Uploaded August 2022 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago
Witter-Merithew, Anna, Taylor, Marty M., Johnson, Leilani, & Bonni, Elizabeth. (2022). Response: Deaf Language Mentoring: Case Studies, Outcomes, and Looking Forward. In Laurie Swabey & Rachel E. Herring (Eds.), SIGNED LANGUAGE INTERPRETING PEDAGOGY: INSIGHTS AND INNOVATIONS FROM THE CONFERENCE OF INTERPRETER TRAINERS (pp. 259-280). Gallaudet University Press.
https://gupress.gallaudet.edu/Books/S/Signed-Language-Interpreting-Pedagogy
****This video may not be repurposed or incorporated into other works in any way without the express written consent of the signer and the chapter authors.****
Hello! I am Marty Taylor. Along with Anna Witter-Merithew, Leilani Johnson, Betti Bonni, and Rachel Naiman we wrote an article in 2002 related to Deaf mentors. That article explained the EICP, Educational Interpreting Certificate Program: a three-year, online program that hired Deaf mentors to work together with students using the online platform Web-CT. Deaf mentors developed a learning community, focused on teaching students how to self-assess their work.
Deaf mentors were trained using a foundation of specific theories and philosophies in order to work with each other and the students. The program was a success! The Educational Interpreter Performance Assessment (EIPA) scores increased by almost one full score on a 5-point scale.
For example, an interpreter student entered the program with an EIPA score of 3.0. After the three-year EICP, that same interpreter received a score of 3.9, an increase of almost one full point, a successful outcome.
Of particular note was that when the Deaf mentors interacted online with the students and each other, it was noticeably different from how the hearing mentors worked with the students. The article explains these differences in more depth.
A second article published in 2022 describes the significance of involving Deaf mentors using three examples: the EICP, and programs in Utah state and New Brunswick, a province in Canada. Each program addressed the “gap” that interpreters face after graduating from an interpreting program, navigating the real world of interpreting, and then over time eventually becoming certified…or not. These three examples focused solely on that gap of graduates trying to attain certification.
All three programs were successful! They all used Deaf mentors who were taught the same philosophy and theoretical approach. Shortening the “gap”, the time it takes from graduation to certification, is definitely possible. All three programs used Deaf mentors; the Deaf mentors were trained to use a standardized approach and theoretical foundation in working with students. And it worked!
The significance of Deaf people’s involvement in teaching interpreting students within interpreting programs is evident. The authors recognize the decrease in Deaf peoples’ involvement in interpreting programs compared to the initial involvement of Deaf people who were the gatekeepers, supporting signers, providing feedback and motivation for them to become interpreters, good interpreters, who knew the Deaf community and Deaf culture. Over time Deaf people’s involvement with interpreters has diminished. It is crucial that interpreting programs increase the involvement of Deaf educators in interpreting programs. In addition, interpreting programs must become accredited, CCIE accredited.
The three programs described in this article received funding from the government and were offered to new graduates. The government-funded these programs to decrease the length of time interpreters required to meet specific outcomes that they were not able to achieve from their interpreting programs.
Deaf mentors were key to the success of all three programs!
Witter-Merithew, Anna, Taylor, Marty M., Johnson, Leilani, & Bonni, Elizabeth. (2022). Response: Deaf Language Mentoring: Case Studies, Outcomes, and Looking Forward. In Laurie Swabey & Rachel E. Herring (Eds.), SIGNED LANGUAGE INTERPRETING PEDAGOGY: INSIGHTS AND INNOVATIONS FROM THE CONFERENCE OF INTERPRETER TRAINERS (pp. 259-280). Gallaudet University Press.
https://gupress.gallaudet.edu/Books/S/Signed-Language-Interpreting-Pedagogy
****This video may not be repurposed or incorporated into other works in any way without the express written consent of the signer and the chapter authors.****
Hello! I am Marty Taylor. Along with Anna Witter-Merithew, Leilani Johnson, Betti Bonni, and Rachel Naiman we wrote an article in 2002 related to Deaf mentors. That article explained the EICP, Educational Interpreting Certificate Program: a three-year, online program that hired Deaf mentors to work together with students using the online platform Web-CT. Deaf mentors developed a learning community, focused on teaching students how to self-assess their work.
