Why Do Female Hyenas Have Pseudo-Penises?! MinuteEarth 2017-10-04 | Female hyenas don't have penises, but it sure looks like they do - and we still aren't quite sure why.To start using Tab for a Cause, go to: http://tabforacause.org/r/minuteearth2Thanks also to our supporters on patreon.com/MinuteEarth___________________________________________To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: Pseudopenis: a structure that resembles a penis but is developmentally (and functionally) differentMasculinization: the process by which female genitalia is made to appear more like male genitalia___________________________________________If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: Why It Sucks to Be a Male Hyenayoutube.com/watch?v=PBCNWmU5apEHyena having a baby at the Buffalo Zooyoutube.com/watch?v=7rd7TvoPtWM_________________________________________Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGdSupport us on Patreon: goo.gl/ZVgLQZAnd visit our website: minuteearth.comSay hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6And Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVCAnd download our videos on itunes: goo.gl/sfwS6n___________________________________________Credits (and Twitter handles):Script Writer: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)Script Editor: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Emily Elert, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroederVideo Credits: Spotted Hyenas Mating - Olivia SpagnuoloImage Credits:Female Spotted Hyena - Kate YoshidaSpotted Hyena Pseudopenis - Kay HolekampStriped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena) - Flickr user Jeanflickr.com/photos/7326810@N08/3091611374Brown Hyena (Parahyaena brunnea) - Bernard DUPONTflickr.com/photos/berniedup/6472940707Proteles cristatus - Dominik Käuferlecommons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Proteles_cristatus1.jpgSquirrel monkey - Wikimedia user Megapixiecommons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Squirrel_monkey-_fuji.jpgRing tailed lemur - Wikimedia user Sannse commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ring_tailed_lemur_and_twins.jpgFossa - Ran Kirliancommons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cryptoprocta_Ferox.JPGBinturong - Tassilo Raucommons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Binturong_in_Overloon.jpg___________________________________________References:Cunha GR, Risbridger G, Wang H, Place NJ, Grumbach M, Cunha TJ, Weldele M, Conley AJ, Barcellos D, Agarwal S, Bhargava A, Drea C, Hammond GL, Siiteri P, Coscia EM, McPhaul MJ, Baskin LS, Glickman SE. (2014) Development of the external genitalia: perspectives from the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). Differentiation. 87(1-2):4-22. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030146811300087X?via%3DihubFrank LG (1997) Evolution of genital masculinization: why do female hyenas have such a large 'penis'? Trends Ecol. Evol. 12:58-62. http://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347(96)10063-XFrank LG and Glickman SE (1994) Giving birth through a penile clitoris: parturition and dystocia in the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta). J. Zool. 234:659–665. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb04871.x/abstractFrank LG, Weldele ML, and Glickman SE (1995) Masculinization costs in hyaenas. Nature 377:584–585. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v377/n6550/abs/377584b0.html?foxtrotcallback=trueGlickman SE, Cunha GR, Drea CM, Conley AJ and Place NJ (2006) Mammalian sexual differentiation: lessons from the spotted hyena. rends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 17 (9): 349–356. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043276006001767Holekamp, KE, personal communication. August and September 2017.Muller MN and Wrangham R (2002) Sexual Mimicry in Hyenas. The Quarterly Review of Biology 77 (1):3-16. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/339199?journalCode=qrb
Trees Won’t Save Us MinuteEarth 2022-12-09 | Special thanks to the Society for Ecological Restoration and its global partners for their support during this production; and to the Convention on Biological Diversity, which is part of the United Nations Environment Programme. Thanks to Kingsley Dixon and the team at Curtin University and the Centres for Mining Restoration and Healing Country for supporting and sponsoring this video.Trees are a super-efficient way to sequester carbon, but since planting the wrong trees in the wrong place can do more harm than good, we need to go about tree planting more carefully.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Afforestation: the process of introducing trees and tree seedlings to an area that has previously not been forested.- Carbon sequestration: a process by which carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere and held in solid or liquid form.- Ecological restoration: the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed.- Moor: wet, upland habitats characterized by low-growing shrubs, grasses, bog-mosses, and damp, peaty soils.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorDavid Goldenberg | DirectorSarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and AnimationNathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Merch | http://dftba.com/minuteearth MinuteEarth Explains Book | minuteearth.com/books Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Bond WJ et al. 2019. The trouble with trees: Afforestation plans for Africa. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 34(11): 963-965. doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.003 Buscardo E et al. 2008. The early effects of afforestation on biodiversity of grasslands in Ireland. Biodiversity and Conservation 17: 1057-1072. doi.org/10.1007/s10531-007-9275-2 Dass, P., et al. 2018. Grasslands may be more reliable carbon sinks than forests in California. Environmental Research Letters 13: 074027. doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aacb39 Di Sacco A, et al. 2021. Ten golden rules for reforestation to optimize carbon sequestration, biodiversity recovery, and livelihood benefits. Global Change Biology 27(7): 1328-1348. doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15498 Ferriera J et al. 2018. Carbon-focused conservation may fail to protect the biodiverse tropical forests. Nature Climate Change 8: 744-749. doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0225-7 Friggens NL et al. 2020. Tree planting on organic soils does not result in net carbon sequestration on decadal time scales. Global Change Biology 26(9): 5178-5188. doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15229 Lewis SL et al. 2019. Comment: Restoring natural forests is the best way to remove atmospheric carbon. Nature 568: 25-28. doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01026-8 Hua F. 2022. The biodiversity and ecosystem service contributions and trade-offs of forest restoration approaches. Science 376 (6595): 839-844. science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abl4649 IPCC. 2002. Climate change and biodiversity. IPCC Technical Paper V. tnrf.org/files/E-INFO_IPCC_2002_Climate_Change_and_Biodiversity_0.pdf Jackson RB et al. 2005. Trading water for carbon with biological carbon sequestration. Science 310(5766):1944-1947. doi.org/10.1126/science.1119282 Temperton VM et al. 2019. Step back from the forest and step up to the Bonn Challenge: how a broad ecological perspective can promote successful landscape restoration. Restoration Ecology 27(4): 705-719. doi.org/10.1111/rec.12989 Terrer, C., et al. 2021. A trade-off between plant and soil carbon storage under elevated CO2. Nature 591: 599-603. doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03306-8
Which Is Worse: Underpopulation Or Overpopulation? MinuteEarth 2022-12-06 | This video was made in partnership with Gates Ventures. The human population of the world will soon peak – and then decrease – thanks to a combination of two quickly changing economic and educational trends.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Overpopulation: a situation in which there are too many people for the amount of food, materials, and space available.- Underpopulation: a situation in which there are too few people to realize the economic potential of an area or support its population's standard of living.- Exponential growth: a pattern of data that shows greater increases with passing time, creating the curve of an exponential function.- Extreme poverty: an income below the international poverty line of ~$2/day- Total fertility rate: the average number of children born to each woman over her lifetime.- Population bomb: a theory that the human population would grow faster than available food supplies. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorLizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Merch | http://dftba.com/minuteearth MinuteEarth Explains Book | minuteearth.com/books Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Cohen, J. (1995). Population Growth and Earth's Human Carrying Capacity. Science. 269: 5222. (341-346). science.org/doi/10.1126/science.7618100Pradhan, E. (2015). Female Education and Childbearing: A Closer Look at the Data. World Bank. blogs.worldbank.org/health/female-education-and-childbearing-closer-look-dataState of the World Population 2022. Seeing the Unseen. The Case for Action in the Neglected Crisis of Unintended Pregnancy. unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/EN_SWP22%20report_0.pdfSmeeding, T. (2021) Adjusting to the fertility bust, Science, 346, 6206, (163-164). science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1260504Herrmann, M. (2022). The Global Population Will Soon Reach 8 Billion—Then What? UN Chronicle. un.org/en/un-chronicle/global-population-will-soon-reach-8-billion-then-whatOur World In Data (2019). World Population Growth. ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth Rosling, H. (2018). Factfulness. gapminder.org/factfulness-book
What if We Replaced Nuclear With Potatoes MinuteEarth 2022-11-17 | This video was made in partnership with Gates Ventures.Energy use can be confusing – I mean, how do you compare gasoline in your car to electricity piped to your house? That's why we made these things spud-tacularly simple.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Calorie: the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water through 1°C (now usually defined as 4.1868 joules).- Energy: power derived from the utilization of physical or chemical resources, especially to provide light and heat or to work machines.- Joule: the SI unit of work or energy, equal to the work done by a force of one newton when its point of application moves one meter in the direction of action of the force, equivalent to one 3600th of a watt-hour.- Watt: the SI unit of power, equivalent to one joule per second, corresponding to the power in an electric circuit in which the potential difference is one volt and the current one ampere.- Watt-hour: a measure of electrical energy equivalent to a power consumption of one watt for one hour.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorLizah Van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Merch | http://dftba.com/minuteearth MinuteEarth Explains Book | minuteearth.com/books Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************“All-Electric Vehicles” (2017) fueleconomy.gov/feg/evtech.shtml “Apple’s Electricity Use 2020.” Statista, statista.com/statistics/531938/electricity-consumed-by-apple-inc-globally “Statistical Review of World Energy.” BP Global, 2021, bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html “Cameco U101 - Fuel Manufacturing.” cameco.com/uranium_101/fuel-processing/fuel-manufacturing “FoodData Central.” Usda.gov, 2019, fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170026/nutrients “This Is What It Costs to Light 7 of the Brightest Landmarks in the World for a Year.” Business Insider, businessinsider.com/the-cost-of-lighting-landmarks-around-the-world-2017-7 Ritchie, Hannah, et al. “Energy Production and Consumption.” Our World in Data, 2020, ourworldindata.org/energy-production-consumption "The shipping industry looks for green fuels." Acs.org, 2022, cen.acs.org/environment/greenhouse-gases/shipping-industry-looks-green-fuels/100/i8
