available via seven private providers in the UK. All training programs must align with the National Occupational Standards (NoS) for all translators and interpreters, including SLTIs. Trainees may achieve either Trainee (TSLI) or fully qualified Registered (RSLI) status.
Heriot-Watt University (HWU) uniquely offers the opportunity to study BSL alongside a spoken language and is also involved in the European Masters in Sign Language Interpreters (EUMASLI) program, delivered jointly with universities in Germany and Finland.
The field of SLTI research in the UK is expanding, with 19 PhDs completed since 2005. Future developments include improved training opportunities to expand the number of deaf translators and interpreters; the introduction of a BSL school qualification (GCSE); potential specializations in legal, health, and conference interpreting; and initiatives to enhance diversity and representation in the profession and in training recruitment. These changes indicate a dynamic future for the profession and its training pathways.




![8. Response: Social Construction and Working in the Zone of Proximal Development: GIsh Revisited
McDermind, Campbell, & Houkes, Lisanne. (2022). Response: Social Construction and Working in the Zone of Proximal Development: Gish Revisited. In Laurie Swabey & Rachel E. Herring (Eds.), SIGNED LANGUAGE INTERPRETING PEDAGOGY: INSIGHTS AND INNOVATIONS FROM THE CONFERENCE OF INTERPRETER TRAINERS (pp. 169-177). Gallaudet University Press.
https://gupress.gallaudet.edu/Books/S/Signed-Language-Interpreting-Pedagogy
****This video may not be repurposed or incorporated into other works in any way without the express written consent of the signer and the chapter authors.****
This chapter looks at the work of Sandra Gish.
In 1982 she published a piece in which she focused on the work of a Russian psychologist, Vygotsky. Vygotsky studied child development and recognized that they learn through a process of social learning and reciprocal teaching. Having read his work, Sandra Gish applied this theory to teaching sign language interpreters.
She looked first at how programs instructed students. And she recognized that many instructors used a process of modeling with their students. This involved identifying student errors and demonstrating the correct way to interpret. As a result, and as the students progressed to graduation, they may not have necessarily developed the ability to assess their own competencies. Instead, they relied on their instructors and a process of modeling.
So, Sandra Gish worked with a small group of four interpreting students and had them examine samples of their work. They were told to write up what they had noticed and she as their instructor would do the same. Upon comparing their findings to hers, she noted a lack of ability to do more in-depth analysis. Instead, the students looked at superficial aspects of their work such as vocabulary, grammar, and general mistakes.
When she examined her own assessment, she realized she focused on more of their cognitive abilities. She wondered why they had chosen certain signs or words and how they had come to that decision. So her assessment was much more in-depth. She then thought about how to teach the students that ability and decided to apply social learning theory to the class.
The central belief of this theory is that students have certain skills and abilities that the instructor must recognize. Having determined this level, the instructor must then try to pull them up to higher-order thinking. This is referred to as the ZPD, or the zone of proximal development, following the view of Vygotsky. Once an instructor determined the zone that the student was working in, they then posed questions to have the student think at a higher level.
One way of promoting higher thinking was to pose questions, which would then lead the students to reflect on their abilities. So that was the process of social learning. Now how can one promote social learning theory? One means of doing this is by establishing groups. These groups will then be given different resources to interpret followed by a discussion of their work. The students will then engage in helping each other. Or a student can practice different translations of a piece, and after repeated practice can then meet with the instructor who engages in posing questions, again in keeping with social learning theory.
Now social learning theory has many benefits, as it promotes more in-depth self-analysis. At the same time, however, there are some limitations to the theory. For example, classes in sign language interpreting may have a larger number of students and class sizes. This makes it a challenge for the instructor to participate in the various groups. Students may continue to focus on superficial levels such as grammar or sign choices, as they may not know how to reflect at a deeper level. It could be possible that these students are used to being taught rules didactically and to memorize and apply those rules from past classes. And so they continue to practice the process theyve been taught.
Throughout their education, in elementary and secondary school, their instructors may have used didactic teaching. The students are used to being passive recipients of their education where the instructors have provided the information to them. This is a banking model, where learning is seen as teachers depositing information into students. So, they may not be familiar with the process of questioning by their instructor.
Also, the instructor has to have the ability to identify the students’ level of development and then pose questions that will bring them to a higher level of thinking.
There are a number of ways to resolve some of these problems.
[Summary continued in the comments] 8. Response: Social Construction and Working in the Zone of Proximal Development: GIsh Revisited](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/JmOWxKv0UtA/mqdefault.jpg)

![Ch 1. The Impact of Sign Language Interpreter Skill on Education Outcomes in K-12 Settings
Deborah Cates and Julie Delkamiller. (2021). The Impact of Sign Language Interpreter Skill on Education Outcomes in K-12 Settings. In ADVANCES IN EDUCATIONAL INTERPRETING, edited by Elizabeth A. Winston and Stephen B. Fitzmaurice, 19-30. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
https://gupress.gallaudet.edu/Books/A/Advances-in-Educational-Interpreting
This video may not be repurposed or incorporated into other works in any way without the express written consent of the signer and the chapter author.
[The video is captioned.] Ch 1. The Impact of Sign Language Interpreter Skill on Education Outcomes in K-12 Settings](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/K_1rUbM3EE4/mqdefault.jpg)


![Sarah Katz announces her debut poetry collection, COUNTRY OF GLASS [ASL] [ENG CC]
Visual description and transcript below. Find more info on COUNTRY OF GLASS here: http://gupress.gallaudet.edu/country-of-glass.html
Description: Sarah Katz, a white woman with long, straight brown hair and wearing a black short-sleeved shirt. She is sitting in front of a green wall, signing American Sign Language, and at one point shows her copy of COUNTRY OF GLASS, which has a white cover and three large yellow dots with black title and author text.
Transcript: Hi, my name is Sarah Katz. I’m an author in the DC area. I’m deaf. I wrote a book called Country of Glass, published by Gallaudet University Press. I’m really excited to share this book with you that discusses different topics like deaf identity, trauma, traumatic brain injury, and much more. I hope you enjoy it. Thank you for your support. Sarah Katz announces her debut poetry collection, COUNTRY OF GLASS [ASL] [ENG CC]](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/LPX6yMAWNno/mqdefault.jpg)