Deaf mentors were trained using a foundation of specific theories and philosophies in order to work with each other and the students. The program was a success! The Educational Interpreter Performance Assessment (EIPA) scores increased by almost one full score on a 5-point scale.
For example, an interpreter student entered the program with an EIPA score of 3.0. After the three-year EICP, that same interpreter received a score of 3.9, an increase of almost one full point, a successful outcome.
Of particular note was that when the Deaf mentors interacted online with the students and each other, it was noticeably different from how the hearing mentors worked with the students. The article explains these differences in more depth.
A second article published in 2022 describes the significance of involving Deaf mentors using three examples: the EICP, and programs in Utah state and New Brunswick, a province in Canada. Each program addressed the “gap” that interpreters face after graduating from an interpreting program, navigating the real world of interpreting, and then over time eventually becoming certified…or not. These three examples focused solely on that gap of graduates trying to attain certification.
All three programs were successful! They all used Deaf mentors who were taught the same philosophy and theoretical approach. Shortening the “gap”, the time it takes from graduation to certification, is definitely possible. All three programs used Deaf mentors; the Deaf mentors were trained to use a standardized approach and theoretical foundation in working with students. And it worked!
The significance of Deaf people’s involvement in teaching interpreting students within interpreting programs is evident. The authors recognize the decrease in Deaf peoples’ involvement in interpreting programs compared to the initial involvement of Deaf people who were the gatekeepers, supporting signers, providing feedback and motivation for them to become interpreters, good interpreters, who knew the Deaf community and Deaf culture. Over time Deaf people’s involvement with interpreters has diminished. It is crucial that interpreting programs increase the involvement of Deaf educators in interpreting programs. In addition, interpreting programs must become accredited, CCIE accredited.
The three programs described in this article received funding from the government and were offered to new graduates. The government-funded these programs to decrease the length of time interpreters required to meet specific outcomes that they were not able to achieve from their interpreting programs.
Deaf mentors were key to the success of all three programs!







![7. Response: Doing the Right Thing Revisited
Hoza, Jack, & Shaffer, Laurie B. (2022). Response: Doing the Right Thing Revisited. In Laurie Swabey & Rachel E. Herring (Eds.), SIGNED LANGUAGE INTERPRETING PEDAGOGY: INSIGHTS AND INNOVATIONS FROM THE CONFERENCE OF INTERPRETER TRAINERS (pp. 125-145). Gallaudet University Press.
https://gupress.gallaudet.edu/Books/S/Signed-Language-Interpreting-Pedagogy
****This video may not be repurposed or incorporated into other works in any way without the express written consent of the signer and the chapter author.****
This chapter was co-written by Laurie Shaffer and myself, Jack Hoza. (The authors’ name signs are presented on the video.)
I gave a presentation at the CIT conference back in 1990 and the paper was published in the conference proceedings that year. The Bilingual-Bicultural Model was gaining traction in 1990, which included the recognition of oppression, the concept of ally, and the need to differentiate between both the relevant languages and cultures in one’s interpreting work. The interpreting field was starting to explore the implications of this new view of the interpreting process and so, for the CIT conference that year, I wanted to discuss the impact and implications of this view on teaching ethics in interpreting.
I proposed different activities to help teach ethical decision-making. The topics included, for example, oppression, diversity, becoming more aware and sensitive to context, and using critical thinking and one’s best judgment in an expanded view of ethical decision-making. The 1979 version of the Code of Ethics was in effect in 1990 and was largely rule-based in nature, and my goal was to recommend ways in which to aid students in applying this new approach to ethical decision-making.
Many areas have certainly changed since that time. First, the interpreting field has greater awareness of different approaches to the interpreting process. These include the following: (a) the cognitive processes involved in interpreting, (b) discourse analysis, (c) the interpreter as part of the interaction and dynamics of the interpreting environment, and (d) Demand Control Schema. Each of these represents a different view of the interpreting process, so the approach an interpreter uses can affect the interpreter’s thinking, decision-making, and possibly their ethical decisions. For example, if an interpreter follows one approach, the interpreter may well overlook a feature that is covered by another approach. Thus, interpreters are best served by being aware of the range of approaches to the interpreting process and broadening their understanding of the various approaches.