How We Learned That Water Isnt An Element MinuteEarth 2022-11-14 | Keep exploring at brilliant.org/MinuteEarth. Get started for free, and hurry – the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.For thousands of years, water was thought to be an element. That is, until some of the greatest chemists in the world managed to crack it open. LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Chemical element: is a species of atoms that have a given number of protons in their nuclei. Chemical elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical reaction. - Atom: is the smallest unit of ordinary matter that forms a chemical element.- Molecule: is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds.- Inflammable air: an old name for hydrogen. - Hydrogen: is the most abundant chemical substance in the universe. Early chemists identified hydrogen gas because it was colorless, odorless and highly combustible. Hydrogen means "maker of water" in Greek.- Dephlogisticated air: an old name for oxygen.- Oxygen: is Earth's most abundant element. Early chemists identified oxygen gas because it was colorless, odorless and was essential for respiration and combustion.- Diatomic molecules: are molecules composed of only two atoms, of the same or different chemical elements. At standard conditions, both hydrogen and oxygen are gasses of diatomic molecules (H2 and O2, respectively).- Water: is an inorganic, transparent, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life. Its chemical formula, H2O, indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms.- Combustion (or burning): is a chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidizing agent (like oxygen gas), that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke. - Electrolysis: is a technique that uses direct electric current to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction. - Avogadro's Law (sometimes referred to as Avogadro's hypothesis): is an experimental gas law that states that equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperature and pressure, have the same number of molecules.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Ever Salazar | Co-writer, Narrator and Co-directorCameron Duke | Co-writer and Co-directorArcadi Garcia Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and AnimationNathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Merch | http://dftba.com/minuteearth MinuteEarth Explains Book | minuteearth.com/books Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Cavendish, H. (1784), XIII. Experiments on air. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 74:119–153. doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1784.0014 Watt, J. (1784), XXV. Thoughts on the constituent parts of water and of dephlogisticated air. Phil. Trans. R. Soc.74. 329–353. doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1784.0026 Lavoisier, A. (1789). Elements of Chemistry. Chapter VIII, p.87-102. gutenberg.org/ebooks/30775 (Original: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8615746s)Dalton, J. (1808). A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part II, Chapter V, Section 1, p.272-276 and p.561 (Plate 5). doi.org/10.5479/sil.324338.39088000885681 Cannizzaro, S. (1858). Sketch of a Course of Chemical Philosophy. p.321. archive.org/details/sketchofcourseof00cannrich James Watt, and the Discovery of the Composition of Water. Nature 57:546–551 (1898). doi.org/10.1038/057546b0 West, J. B. (2014), Henry Cavendish (1731–1810): hydrogen, carbon dioxide, water, and weighing the world. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 307: L1–L6. doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00067.2014 Held, L. (2017). Avogadro's Hypothesis after 200 Years. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(10), 1718 - 1722. doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2017.051007 Katz, E. (2021), Electrochemical contributions: William Nicholson (1753–1815). Electrochem. Sci. Adv., 1: e2160003. doi.org/10.1002/elsa.202160003
There’s No Such Thing As “Warm-” Or “Cold-” Blooded MinuteEarth 2022-11-01 | Thanks to Wondrium for sponsoring today's video! Signup for your FREE trial to Wondrium here: http://ow.ly/8i0L50L1imgThe concept of warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals is outdated because there are actually tons of different animal thermoregulation strategies. LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Thermoregulation: the strategy through which the body maintains its internal temperature.- Endotherm: an animal that generates most of its heat internally.- Ectotherm: an animal that relies on environmental heat sources.- Mesotherm: an animal with an intermediate heat generating strategy.- Poikilotherm: an animal whose internal temperature varies considerably.- Heterotherm: an animal that sometimes keeps its body temperature the same and sometimes lets it vary.- Homeotherm: an animal whose internal temperature does not change much.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorSarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Merch | http://dftba.com/minuteearth MinuteEarth Explains Book | minuteearth.com/books Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Tøien, Ø., Blake, J. & Barnes, B.M. Thermoregulation and energetics in hibernating black bears: metabolic rate and the mystery of multi-day body temperature cycles. J Comp Physiol B 185, 447–461 (2015). doi.org/10.1007/s00360-015-0891-y Paladino, F.V., O’Connor, M.P., Spotila, J.R. 1990. Metabolism of Leatherback Turtles, Gigantothermy, and Thermoregulation of Dinosaurs. Nature. Vol.344;858-860. REtrieved from: nature.com/articles/344858a0 Morrissette, J.M. (2003). Characterization of ryanodine receptor and Ca2+-ATPase isoforms in the thermogenic heater organ of blue marlin (Makaira nigricans). Journal of Experimental Biology, 206(5), 805-812. Retrieved from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12547935 Polymeropoulos, Elias. (2022) Personal Communication. University of Tasmania. https://www.utas.edu.au/profiles/staff/imas/elias-polymeropoulos
Mushroom Wars MinuteEarth 2022-10-26 | To learn more about the research behind this video, visit Peter Kennedy's lab at https://cbs.umn.edu/kennedy-lab Two mushroom guilds with vastly different strategies are locked in competition for forest dominance.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Fungi: Members of a eukaryotic kingdom that have chitin in their cell walls and do not photosynthesize.- Ectomycorrhizal Fungi: Fungi that form a symbiotic relationship with the roots of certain trees.- Symbiosis: A close and long-term relationship between two unlike organisms.- Saprotrophic Fungi: Fungi that decompose the remains of other biological entities.- Gadgil Effect: The phenomenon that occurs when saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi compete in forest soils.- Volatile Organic Compounds: Organic compounds that easily evaporate at room temperature.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Merch | http://dftba.com/minuteearth MinuteEarth Explains Book | minuteearth.com/books Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Streiblová, E., Gryndlerová, H. and Gryndler, M. (2012), Truffle brûlé: an efficient fungal life strategy. FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 80: 1-8. doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01283.x Fernandez, C.W. and Kennedy, P.G. (2016), Revisiting the ‘Gadgil effect’: do interguild fungal interactions control carbon cycling in forest soils?. New Phytol, 209: 1382-1394. doi.org/10.1111/nph.13648 Ogura-Tsujita, Y., Yukawa, T. & Kinoshita, A. Evolutionary histories and mycorrhizal associations of mycoheterotrophic plants dependent on saprotrophic fungi. J Plant Res 134, 19–41 (2021). doi.org/10.1007/s10265-020-01244-6 Miyauchi, S., Kiss, E., Kuo, A. et al. Large-scale genome sequencing of mycorrhizal fungi provides insights into the early evolution of symbiotic traits. Nat Commun 11, 5125 (2020). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18795-w Varga, T., Krizsán, K., Földi, C. et al. Megaphylogeny resolves global patterns of mushroom evolución. Nat Ecol Evol 3, 668–678 (2019). doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0834-1 Kennedy, Peter. (2022) Personal Communication. University of Minnesota, College of Biological Sciences. https://cbs.umn.edu/kennedy-lab
The Couch Candy Protocol MinuteEarth 2022-10-17 | Thanks to the ASCEND project for partnering with us on this video! How do you count things you don't know about?LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with this keyword: - Species accumulation curve: a graph recording the cumulative number of species recorded as a function of the cumulative effort expended searching for them.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorLizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Merch | http://dftba.com/minuteearth MinuteEarth Explains Book | minuteearth.com/books Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Beech E, Rivers M, Oldfield S, Smith PP (2017) Global Tree Search: The first complete global database of tree species and country distributions. J. Sustain. For. 36, 454–489. doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2017.1310049 Cazzolla Gatti, R, et al. (2022) The number of tree species on Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 119 (6): e2115329119. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115329119 Chao, A. and Chiu, C. H. (2016). Species richness: estimation andcomparison. Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online. 1-26. http://chao.stat.nthu.edu.tw/wordpress/paper/119.pdfChiu CH, Chao A (2016) Estimating and comparing microbial diversity in the presence of sequencing errors. PeerJ 4, e1634. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1634 ter Steege, H., et al. (2013) Hyperdominance in the Amazonian tree flora. Science 342, 1243092 doi.org/10.1126/science.1243092
The Plant You Don’t Have To Water MinuteEarth 2022-10-06 | Some plants can drink water from the air - and that has some weird effects on the forests where they live.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Epiphyte: a plant that grows on another plant but does not feed from itSUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorLizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos | MusicThanks to Prof. Jon Van Stan for sharing his expertise in wet plants: twitter.com/Prof_Van_Stan MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Merch | http://dftba.com/minuteearth MinuteEarth Explains Book | minuteearth.com/books Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Gotsch, S., Nadkarni, N., & Amici, A. (2016). The functional roles of epiphytes and arboreal soils in tropical montane cloud forests. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 32(5), 455-468. doi.org/10.1017/S026646741600033X Hargis H, Gotsch SG, Porada P, Moore GW, Ferguson B, Van Stan JT II. (2019) Arboreal Epiphytes in the Soil-Atmosphere Interface: How Often Are the Biggest “Buckets” in the Canopy Empty? Geosciences 9(8):342. doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9080342 Hembre K, Meyer A, Route T, Glauser A and Stanton DE (2021) Stand-Level Variation Drives Canopy Water Storage by Non-vascular Epiphytes Across a Temperate-Boreal Ecotone. Front. For. Glob. Change 4:704190. doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2021.704190 Nadkarni, N. M. (1984). Epiphyte Biomass and Nutrient Capital of a Neotropical Elfin Forest. Biotropica, 16(4), 249–256. doi.org/10.2307/2387932 Porada, P., Van Stan, J.T. & Kleidon, A. (2018). Significant contribution of non-vascular vegetation to global rainfall interception. Nature Geosci 11, 563–567. doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0176-7 Stanton, D.E., Huallpa Chávez, J., Villegas, L., Villasante, F., Armesto, J., Hedin, L.O. and Horn, H. (2014), Epiphytes improve host plant water use by microenvironment modification. Funct Ecol, 28: 1274-1283. doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12249 Stuntz, S., Simon, U. & Zotz, G. (2002) Rainforest air-conditioning: the moderating influence of epiphytes on the microclimate in tropical tree crowns. Int J Biometeorol 46, 53–59. doi.org/10.1007/s00484-001-0117-8
We Have No Idea Why MinuteEarth 2022-09-29 | Offset your carbon footprint on Wren: wren.co/start/minuteearth The first 100 people who sign up will have 10 extra trees planted in their name!Also, our shop is getting a glow-up! Check out our shiny new story-based merch at dftba.com/minuteearthMost animals on earth are bioluminescent, but almost all of them live in the ocean - and scientists aren’t sure why.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Bioluminescence: the biochemical emission of light by living organisms such as fireflies and deep-sea fishes.- Biofluorescence: The emission of previously absorbed light by fluorescent proteins in a living organism.- Luciferin: an organic substance, present in luminescent organisms such as fireflies, that produces light when oxidized by the action of the enzyme luciferase.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorSarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and AnimationAldo de Vos | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Merch | http://dftba.com/minuteearth MinuteEarth Explains Book | minuteearth.com/books Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Belkin, S. Bioluminescence Fundamentals and Applications in Biotechnology - Volume 1. Berlin Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag GmbH, 2014.Davis, Matthew P., et al. “Repeated and Widespread Evolution of Bioluminescence in Marine Fishes.” PLOS ONE, vol. 11, no. 6, 8 June 2016, p. e0155154, doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155154 Delroisse, Jérôme, et al. “Leaving the Dark Side? Insights into the Evolution of Luciferases.” Frontiers in Marine Science, vol. 8, 30 June 2021, doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.673620 Griffiths, Mansel W. “ATP BIOLUMINESCENCE | Application in Hygiene Monitoring.” Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, 1999, pp. 94–101, doi.org/10.1006/rwfm.1999.0085 Haddock, Steven. Senior Scientist, Monterrey Bay Aquarium - Personal Communication.Hellinger, Jens, et al. “The Flashlight Fish Anomalops Katoptron Uses Bioluminescent Light to Detect Prey in the Dark.” PLOS ONE, vol. 12, no. 2, 8 Feb. 2017, p. e0170489, doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170489 Marek, Paul, et al. “Bioluminescent Aposematism in Millipedes.” Current Biology, vol. 21, no. 18, Sept. 2011, pp. R680–R681, doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.012 Martini, Séverine, et al. “Distribution and Quantification of Bioluminescence as an Ecological Trait in the Deep Sea Benthos.” Scientific Reports, vol. 9, no. 1, 10 Oct. 2019, doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50961-z Martini, Séverine, and Steven H. D. Haddock. “Quantification of Bioluminescence from the Surface to the Deep Sea Demonstrates Its Predominance as an Ecological Trait.” Scientific Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, 4 Apr. 2017, doi.org/10.1038/srep45750 Mofford, David M., et al. “Latent Luciferase Activity in the Fruit Fly Revealed by a Synthetic Luciferin.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 111, no. 12, 10 Mar. 2014, pp. 4443–4448, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1319300111 Yirka, Bob. “Researchers Seek to Explain Why There Are so Few Land Dwelling Bioluminescent Species.” Phys.org, Phys.org, 23 Aug. 2012, phys.org/news/2012-08-bioluminescent-species.html
When 90dB is LOUDER than 120dB MinuteEarth 2022-09-15 | Learn to use your career to make a difference at 80000hours.org/minuteearthWe often use decibels, a measure of sound pressure, to describe how loud something is - but loudness is caused by how we perceive sounds, and the two often don't line up.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Decibels (dB): a unit used to measure changes in pressure or power.- Loudness: the intensity with which a sound is perceived.- Weighted decibels (dBA): decibels that try to take into account our sensitivity for different frequencies to better approximate loudness.- Frequency: the rate at which something occurs. In the context of sound it usually means 'sound waves per second'.- Audible: perceptible for the human ear.- High sound: a sound that has a high (fast) frequency- Low sound: a sound that has a low (slow) frequency- Resonance: When multiple things have a similar frequency they will tend to move together and amplify each other.- Echolocation: Using sound to "see". Bats use this to hunt in the dark.- Equal loudness contours: Curves that show the sensitivity of the human ear along the frequency spectrum.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Aldo de Vos | Script Writing, Illustration, Animation, and MusicKate Yoshida | Script EditorCameron Duke | Director and Narrator MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Hawkins, Joseph E. “Human Ear | Structure, Function, & Parts.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 Oct. 2018, www.britannica.com/science/ear.Suzuki, Yôiti, and Hisashi Takeshima. “Equal-Loudness-Level Contours for Pure Tones.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 116, no. 2, Aug. 2004, pp. 918–933, 10.1121/1.1763601.Tosi, Patrizia, et al. “Earthquake Sound Perception.” Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 39, no. 24, 19 Dec. 2012, 10.1029/2012gl054382.
Why Weather Forecasts Suck MinuteEarth 2022-08-25 | Find out how DeepMind is working to improve “nowcasting” – deepmind.com/blog/nowcasting-the-next-hour-of-rain – and learn more about their scholarship program – deepmind.com/scholarships There are two types of rain, and one of them is almost impossible to forecast.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:- Front: a boundary separating air masses of different characteristics, such as air density, wind, temperature, and humidity- Frontal rainfall: occurs when a warm air mass comes in contact with a colder air mass- Convectional rainfall: occurs when the sun's energy heats the surface of the Earth, causing water to evaporate to form water vapour- Nowcasting: weather forecasting limited to periods less than a few hours SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer and DirectorKate Yoshida | DirectorCameron Duke | NarratorArcadi Garcia i Ruis | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Ravuri, S., Lenc, K., Willson, M. et al. (2021) Skilful precipitation nowcasting using deep generative models of radar. Nature 597, 672–677. doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03854-z Simonin D, Pierce C, Roberts N, Ballard SP and Li Z (2017) Performance of Met Office hourly cycling NWP-based nowcasting for precipitation forecasts. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 143 (708): 2862-2873. doi.org/10.1002/qj.3136 Sun J, Xue M, Wilson JW, Zawadzki I, Ballard SP, Onvlee-Hooimeyer J, Joe P, Barker DM, Li P, Golding B, Xu M, & Pinto J (2014). Use of NWP for Nowcasting Convective Precipitation: Recent Progress and Challenges, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 95(3): 409-426. doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00263.1 Weckwerth T, Parsons DB, Koch SE, Moore JA, Lemone MA, et al. (2004). An Overview of the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) and Some Preliminary Highlights. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society 85 (2): 253 - 277. doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-85-2-253 Wilson, JW, & Roberts RD (2006). Summary of Convective Storm Initiation and Evolution during IHOP: Observational and Modeling Perspective, Monthly Weather Review, 134(1): 23-47. doi.org/10.1175/MWR3069.1 Ye H, Fetzer EJ, Wong S, and Lambrigtsen BH (2017). Rapid decadal convective precipitation increase over Eurasia during the last three decades of the 20th century. Science Advances 3: e1600944. doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600944
What Happens When A Volcano Meets a Glacier? MinuteEarth 2022-08-19 | Sign up for your FREE trial to Wondrium here: http://ow.ly/aZqY30spaZ6Volcanoes might seem like an unstoppable force of nature - but there is at least one OTHER force on Earth that seems to be able to keep them down.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Decompression Melting: Mantle melting that involves the upward movement of Earth's mostly-solid mantle.- Flux Melting: Melting that occurs when water and other volatile components are introduced to hot solid rock.- Glaciation: the process, condition, or result of being covered by glaciers or ice sheets.- Magma: Hot fluid or semifluid material below or within the earth's crust from which lava and other igneous rock is formed on cooling.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorSarah Berman and Lizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Aubry, Thomas J., et al. “Impact of Climate Change on Volcanic Processes: Current Understanding and Future Challenges.” Bulletin of Volcanology, vol. 84, no. 6, 18 May 2022, doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01562-8 Cooper, Claire L., et al. “Evaluating the Relationship between Climate Change and Volcanism.” Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 177, 1 Feb. 2018, pp. 238–247, doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.11.009 Huybers, Peter, and Charles Langmuir. “Feedback between Deglaciation, Volcanism, and Atmospheric CO2.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 286, no. 3-4, Sept. 2009, pp. 479–491, doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.014 Huybers, Peter, and Charles H. Langmuir. “Delayed CO2 Emissions from Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanism as a Possible Cause of Late-Pleistocene Glacial Cycles.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 457, Jan. 2017, pp. 238–249, doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.09.021 Jull, M., and D. McKenzie. “The Effect of Deglaciation on Mantle Melting beneath Iceland.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol. 101, no. B10, 10 Oct. 1996, pp. 21815–21828, doi.org/10.1029/96jb01308 Maclennan, J., et al. “The Link between Volcanism and Deglaciation in Iceland.” Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol. 3, no. 11, Nov. 2002, pp. 1–25, doi.org/10.1029/2001gc000282 Praetorius, Summer, et al. “Interaction between Climate, Volcanism, and Isostatic Rebound in Southeast Alaska during the Last Deglaciation.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 452, 15 Oct. 2016, pp. 79–89, doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.07.033 Rawson, Harriet, et al. “The Magmatic and Eruptive Response of Arc Volcanoes to Deglaciation: Insights from Southern Chile.” Geology, vol. 44, no. 4, 24 Feb. 2016, pp. 251–254, doi.org/10.1130/g37504.1 Swindles, Graeme T., et al. “Climatic Control on Icelandic Volcanic Activity during the Mid-Holocene.” Geology, vol. 46, no. 1, 1 Jan. 2018, pp. 47–50, doi.org/10.1130/G39633.1 Watt, Sebastian F.L., et al. “The Volcanic Response to Deglaciation: Evidence from Glaciated Arcs and a Reassessment of Global Eruption Records.” Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 122, July 2013, pp. 77–102, doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.03.007
MinuteEarth Explains: Birds MinuteEarth 2022-08-15 | This summer, we partnered with Nate Senner of the University of Massachusetts Amherst and Tebughna School in Beluga, Alaska to make this series of videos all about how, why, and where birds migrate. We had so much fun making these videos that we decided to make them available for free to anyone and everyone who is curious about the secrets birds hold. Enjoy!LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Adaptation: a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.- Bird Banding: the practice of catching birds, marking them with an identifying band around the leg, and then releasing them.- Light Level Geolocator: a lightweight, electronic archival tracking device, usually used in bird migration research to map migration routes, identify important staging areas, and sometimes provide additional ecological information.- Migration: seasonal movement of animals from one region to another.- Physiology: the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writing, Narration, and Directing David Goldenberg | Script Writing and DirectingLizah van der Aart | Illustration and AnimationEver Salazar | Video EditingAldo de Vos | MusicNathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earthWebsite | minuteearth.com REFERENCES**************Both, Christiaan, and Marcel E. Visser. “Adjustment to Climate Change Is Constrained by Arrival Date in a Long-Distance Migrant Bird.” Nature, vol. 411, no. 6835, May 2001, pp. 296–298, 10.1038/35077063Chernetsov, Nikita, et al. “Migratory Orientation of First-Year White Storks (Ciconia Ciconia): Inherited Information and Social Interactions.” Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 207, no. 6, 22 Feb. 2004, pp. 937–943, 10.1242/jeb.00853 Farnsworth, Andrew, et al. “A Comparison of Nocturnal Call Counts of Migrating Birds and Reflectivity Measurements on Doppler Radar.” Journal of Avian Biology, vol. 35, no. 4, July 2004, pp. 365–369, 10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03180.x.Gilchrist, Grant, et al. “Can Local Ecological Knowledge Contribute to Wildlife Management? Case Studies of Migratory Birds.” Ecology and Society, vol. 10, no. 1, 2005, www.jstor.org/stable/26267752. Gill, Frank B. Ornithology. New York, W.H. Freeman, 1995.Gill, Robert E., et al. “Crossing the Ultimate Ecological Barrier: Evidence for an 11000-Km-Long Nonstop Flight from Alaska to New Zealand and Eastern Australia by Bar-Tailed Godwits.” Condor, vol. 107, no. 1, 1 Feb. 2005, pp. 1–20, doi.org/10.1650/7613Greenwood, Jeremy J. D. “Citizens, Science and Bird Conservation.” Journal of Ornithology, vol. 148, no. S1, 10 Nov. 2007, pp. 77–124, 10.1007/s10336-007-0239-9“Lift from Flow Turning.” Nasa.gov, 2018, www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/right2.htmlOrellana-Macías, José M., et al. “Shifts in Crane Migration Phenology Associated with Climate Change in Southwestern Europe.” Avian Conservation and Ecology, vol. 15, no. 1, 2020, 10.5751/ace-01565-150116“Satellite Telemetry and Its Impact on the Study of Animal Migration | Learn Science at Scitable” www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/satellite-telemetry-and-its-impact-on-the-94842487Strikwerda, T. E., et al. “Bird-Borne Satellite Transmitter and Location Program.” Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, vol. 7, no. 2, 1986, pp. 203–208, pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/5221497“The Bar-Tailed Godwit’s Annual Migration Is Utterly Astounding.” Audubon, 1 Sept. 2017, www.audubon.org/news/the-bar-tailed-godwits-annual-migration-utterly-astounding“The Basics of Bird Migration: How, Why, and Where.” All about Birds, 1 Aug. 2021, www.allaboutbirds.org/news/the-basics-how-why-and-where-of-bird-migration“Theories about Migration | Understanding Migration.” The RSPB, www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/natures-home-magazine/birds-and-wildlife-articles/migration/understanding-migration“To the Ends of the Earth | National Geographic Society.” education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ends-earthUrry, Lisa A, et al. Campbell Biology. 11th ed., New York, Ny, Pearson Education, Inc, 2017.