Second, interpreters’ ethical guidelines have changed as well. The Code of Professional Conduct (CPC) covers a wider range of professional and ethical concerns and is based on value statements rather than blanket rules. The CPC encourages interpreters to apply critical thinking skills and to use their best professional judgment.
Third, the Deaf community itself has changed. There used to be more Deaf Clubs and schools for deaf students across the country, but many of those have been scaled back or have folded altogether. Also, most deaf students currently graduate from mainstream programs. Furthermore, with the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) many years ago, there are many more deaf professionals, so in addition to grassroots deaf people, interpreters now work with deaf professionals in greater numbers, adding to the range of deaf people that interpreters encounter. Also, the Deaf community is more aware of issues of identity and diversity. For example, there is a greater awareness of people of color (POC), “big-D” Deaf and “little d” deaf, and so on.
Fourth, interpreters used to work more on a freelance basis, and now they usually contract with an interpreter referral agency, and the referral agency typically has contracts with hospitals and other entities. Interpreters, then, are obligated to follow the policies of such entities. So, the question is, if an interpreter has a professional or ethical dilemma, does the interpreter follow the policy of the job site or the interpreter’s ethical guidelines? In addition, there is the perspective of the Deaf community and, furthermore, it depends on which deaf person one encounters, as there can be quite a range of expectations within the Deaf community. These factors represent the new context in which interpreters find themselves.
[Summary continues in the comments] 7. Response: Doing the Right Thing Revisited](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/ef393uePCFk/mqdefault.jpg)
![19. Sign Language Interpreter Education in Sweden
Find out more at https://gupress.gallaudet.edu/internationalperspectives
Sign Language Interpreter Education in Sweden | Chapter summary in International Sign (IS)
Chapter authors: Malin Tesfazion, Elisabet Tiselius, and Johanna Mesch
From “International Perspectives on Sign Language Translator and Interpreter Education”
Edited by Jemina Napier, Stacey Webb, and Robert Adam
Published by Gallaudet University Press
**This video may not be repurposed or incorporated into other works in any way without the express written consent of the signer and the chapter authors.**
Visual description: Johanna is standing in the studio (blue background). She is a white woman with blond hair. She is wearing a dark blue blouse and is signing in International Sign.
Transcript:
In this chapter, we give an overview of sign language and sign language interpreting in Sweden. The deaf population consists of approximately 10,000 deaf persons and about 2,000 deafblind individuals. Sweden has 10.5 million inhabitants in total. Swedish Sign Language (svenskt teckenspråk [STS]) is the first language of the deaf population and interpreting services for deaf people have been developed since the late 1960s. Deaf people have the right to sign language interpreters for community services such as health care, family occasions (e.g., weddings and funerals), leisure, and some specific work-related instances.
Deaf children either attend a school for deaf students or are integrated into a mainstream classroom. Sign language interpreters work in both these contexts, although the numbers are low in mainstream educational settings. Sign language interpreting is more developed at the university level, since there are no universities with sign language as the language of teaching. In higher education, students have the right to interpreters for everything related to the university and social activities.
Sign language interpreter education in Sweden is organized both at the university level and at the postsecondary non-university level. The programs are three to four years long, and most students learn sign language during the program. Deaf people have access to both types of sign language interpreter education, however, due to STS being their first language, the education differs slightly. One shorter interpreting program offers speech-to-text interpreter education. At the university level there is also a theoretical MA program in translation studies, which can be focused on sign language interpreting. To date, there are two completed PhDs in the field of sign language interpreting in Sweden. There is also an active research community in sign language and interpreting.
At the time of the writing, we have seen an increased demand for speech-to-text interpreting and new technical developments in terms of speech recognition. We expect that future sign language interpreters will have to master slightly different skills than those needed today due to technological developments. 19. Sign Language Interpreter Education in Sweden](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/f-rtLpaynGQ/mqdefault.jpg)