How Do Abortion Pills Work? MinuteEarth 2022-08-03 | You may have heard of "abortion pills" - here's what these medications are and what they do (and don't do). RESOURCES:**************More Information:WHO Guidelines: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/332334/WHO-SRH-20.11-eng.pdfKaiser Family Foundation Factsheet:kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-availability-and-use-of-medication-abortionDoctors Without Borders Video Series:doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/how-ensure-safe-abortion-pillsPlanned Parenthood Factsheet:plannedparenthood.org/learn/abortion/the-abortion-pillAbortion Pill Info from SASS:abortionpillinfo.org/en/using-abortion-pills-for-safe-abortion-usaLegality:Abortion Laws by Country:reproductiverights.org/maps/worlds-abortion-lawsAbortion Laws by US State:reproductiverights.org/maps/abortion-laws-by-stateAbortion Pill Laws By US State:guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/medication-abortionLegal Helpline:reprolegalhelpline.orgLEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Medication abortion/pill-based abortion: an abortion that uses pills, rather than surgical intervention- Self-managed abortion: a pill-based abortion done by an individual without medical guidance- Progesterone: a hormone made by the body that plays a role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy- Cervix: the narrow passage forming the lower end of the uterus- Contraction: a shortening of the uterine muscles SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Abubeker FA, Lavelanet A, Rodriguez MI, Kim C. (2020). Medical termination for pregnancy in early first trimester (≤ 63 days) using combination of mifepristone and misoprostol or misoprostol alone: a systematic review. BMC Womens Health 20(1):142. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32635921Allen R & O'Brien BM. (2009) Uses of misoprostol in obstetrics and gynecology. Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2(3):159-68. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2760893American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology, Society of Family Planning. (2020). Medication Abortion Up to 70 Days of Gestation: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 225. Obstetrics and Gynecology 136(4):e31-e47.https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2020/10/medication-abortion-up-to-70-days-of-gestationCadepond F, Ulmann A, Baulieu EE. (1997). RU486 (mifepristone): mechanisms of action and clinical uses. Annu Rev Med. 48:129-56. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9046951Garris R & Kirkwood, C (1989). Misoprostol: A prostaglandin E1 analogue. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 46 (10): 2162–2170. academic.oup.com/ajhp/article-abstract/46/10/2162/5174740Papp C, Schatz F, Krikun G, Hausknecht V, Lockwood CJ. (2000) Biological mechanisms underlying the clinical effects of mifepristone (RU 486) on the endometrium. Early Pregnancy 4(4):230-9. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11742418Pierce S, Bakker R, Myers DA, Edwards RK. (2018) Clinical Insights for Cervical Ripening and Labor Induction Using Prostaglandins. AJP Rep. 8(4):e307-e314. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6205862Schreiber CA, Creinin MD, Atrio J, Sonalkar S, Ratcliffe SJ, Barnhart KT. (2018) Mifepristone Pretreatment for the Medical Management of Early Pregnancy Loss. N Engl J Med 378(23):2161-2170. nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa1715726
Why Continents Are High MinuteEarth 2022-07-29 | Learn to use your career to make a difference at 80000hours.org/minuteearthLots of geological forces need to come together for continents to form, but they all require one ingredient: water.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Tectonic plate: Earth’s rigid outer layer is broken up into a bunch of pieces, called tectonic plates. Usually people think of tectonic plates as the Earth’s crust, but the plates are actually made of the crust PLUS the very top of the mantle, which is cool enough to be rigid and hard and stuck to the crust. The crust and the top of the mantle together are called the “lithosphere.” Underneath that is a part of the mantle called the “asthenosphere,” which is the part that oozes and flows.- Subduction Zone: The area where two tectonic plates collide and the denser of the two is forced under and dives down into Earth’s mantle. - Mariana Trench: The subduction zone where the Pacific Plate slides under the Philippine Plate. The edge of the Philippine plate is kind of pulled down in the process, creating a deep crevice in Earth’s surface, known as a deep ocean trench. The Mariana Trench is the deepest ocean trench in the world. - Granite: A type of igneous rock formed when magma cools slowly underground (creating relatively large crystals). Granite is different from other igneous rocks like basalt because it has a higher percentage of low-density minerals like quartz and feldspar. - Oceanic-Continental Convergent Plate Boundary: The boundary between a tectonic plate made of oceanic lithosphere and a tectonic plate made of continental lithosphere. At these “convergent” plate boundaries, the two plates are colliding, and the oceanic plate is forced to subduct, or sink, under the continental plate. - Ring of Fire: A long stretch around the Pacific Ocean where plates are colliding. The majority of volcanoes and earthquakes in the world take place along the Ring of Fire. - Silicate minerals: These are the low-density minerals like quartz and feldspar. They contain SiO2. Because silicate minerals are thick/viscous when melted, magma with lots of silica in it forms very explosive volcanoes, like Mt. St. Helens and Mt. Tambora. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Emily Elert | Script Writer and NarratorKate Yoshida | DirectorSarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Collins, W.J, et al. (2020). Critical role of water in the formation of continental crust. Nature Geoscience 13, 331–338. Retrieved from: nature.com/articles/s41561-020-0573-6Collins, W.J. (2022) Personal communication.Supercontinent History: wikiwand.com/en/Supercontinent_cycleContinental Record and Formation of Continental Crust: pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article/125/1-2/14/125831/The-continental-record-and-the-generation-of Continental Crust book chapter: https://geosci.uchicago.edu/~archer/deep_earth_readings/stein.2007.cont_crust_growth_rev.pdf
Our Lungs Have A Fatal Flaw MinuteEarth 2022-07-22 | Get started mitigating your carbon footprint with Wren at wren.co/start/minuteearthOur respiratory systems do a great job of protecting us, but they are no match for the smallest pollution particles created by the modern world.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Alveolus: any of the many tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange.- Bronchiole: any of the minute branches into which a bronchus divides.- PM 2.5: tiny particles or droplets in the air that are two and one half microns or less in width.- PM 10: inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 10 micrometers and smaller.- Nasopharynx: the upper part of the pharynx, connecting with the nasal cavity above the soft palate.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************“Data Review: How Many People Die from Air Pollution?” Our World in Data, ourworldindata.org/data-review-air-pollution-deaths“Fine Particles (PM 2.5) Questions and Answers” www.health.ny.gov/environmental/indoors/air/pmq_a.htmHiraiwa, Kunihiko, and Stephan F. van Eeden. “Contribution of Lung Macrophages to the Inflammatory Responses Induced by Exposure to Air Pollutants.” Mediators of Inflammation, vol. 2013, 2013, pp. 1–10, 10.1155/2013/619523.Hofmann, Werner. “Modelling Inhaled Particle Deposition in the Human Lung—a Review.” Journal of Aerosol Science, vol. 42, no. 10, 1 Oct. 2011, pp. 693–724, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850211000875, 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.05.007.“Particle Deposition - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics.” Www.sciencedirect.com, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/particle-depositionSchwab, Jan-Alexander, and Matthias Zenkel. “Filtration of Particulates in the Human Nose.” The Laryngoscope, vol. 108, no. 1, Jan. 1998, pp. 120–124, 10.1097/00005537-199801000-00023US EPA, OAR. “Indoor Particulate Matter.” US EPA, 15 Aug. 2014, epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-particulate-matterUS EPA, OAR. “Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Trends | US EPA.” US EPA, 19 July 2016, www.epa.gov/air-trends/particulate-matter-pm25-trends
Vampire Life is Hard MinuteEarth 2022-06-29 | This video was made in partnership with Bill Gates. Blood-suckers may seem like they have it easy, but feeding on blood comes with a lot of challenges.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Hematophagy: the practice by some species of feeding on the blood of other animals.- Hemoglobin: a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.- Free radicals: unstable atoms that can damage cells.- Anticoagulant: a substance that inhibits the coagulation of the blood.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorSarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and AnimationAldo de Vos | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich Henry Reich • Peter Reich • Ever SalazarLeonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Akhoundi M, Sereno D, Marteau A, Bruel C, Izri A. (2020). Who Bites Me? A Tentative Discriminative Key to Diagnose Hematophagous Ectoparasites Biting Using Clinical Manifestations. Diagnostics 10: 308. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7277957Benoit JB, Denlinger DL. (2010) Meeting the challenges of on-host and off-host water balance in blood-feeding arthropods. Journal of Insect Physiology 56(10):1366-76. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2918697Graça-Souza AV, Maya-Monteiro C, Paiva-Silva GO, Braz GR, Paes MC, Sorgine MH, Oliveira MF, Oliveira PL. (2006). Adaptations against heme toxicity in blood-feeding arthropods. Insect Biochemistry % Molecular Biology 36(4):322-35. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16551546Gillespie RD, Mbow ML, Titus RG (2000) The immunomodulatory factors of bloodfeeding arthropod saliva. Parasite immunology 22: 319–331. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-3024.2000.00309.xKakumanu R, Hodgson WC, Ravi R, Alagon A, Harris RJ, Brust A, Alewood PF, Kemp-Harper BK, Fry BG. (2019). Vampire Venom: Vasodilatory Mechanisms of Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus) Blood Feeding. Toxins 11(1):26. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6356263Pishchany G, Skaar EP. Taste for blood: hemoglobin as a nutrient source for pathogens. PLoS pathogens. 8(8). journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1002535Toh, SQ, Glanfield, A, Gobert, GN et al. (2010). Heme and blood-feeding parasites: friends or foes?. Parasites Vectors 3:108. parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-3305-3-108
Do Other Diseases Have Long Versions? MinuteEarth 2022-06-21 | This video was made in partnership with Bill Gates. COVID isn’t the only virus to cause long-lasting symptoms. Other viruses - including the flu - can have similar enduring effects on our tissues and immune systems.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Sequelae: Chronic complications of an acute condition.- RSV: Respiratory Syncytial Virus infects a majority of children before the age of two.- SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome is a coronavirus-caused respiratory disease responsible for an outbreak in 2002-2003. - Cytokine Storm: A sudden increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines that causes a severe immune reaction.- Fibrosis: Pathological wound healing that leads to the formation of scar tissue.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and AnimationAldo de Vos | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich Henry Reich • Peter Reich • Ever SalazarLeonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Sigal, M. (2021) What is causing the ‘long-hauler’ phenomenon after COVID-19? Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 88 (5): 273-288. Retrieved from: ccjm.org/content/88/5/273Wu, P., & Hartert, T. V. (2011). Evidence for a causal relationship between respiratory syncytial virus infection and asthma. Expert review of anti-infective therapy, 9(9), 731–745. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.1586/eri.11.92Gao, B., Xiang, X. (2019) Interleukin-22 from bench to bedside: a promising drug for epithelial repair. Cell Mol Immunol 16, 666–667. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.1038/s41423-018-0055-6Haseltine, W. (2022). New Clues To Long Covid: Prolonged Inflammatory Response. Forbes. Retrieved from: forbes.com/sites/williamhaseltine/2022/01/25/new-clues-to-long-covid-prolonged-inflammatory-response/?sh=7902b7d8765cMarshall, M. (2020). The lasting misery of coronavirus long-haulers. Nature. 585, 339-341. Retrieved from: nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02598-6Cipolla EM, Huckestein BR, Alcorn JF. (2020) Influenza sequelae: from immune modulation to persistent alveolitis. Clin Sci (Lond). 2020 Jul 17;134(13):1697-1714. Retrieved from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32648583 Alcorn, John. (2022) Personal Communication. University of Pittsburgh, Department of Immunology. https://www.immunology.pitt.edu/person/john-f-alcorn-phd
The Actual Reason Men Die First MinuteEarth 2022-05-31 | Sign up for your FREE trial to Wondrium here: http://ow.ly/vFtO30siJJTBecause females often outlive males, behavior is often blamed - but there is a decent chance our sex chromosomes might be to blame instead.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Chromosome: a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.- Gene: the basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child.- Mutation: the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.- Recessive allele: a type of allele which will not be manifested in an individual unless both of the individual's copies of that gene have that particular genotype.- Transposon: a chromosomal segment that can undergo transposition, especially a segment of bacterial DNA that can be translocated as a whole between chromosomal, phage, and plasmid DNA in the absence of a complementary sequence in the host DNA.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writer and DirectorKate Yoshida | Narrator and DirectorSarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich • Ever SalazarLeonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Austad, Steven N., and Kathleen E. Fischer. “Sex Differences in Lifespan.” Cell Metabolism, vol. 23, no. 6, June 2016, pp. 1022–1033, 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.019.Bronikowski, Anne M., et al. “Sex‐Specific Aging in Animals: Perspective and Future Directions.” Aging Cell, vol. 21, no. 2, 23 Jan. 2022, 10.1111/acel.13542.Nguyen, Alison H., and Doris Bachtrog. “Toxic Y Chromosome: Increased Repeat Expression and Age-Associated Heterochromatin Loss in Male Drosophila with a Young Y Chromosome.” PLOS Genetics, vol. 17, no. 4, 22 Apr. 2021, p. e1009438, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009438.Peona, Valentina, et al. “The Avian W Chromosome Is a Refugium for Endogenous Retroviruses with Likely Effects on Female-Biased Mutational Load and Genetic Incompatibilities.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 376, no. 1833, 26 July 2021, p. 20200186, 10.1098/rstb.2020.0186.Sultanova, Zahida, et al. “Genetic Sex Determination and Sex-Specific Lifespan in Tetrapods – Evidence of a Toxic Y Effect.” BioRxiv, 9 Mar. 2020, www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.983700v1.full, doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.09.983700.Sultanova, Zahida, et al. “The “Unguarded-X” and the Genetic Architecture of Lifespan: Inbreeding Results in a Potentially Maladaptive Sex-Specific Reduction of Female Lifespan In Drosophila Melanogaster.” Evolution, vol. 72, no. 3, 2 Feb. 2018, pp. 540–552, 10.1111/evo.13426.Sultanova, Zahida. (2022). Personal communication.Xirocostas, Zoe A., et al. “The Sex with the Reduced Sex Chromosome Dies Earlier: A Comparison across the Tree of Life.” Biology Letters, vol. 16, no. 3, Mar. 2020, p. 20190867, 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0867.Xirocostas, Zoe A. (2022). Personal communication.
Why Is There So Much Land In The North? MinuteEarth 2022-05-26 | Watch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at curiositystream.com/minuteearthMost of Earth’s land is currently in the northern hemisphere because we happen to exist in a time where uneven heating in the mantle has pushed many continental plates northward.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Continental drift: An early theory of land movement that posited that the continents floated on the ocean bed. - Tetrahedral hypothesis: An early theory that attempted to explain the arrangement of Earth’s continents and oceans based on the geometry of a tetrahedron.- Plate tectonics: The generally accepted theory that the Earth’s surface is made up of a series of tectonic plates that slowly move around on top of the mantle.- Pangea: The most recent supercontinent to form on Earth, during the late Paleozoic era. - Great Rift Valley: A series of contiguous geographic trenches between two tectonic plates where humans first evolved.- Aurica: A potential future supercontinent predicted to form in about 200 million years.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorLizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich Henry Reich • Peter Reich • Ever SalazarLeonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Yoshida, M., Hamano, Y. (2015). Pangea breakup and northward drift of the Indian subcontinent reproduced by a numerical model of mantle convection. Scientific Reports 5, 8407. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.1038/srep08407Morton, M.C. (2017). When and how did plate tectonics begin on Earth? Earth Magazine. Retrieved from: earthmagazine.org/article/when-and-how-did-plate-tectonics-begin-earthFisher, R. (2022). How the next supercontinent will form. BBC Future. Retrieved from: bbc.com/future/article/20220401-how-the-next-supercontinent-will-formMaslin, M. (2013). How Climate Change and Plate Tectonics Shaped Human Evolution. Retrieved from: scientificamerican.com/article/how-climate-change-and-plate-tectonics-shaped-human-evolutionGreen, W.L. (1875). Vestiges of the Molten Globe. Retrieved from: archive.org/details/vestigesmolteng00greegoog
Truth Decay MinuteEarth 2022-05-11 | Trust is eroding, in part, due to the over-abundance of opinion-based content; we must all develop better tools and habits for consuming information to regain a shared understanding of what is true.RESOURCES**************RAND resources:Truth Decay Is a Threat to Democracy. Here’s What You Can Do to Help Stop It | rand.org/blog/2022/03/truth-decay-is-a-threat-to-democracy-heres-what-you.htmlRAND's Analysis of News in the Digital Age: Three Takeaways | rand.org/blog/2019/05/rands-analysis-of-news-in-the-digital-age-three-takeaways.htmlWhy Can’t We Agree on the Facts? | rand.org/research/projects/truth-decay/why-cant-we-agree-on-the-facts.htmlWhat Americans Think of the News—and What That Means for Democracy | rand.org/blog/articles/2020/04/what-americans-think-of-the-news--and-what-that-means.htmlFacts Versus Opinions | rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB10059.htmlThe Drivers of Institutional Trust and Distrust | rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA112-7.htmlOther Resources:This Video Will Make You Angry by CGP Grey | youtube.com/watch?v=rE3j_RHkqJcPost-Truth by Veritasium | youtube.com/watch?v=dvk2PQNcg8wWhat We're Missing in the Fight Against Misinformation by Dietram Scheufele | youtube.com/watch?v=9Pm37Fksr60Why every social media site is a dumpster fire by Carlos Maza, Vox | youtube.com/watch?v=wZSRxfHMr5sFlat Earth "Science" -- Wrong, but not Stupid by Sabine Hossenfelder | youtube.com/watch?v=f8DQSM-b2ccThe Social Dilemma by Netflix | netflix.com/watch/81254224The Science Behind How We Perceive Truth by Hilary McQuilkin and Meghna Chakrabarti | wbur.org/onpoint/2020/02/25/science-behind-truthWhy Can’t we Agree on Facts? by This Place | youtube.com/watch?v=ZB-Iwuq5VN4Why do we believe things that aren't true? by Philip Fernbach | youtube.com/watch?v=jobYTQTgeUEThere is No Algorithm for Truth by Tom Scott | The Royal Institution | youtube.com/watch?v=leX541Dr2rUWhat to trust in a "post-truth" world by Alex Edmans | youtube.com/watch?v=rpJx5VLQMxkSocial Media Manipulation Playlist by SmarterEveryDay | youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjHf9jaFs8XVAQpJLdNNyA8tzhXzhpZHuThe Illusion of Understanding by Phil Fernbach | youtube.com/watch?v=2SlbsnaSNNMI accept scientific consensus — and you prob should too by Adam Ragusea | youtube.com/watch?v=gpdsbpCZVZwWho's Afraid of the Experts? by PhilosophyTube ft. Adam Conover | youtube.com/watch?v=LRNkDZy30xUI'm a Journalist Who Hates The News by Johnny Harris | youtube.com/watch?v=BkUH2tP8PYwSomebody once told me.... by vlogbrothers | youtube.com/watch?v=f3pIEKE1JqkRespectability by Robert Miles | youtube.com/watch?v=nNB9svNBGHMFactfulness by Hans Rosling | smile.amazon.com/Factfulness-Reasons-World-Things-Better/dp/1250107814Amusing ourselves to death by Neil Postman | amazon.com/Amusing-Ourselves-Death-Discourse-Business/dp/014303653X/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=amusing+ourselves+to+death&qid=1594074228&sr=8-1The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion by Jonathan Haidt | amazon.com/Righteous-Mind-Divided-Politics-Religion/dp/0307455777You Are Not So Smart (Why You Have Too Many Friends on Facebook, Why Your Memory Is Mostly Fiction, an d 46 Other Ways You're Deluding Yourself) by David McRaney | smile.amazon.com/You-Are-Not-So-Smart/dp/1592407366SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Jasper Palfree | Script Writer, Narrator Ever Salazar | DirectorSarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and AnimationMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info Music from filmmusic.io"Bossa Antigua" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)License: Filmmusic.io Standard License (incompetech.filmmusic.io/standard-licenseOUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich Henry Reich • Peter Reich • Ever SalazarLeonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176
The Super Secrets of Sewage MinuteEarth 2022-05-09 | Order your copy of ""How To Prevent The Next Pandemic"" here: amazon.com/Prevent-Next-Pandemic-Bill-Gates/dp/0593534484In 2020, many cities started monitoring wastewater for viruses, and there are a lot of non-virus reasons to keep doing it.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Microbiome - the microorganisms in a particular environment (including the body or a part of the body).- Wastewater - water that has been used in the home, in a business, or as part of an industrial process.- Viral shedding - releasing a virus into the environment through sneezing, coughing, or feces.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and AnimationAldo de Vos | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich Henry Reich • Peter Reich • Ever SalazarLeonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Anis, E., et al. “Insidious Reintroduction of Wild Poliovirus into Israel, 2013.” Euro Surveillance: Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin, vol. 18, no. 38, 19 Sept. 2013, p. 20586, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24084337, 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.38.20586. CDC. “National Wastewater Surveillance System.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 21 July 2021, www.cdc.gov/healthywater/surveillance/wastewater-surveillance/wastewater-surveillance.html.Graber, Cynthia. “Why an MIT Robot Is Collecting Poop from Our Sewers - the Boston Globe.” BostonGlobe.com, www.bostonglobe.com/magazine/2017/01/19/why-mit-has-robot-collecting-samples-sewer/g1EhuRPbVR2VtwwJuo2DTN/story.html.Hellmér, Maria, et al. “Detection of Pathogenic Viruses in Sewage Provided Early Warnings of Hepatitis a Virus and Norovirus Outbreaks.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 80, no. 21, 1 Nov. 2014, pp. 6771–6781, aem.asm.org/content/80/21/6771.short, 10.1128/AEM.01981-14. Hovi, T., et al. “Poliovirus Surveillance by Examining Sewage Specimens. Quantitative Recovery of Virus after Introduction into Sewerage at Remote Upstream Location.” Epidemiology & Infection, vol. 127, no. 1, 1 Aug. 2001, pp. 101–106, www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/poliovirus-surveillance-by-examining-sewage-specimens-quantitative-recovery-of-virus-after-introduction-into-sewerage-at-remote-upstream-location/EB531F077E4C87FD7284B143352EEEAD, 10.1017/S0950268801005787. Accessed 5 May 2022.Julian, Tim. (2022). Personal communication. Group Leader of Pathogens and Human Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology. https://www.eawag.ch/en/aboutus/portrait/organisation/staff/profile/tim-julian/show/ Metcalf, T. G., et al. “Environmental Virology: From Detection of Virus in Sewage and Water by Isolation to Identification by Molecular Biology--a Trip of over 50 Years.” Annual Review of Microbiology, vol. 49, 1995, pp. 461–487, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8561468, 10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.002333.Raphael, Therese. “Where Will We Find the next Covid Outbreak? Check the Sewers.” Bloomberg.com, 8 Jan. 2022, www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-01-08/covid-omicron-sewers-are-our-early-warning-system-for-future-virus-outbreaks. Wells, Chad R., et al. “Prosocial Polio Vaccination in Israel.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 117, no. 23, 26 May 2020, pp. 13138–13144, 10.1073/pnas.1922746117.
Why Does Nature Have Redundant Copies? MinuteEarth 2022-04-29 | Signup for your FREE trial to Wondrium here: http://ow.ly/AOkb30sfmakWho needs redundancy? Well, everyone, it turns out.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Ecological redundancy (also: functional redundancy or functional equivalence): the ecological phenomena that multiple species representing a variety of taxonomic groups can share similar roles in ecosystem functionality- Legume: a plant in the Fabaceae family- Nitrogen fixation: the chemical process by which atmospheric nitrogen is assimilated into organic compoundsSUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorLizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich Henry Reich • Peter Reich • Ever SalazarLeonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Cardinale BJ, et al. (2011). The functional role of producer diversity in ecosystems. Am. J. Bot., 98 (2011), pp. 572-592. bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3732/ajb.1000364Clarke DM & Hollister I. (2010) Introduction to Redundancy. Safety and Reliability 30:4, 4-15. tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09617353.2010.11690919Huda AN, Salmah MRC, Hassan AA, Hamdan A, Razak MNA. 2015. Pollination services of mango flower pollinators. Journal of Insect Science 15: 113. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4672212Naeem, S. (1998) Species Redundancy and Ecosystem Reliability. Conservation Biology, 12, 39-45. conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96379.xPaine, RT (1966). Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist 100: 65– 75. jstor.org/stable/2459379
Where Will The Next Pandemic Come From? MinuteEarth 2022-04-21 | Order your copy of “How To Prevent The Next Pandemic” here: amazon.com/Prevent-Next-Pandemic-Bill-Gates/dp/0593534484 The most likely cause of the next pandemic will be the “spillover” of a disease from one of a select group of animals with particular immune system traits and interactions with humans.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Zoonosis: A disease that can be transmitted to humans by animals- Hyper reservoirs: Animals that naturally are home to multiple infectious agents.- Spillover: Transmission of a zoonosis from an animal reservoir to a human.- Life history strategy: An evolutionary strategy that involves tradeoffs among growth, survival, and reproduction.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorAlexander Vidal | IllustrationSarah Berman | Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich Henry Reich • Peter Reich • Ever SalazarLeonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Keesing, F., and Ostefld, R. (2021). Impacts of biodiversity and biodiversity loss on zoonotic diseases. PNAS, 118 (17) e2023540118. Retrieved from: pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2023540118Han, B., Schmidt, J.P., Bowden, S., and Drake, J. (2015). Rodent reservoirs of future zoonotic diseases. PNAS, 112 (22) 7039-7044. Retrieved from: pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1501598112Balderrama-Gutierrez G, Milovic A, Cook VJ, Islam MN, Zhang Y, Kiaris H, Belisle JT, Mortazavi A, Barbour AG. (2021). An Infection-Tolerant Mammalian Reservoir for Several Zoonotic Agents Broadly Counters the Inflammatory Effects of Endotoxin. mBio.;12(2):e00588-21. Retrieved from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33849979Olival, K., Hosseini, P., Zambrana-Torrelio, C. et al. (2017). Host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals. Nature 546, 646–650. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.1038/nature22975Martin, L. B., 2nd, Weil, Z. M., & Nelson, R. J. (2007). Immune defense and reproductive pace of life in Peromyscus mice. Ecology, 88(10), 2516–2528. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.1890/07-0060.1Johnson Christine K., Hitchens Peta L., Pandit Pranav S., Rushmore Julie, Evans Tierra Smiley, Young Cristin C. W. and Doyle Megan M. (2020). Global shifts in mammalian population trends reveal key predictors of virus spillover risk. Proc. R. Soc. B .2872019273620192736. Retrieved from: royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2019.2736Allen, T., Murray, K.A., Zambrana-Torrelio, C. et al. (2017). Global hotspots and correlates of emerging zoonotic diseases. Nat Commun 8, 1124. Retrieved from: nature.com/articles/s41467-017-00923-8Han, Barbara. (2022). Personal communication. Disease Ecologist, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies. http://www.hanlab.science/
The greenhouse effect might be misnamed #shorts MinuteEarth 2022-04-21 | The greenhouse effect might be misnamed. #Greenhouse #climate #climeworksTeamEarth #climatechange #climeworks. Join our team in the fight against climate change. Remove carbon dioxide today at actnow.climeworks.com/MinuteEarth
What, exactly, is in the air you breathe? #shorts MinuteEarth 2022-04-20 | What, exactly, is in the air you breathe? #CO2 #climate #warming #climeworksTeamEarth #climatechange #climeworks. Join our team in the fight against climate change. Remove carbon dioxide today at actnow.climeworks.com/MinuteEarth
Our BIG Secret… MinuteEarth 2022-04-13 | Check out our brand new channels: MinuteFood and MinuteMinis!MinuteFood | youtube.com/minutefood?sub_confirmation=1MinuteMinis | youtube.com/minuteminis?sub_confirmation=1MinuteEarth Explains Book | minuteearth.com/booksMinuteEarth | youtube.com/minuteearth?sub_confirmation=1MinutePhysics | youtube.com/minutephysics?sub_confirmation=1MinuteLabs | minutelabs.ioSUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer and DirectorKate Yoshida | NarratorLizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich Henry Reich • Peter Reich • Ever SalazarLeonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176
How to ACTUALLY Make a Difference MinuteEarth 2022-03-24 | Register to vote at a4ce.me/minuteearth1 ! Sometimes the biggest changes happen at the smallest levels.#shorts #electionsSUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Julián Gustavo Gómez (@TheJulianGomez) | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorAlexander Vidal | Illustration, Video Editing and AnimationMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo GómezMelissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Alexander Vidal • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts | podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176
Why Water Dissolves (Almost) Everything MinuteEarth 2022-03-21 | Get 50% off your first hands-on science subscription box with code MINUTE50 at melscience.com/pr/87Y3-JEA8/. Water can dissolve more substances than anything else on earth...so why doesn't it dissolve everything away?LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: solvent: a substance that dissolves a solutesolubility: the relative ability of a solute to dissolve into a solventSUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorLizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich Henry Reich • Peter Reich • Ever SalazarAlexander Vidal • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts | podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Govorov, A. (1.28.2022), personal communicationUSGS (2018). Water, the Universal Solvent. usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/water-universal-solvent
An Egg Is Just One Cell MinuteEarth 2022-03-11 | Thank you to HelloFresh for sponsoring this video! Use code EARTH16 for up to 16 FREE MEALS +3 SURPRISE GIFTS across 6 HelloFresh boxes plus free shipping at bit.ly/3Mn02hUOne of Earth's biggest cells is one you're probably really familiar with. See what we're cooking up over at our BRAND-NEW channel, MinuteFood: youtube.com/user/minutefoodLEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Cell: the smallest unit that can execute all the activities required for life- Egg: the organic vessel containing the zygote in which an embryo develops until it can survive on its own- Fertilization: the union of male and female gametes during sexual reproduction to form a zygoteSUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich Henry Reich • Peter Reich • Ever SalazarAlexander Vidal • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. (2002). Eggs. Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th edition). New York: Garland Science. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26842Gilbert S. (2013). ""Early Development in Birds"". Developmental Biology (10th ed.). Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10070Marshall WF, Young KD, Swaffer M, Wood E. (2012) What determines cell size? BMC Biololgy 10: 101. bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7007-10-101Starck J (2020) Morphology of the avian yolk sac, Journal of Morphology 282:7, (959-972). onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jmor.21262
Screens are NOT the reason kids need glasses 👀 MinuteEarth 2022-03-01 | Watch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at curiositystream.com/minuteearthWay more kids have fuzzy vision these days because we spend less time in outdoor light, which makes our eyeballs longer.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Lens: A transparent biconvex structure in the eye that can change its shape to change the focal distance.- Retina: A layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light.- Fovea: A small depression in the retina where visual acuity is highest.- Myopia: A common vision condition in which distant objects are blurry. - Hyperopia: A vision condition in which nearer objects are blurry.- Emmetropization: The process by which the eye grows in order to maximize visual acuity.- Dopamine: A neurotransmitter in the retina that tells the eyeball to stop growing once it has gotten to the ideal length.- Near Work Hypothesis: The theory that the modern myopia epidemic was a result of humans spending more time looking at nearby objects.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorSarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich Henry Reich • Peter Reich • Ever SalazarAlexander Vidal • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Zhou, X., Pardue, M. T., Iuvone, P. M., & Qu, J. (2017). Dopamine signaling and myopia development: What are the key challenges. Progress in retinal and eye research, 61, 60–71. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.003Morgan, I. G., Rose, K. A., Ellwein, L. B., & Refractive Error Study in Children Survey Group (2010). Is emmetropia the natural endpoint for human refractive development? An analysis of population-based data from the refractive error study in children (RESC). Acta ophthalmologica, 88(8), 877–884. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01800.xDolgan, E. (2015). The Myopia Boom. Nature. 519: 276-278. Retrieved from: nature.com/news/polopoly_fs/1.17120!/menu/main/topColumns/topLeftColumn/pdf/519276a.pdfCarr BJ, Stell WK. The Science Behind Myopia. (2017) In: Kolb H, Fernandez E, Nelson R, editors. Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System [Internet]. Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah Health Sciences Center; 1995-. Retrieved from: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470669Brody, J. (2021). Why Nearsightedness is on the Rise in Children. New York Times. Retrieved from: nytimes.com/2021/05/03/well/live/nearsightedness-myopia-children.htmlKlaver CCW, Polling JR, Enthoven CA. (2021) 2020 as the Year of Quarantine Myopia. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021;139(3):300–301. Retrieved from: doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.6231
The Freshwater Paradox MinuteEarth 2022-02-16 | Watch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at curiositystream.com/minuteearthEven though less than 1% of Earth's water is freshwater, it's the home for 50% of fish species. This is the Freshwater Paradox.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Speciation: The formation of new and distinct species.- Sympatric speciation: The evolution of new species from ancestral species while both continue to inhabit the same geographic region.- Allopatric speciation: Speciation that occurs when a population becomes separated by a geographic barrier.- Adaptive radiation: The diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Julián Gustavo Gómez | Script Writer and NarratorHenry Reich | DirectorLizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich Henry Reich • Peter Reich • Ever SalazarAlexander Vidal • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Thank you to Dr. Elizabeth Miller for lending their time and expertise to this video.Betancur‐R, Ricardo, Guillermo Ortí, and Robert Alexander Pyron. "Fossil‐based comparative analyses reveal ancient marine ancestry erased by extinction in ray‐finned fishes." Ecology Letters 18.5 (2015): 441-450. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25808114Bowen, Brian W., et al. "The origins of tropical marine biodiversity." Trends in ecology & evolution 28.6 (2013): 359-366. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23453048Burress, E. D., et al. "Phylogenomics of pike cichlids (Cichlidae: Crenicichla): the rapid ecological speciation of an incipient species flock." Journal of evolutionary biology 31.1 (2018): 14-30. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29044782Carrete Vega, Greta, and John J. Wiens. "Why are there so few fish in the sea?." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279.1737 (2012): 2323-2329. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22319126Dawson, Michael N. "Species richness, habitable volume, and species densities in freshwater, the sea, and on land." Frontiers of Biogeography 4.3 (2012). escholarship.org/content/qt30m4r519/qt30m4r519.pdfDeutsch, Curtis, Justin L. Penn, and Brad Seibel. "Metabolic trait diversity shapes marine biogeography." Nature 585.7826 (2020): 557-562. nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2721-yElmer, Kathryn R., and Axel Meyer. "Sympatric speciation without borders?." (2010): 1991-1993. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20550632Hendry, Andrew P. "Ecological speciation! Or the lack thereof?." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 66.8 (2009): 1383-1398. cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/F09-074McCune, A. R., and N. R. Lovejoy. 1998. The relative rate of sympatric and allopatric speciation in fishes. Pp. 172–185 in D. J. Howard and S. H. Berlocher, eds. Endless forms: species and speciation. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, NY. google.com/books/edition/Endless_Forms/pLzY1-wyOKwCMcDermott, Amy. "Inner Workings: Reeling in answers to the “freshwater fish paradox”." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118.36 (2021). pnas.org/content/118/36/e2113780118McGee, Matthew D., et al. "The ecological and genomic basis of explosive adaptive radiation." Nature 586.7827 (2020): 75-79. nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2652-7Miller, Elizabeth Christina. "Comparing diversification rates in lakes, rivers, and the sea." Evolution 75.8 (2021): 2055-2073. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/evo.14295Seehausen, Ole, and Catherine E. Wagner. "Speciation in freshwater fishes." Annual review of ecology, evolution, and systematics 45 (2014): 621-651. https://www.aqua.iee.unibe.ch/e60779/e60786/e257814/e250417/e255662/pane255677/e277703/files277744/WagnerSeehausen2014_AREES_Speciationinfreshwaterfishes_eng.pdfSeehausen, Ole. "Process and pattern in cichlid radiations–inferences for understanding unusually high rates of evolutionary diversification." New Phytologist 207.2 (2015): 304-312. nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13450
Why Do Humans Vomit So Much? 🤮 MinuteEarth 2022-02-01 | Start building your ideal daily routine 💪 The first 100 people who click on the link will get 25% OFF 🎁 Fabulous Premium ➡️ thefab.co/minuteearth3In an effort to protect us from getting killed by something we’ve ingested, our brain’s vomit control center processes a lot of information from several different places … and sometimes is a little overly cautious.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Emesis: The act of vomiting- Vomiting: The oral eviction of gastrointestinal contents due to contractions in the gut and stomach.- Nausea: A diffuse sensation of uneasiness and discomfort often felt as the need to vomit.- Vomiting Center: An area in the brain’s medulla oblongata that initiates and controls emesis.- Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone: An area in the area postrema of the medulla oblongata that is sensitive to certain toxic chemicals in the blood. - Nucleus Tractus Solitarius: A region in the medulla oblongata that receives input from the cardiovascular, respiratory and GI systems. - Vagus Nerve: A cranial nerve that regulates internal organ functions, including vomiting. - Vestibular System: A Sensory system that provides our brain with information about motion, head position, and spatial positioning for balance.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich Henry Reich • Peter Reich • Ever SalazarAlexander Vidal • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Singh P, Yoon SS, Kuo B. Nausea: a review of pathophysiology and therapeutics. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2016;9(1):98-112. Retrieved from: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4699282Hasler, W. (2013). Pathology of emesis: its autonomic basis. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 117 (3rd series) Autonomic Nervous System. Retrieved from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24095137Zhong W, Shahbaz O, Teskey G, Beever A, Kachour N, Venketaraman V, Darmani NA. Mechanisms of Nausea and Vomiting: Current Knowledge and Recent Advances in Intracellular Emetic Signaling Systems. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 May 28;22(11):5797. Retrieved from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34071460Kowalski A, Rapps N, Enck P. Functional cortical imaging of nausea and vomiting: a possible approach. Auton Neurosci. 2006 Oct 30;129(1-2):28-35. Retrieved from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16945593Hornby, PJ. Central neurocircuitry associated with emesis. Am J Med. 2001 Dec 3;111 Suppl 8A:106S-112S. Retrieved from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11749934Kuo, Braden. (2022). Personal Communication. Director of the Center for Neurointestinal Health at Mass General. massgeneral.org/doctors/17189/brad-kuo.
Is Soil Alive? MinuteEarth 2022-01-27 | To learn more about restoration action - and get involved - visit RESTOR from the Crowther Lab at https://restor.eco.Soil doesn't seem like it's "alive", yet it functions like a living thing in lots of key ways.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Soil health: the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living system, within ecosystem and land-use boundaries, to sustain biological productivity, promote the quality of air and water environments, and maintain plant, animal, and human healthLiving system: an open self-organizing life form that interacts with its environmentEcosystem services: varied benefits to humans provided by the natural environment and from healthy ecosystemsSUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorSarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo GómezMelissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Harshberger, JW. (1911) The Soil, A Living Thing. Reprinted from Science, N.S. vol. 33 No. 854. 469.1 science.org/doi/10.1126/science.33.854.741Minami K. (2021) “Soil is a living substance”. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 67: 26-30. tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00380768.2020.1827939Rattal Lal, personal communication (11/19/21)Asmeret Berhe, personal communication (12/2/21)
Bitcoin mining is a lot like reindeer mating 🪙💖🦌 MinuteEarth 2021-12-24 | Watch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at curiositystream.com/minuteearthBitcoin and other blockchain technologies, like NFTs, work a lot like reindeer mating.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Bitcoin: a digital currency known as a cryptocurrency, which uses a proof-of-work consensus to validate transactions and create new units of Bitcoin.- Proof-of-work: a decentralized consensus mechanism that requires members of a network to expend effort solving an arbitrary mathematical puzzle to prevent malicious activity- Blockchain: a record of transactions made in Bitcoin or another cryptocurrency maintained across several linked computers, which can also be used in non-cryptocurrency applications- Mining: the process of validating transactions and creating new Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies- Sexual selection: a form of natural selection driven by competition between members of a species of one sex for access to mating partners of another sex that favors certain characteristicsSUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Julián Gustavo Gómez (@TheJulianGomez) | Script Writer and NarratorEver Salazar | DirectorAldo de Vos | Illustration, Video Editing, Animation, and Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo GómezMelissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Antonopoulos, Andreas M. "Mastering bitcoin." (2019) Brennan, P. “Sexual Selection.” (2010) Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):79 nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/sexual-selection-13255240Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index (CBECI), University of Cambridge, ccaf.io/cbeci/index. de Vries, Alex. “Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index.” Digiconomist, 6 Nov. 2021, digiconomist.net/bitcoin-energy-consumption. Goss, Richard J. Deer antlers: regeneration, function and evolution. Academic Press, 2012.Panko, Ben. “Go Big or Go Generic: How Sexual Selection Is like Advertising.” Smithsonian Magazine, Smithsonian Institution, 6 Dec. 2016, smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/either-go-big-or-go-generic-how-sexual-selection-advertising-180961311/.
The Cheapest Way To Save A Life MinuteEarth 2021-12-22 | GiveWell is matching donations from first-time donors dollar for dollar up to $250. Click on bit.ly/3rHPv9a to donate and be sure to use the fundraiser code MINUTEEARTH at checkout to make sure your donation gets matched.The most cost-effective way to save a human life right now is to help give Vitamin A drops to certain groups of people, thanks to the health effects of the drops and the ease of their distribution.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Vitamin A: A group of nutrients called retinoids used in several different processes in the human body.- Malaria: A serious disease carried by parasites in a certain type of mosquito that feeds on humans.- Value of Life: The economic value used to quantify the benefit of avoiding a fatality- Upstream interventions: Approaches to healthcare that address root causes rather than symptoms. - Night Blindness: An early symptom of Vitamin A deficiency in which the eye is unable to process low levels of light.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorSarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and AnimationAldo de Vos | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo GómezMelissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Linus Pauling Institute. Vitamin A. Micronutrient Information Center. Oregon State University. Retrieved from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-A#introductionImdad, A, Mayo‐Wilson, E, Herzer, K, and Bhutta, ZA (2017). Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Vol 3. Retrieved from: cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008524.pub3/fullGiveWell. Vitamin A Supplementation. Retrieved from: givewell.org/international/technical/programs/vitamin-AGiveWell. 2020 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Retrieved from: docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16XOOB1oWse1ICbF0OVXUYtwWwpvG3mxAAQ6LYAAndQU/edit#gid=1377543212Anna J. MacMonegle, James Nonnemaker, Jennifer C. Duke, Matthew C. Farrelly, Xiaoquan Zhao, Janine C. Delahanty, Alexandria A. Smith, Pamela Rao, Jane A. Allen (2018). Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of The Real Cost Campaign's Effect on Smoking Prevention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Vol 55:3 (319-325). Retrieved from: ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(18)31877-4/fulltextOur World in Data. Causes of Death. Retrieved from: ourworldindata.org/causes-of-death#cause-by-cause
Which is Worse? MinuteEarth 2021-12-20 | GiveWell is matching donations from first-time donors dollar for dollar up to $250. Click on bit.ly/3rHPv9a to donate and be sure to use the fundraiser code MINUTEEARTH at checkout to make sure your donation gets matchedA broken bone might seem worse than a sprain, but you'll get over it much more quickly. LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Aqueous humour: The clear fluid filling the space in the front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea.Bone remodeling: The continuous process of synthesis and destruction that gives bone its mature structure and maintains normal calcium levels in the body.Ligament: A short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.Sprain: A stretching or tearing of ligaments.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Cameron Duke (@dukeofcam) | Script WriterKate Yoshida | Script Editor, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia i Rius (@garirius) | Illustration, Video Editing and AnimationAldo de Vos, Know Art | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo GómezMelissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Landzhov, B. (2015). The Epiligament-The Main Donor of Cells and Vessels during Healing Of the Collateral Ligaments of the Knee. Anatomy & Physiology, s4. doi.org/10.4172/2161-0940.s4-006Leong, N. L., Kator, J. L., Clemens, T. L., James, A., Enamoto‐Iwamoto, M., & Jiang, J. (2019). Tendon and Ligament Healing and Current Approaches to Tendon and Ligament Regeneration. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 38(1), 7–12. doi.org/10.1002/jor.24475Marsell, R., & Einhorn, T. A. (2011). The biology of fracture healing. Injury, 42(6), 551–555. doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2011.03.031Martini, F., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2018). Fundamentals of anatomy & physiology (11th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.Smith, P., & Bollier, M. (2014). Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries. Journal of Knee Surgery, 27(05), 359–368. doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1381961
Why The Weather Is Worse At The Mall MinuteEarth 2021-12-10 | Offset your carbon footprint with Wren! They'll plant 10 extra trees for each of the first 100 people who sign up at wren.co/start/minuteearth.Extreme weather sometimes happens in very specific areas thanks to extreme surface temperature differences.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Evapotranspiration: the return of water to the atmosphere from the ground surface.Troposphere: The lowest region of the Earth’s atmosphere, extending usually to around 10 km above the Earth’s surface.Tropopause: The top-most boundary of the troposphere. Low Pressure System: An area of relatively low pressure that draws air into it, causing converging winds.Micro-climate: The climate of a very small or restricted area.Heat Island: An urban area that has higher average temperatures than its surrounding due to the heat absorption of materials like concrete and asphalt.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorSarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo GómezMelissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOTHER CREDITS*****************Articles from Denver Post, Denverite, BBC, itv News,The Independent, Weather Channel, NBC 10 Philadelphia, WFMZ 69, WQAD 8 abc, KSDK 5OUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub. Topic Summary: Mitigating Climate Change with Reflective Pavements. (2021). Retrieved from: https://cshub.mit.edu/sites/default/files/images/Albedo%201113_0.pdfRandel W. J., Jensen E. J., (2013) Physical processes in the tropical tropopause layer and their roles in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience Vol 6, pp 169. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1733Kurn, D M, Bretz, S E, Huang, B, and Akbari, H. (1994) "The potential for reducing urban air temperatures and energy consumption through vegetative cooling." United States OSTI, Retrieved from: osti.gov/biblio/10180633-potential-reducing-urban-air-temperatures-energy-consumption-through-vegetative-coolingLejeune, Q., Davin, E.L., Gudmundsson, L. et al. (2018) Historical deforestation locally increased the intensity of hot days in northern mid-latitudes. Nature Clim Change 8, 386–390. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0131-zMa J., Chadwick R., Seo K. H., Dong C., Huang G., Foltz G. R., Jiang J. H. (2018) Responses of the Tropical Atmospheric Circulation to Climate Change and Connection to the Hydrological Cycle. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol. 46:549–580. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-082517010102Terzi, L. (2021). Personal communication. Belgian Nuclear Research Center.
Why The Ocean Needs Salt MinuteEarth 2021-12-04 | Offset your carbon footprint with Wren! They'll plant 10 extra trees for each of the first 100 people who sign up at wren.co/start/minuteearth.Our oceans don’t technically contain salt, but the ions salt is made of play a critical role in planet-wide processes that make the Earth habitable.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Salt: chemical compounds made of positively- and negatively-charged particles called “ions” like sodium and chlorideConvection current: the movement of fluid, like water, due to a difference in temperature and/or densityHydrothermal vent: a fissure on the seafloor that takes in dense ocean water and discharges water heated by volcanic activity below the seafloor.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Julián Gustavo Gómez (@thejuliangomez) | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia i Rius (@garirius) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos, Know Art | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo GómezMelissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Duxbury, A. C. (n.d.). Seawater. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 3, 2021, from britannica.com/science/seawater.Earley, Joseph E. "Why there is no salt in the sea." Foundations of Chemistry 7.1 (2005): 85-102. link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:FOCH.0000042881.05418.15Henney, J. E., C. L. Taylor, and C. S. Boon. "Taste and flavor roles of sodium in foods: A unique challenge to reducing sodium intake." Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in The United States; National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA (2010). ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK50958Ouillon, Raphael, et al. "Halite precipitation from double‐diffusive salt fingers in the Dead Sea: Numerical simulations." Water Resources Research 55.5 (2019): 4252-4265. agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2019WR024818
The Most Common Allergy In The World MinuteEarth 2021-11-24 | Get both CuriosityStream and Nebula when you sign up at curiositystream.com/minuteearth.The urushiol molecules in poison ivy have the ability to trigger a harmful immune response in most people because the immune system mistakenly labels them as a threat.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Allergy: A damaging immune response by the body to a substance.Allergen: The substance that causes the allergic reaction. Urushiol: The allergen in poison ivy and poison oak.Allergic Contact Dermatitis: An allergic response caused by contact with a substance that causes rash or lesions at the site of the exposure.Langerhans Cell: An immune sentinel that lives in the epidermis of the skin but can travel to nearby lymph nodes. Helper T Cell: A type of white blood cell that activates immune responses in the body. Thrush: A white skin rash caused by the fungus candida.Anaphylaxis: A whole body allergic reaction that can include throat swelling. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorSarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos, Know Art | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo GómezMelissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Khaled Marwa, Noah P. Kondamudi (2021) Type IV Hypersensitivity Reaction. StatPearls. Retrieved from: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562228John Barrat (2014), A Poison Ivy Primer, Smithsonian Retrieved from: https://www.si.edu/stories/poison-ivy-primerFlorian Winau (2021) Personal Communication. Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School. Tiffany Scharschmidt (2021) Personal Communication. Department of Dermatology, UCSF Medical School. Yesul Kim, Alexandra Flamm, Mahmoud A. ElSohly, Daniel H. Kaplan, Raymond J. Hage Jr, Curtis P. Hamann, and James G. Marks Jr (2019). Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac Dermatitis: What Is Known and What Is New? Dermatitis. 30: 3 (183-190). Retrieved from: journals.lww.com/dermatitis/Abstract/2019/05000/Poison_Ivy,_Oak,_and_Sumac_Dermatitis__What_Is.2.aspx
Why The Shortest Day Of The Year Isnt The Coldest MinuteEarth 2021-11-19 | Watch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at curiositystream.com/minuteearth.The way we experience seasons don't necessarily line up with how they're technically defined - here's why.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Astronomical seasons - seasons that are defined by equinoxes and solstices (not temperature or weather)Equinox: the time/dates at which the sun crosses the celestial equator, when day and night are of approximately equal lengthSolstice: the time/dates at which the sun reaches its maximum or minimum declination, marked by the longest and shortest days Seasonal lag: the phenomenon by which the hottest/coldest days of the year are delayed until after the days with the most/least sunlightSUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorJosh Taira | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos, Know Art | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo GómezMelissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************ABC News: “Spring, summer, autumn and winter — why do we have seasons?” https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2017-09-01/seasons-and-their-changes-explained/8858776Coastal Interpretive Center: “Equinoxes, Solstices, and Why We Have Seasons” interpretivecenter.org/equinoxes-solstices-and-why-we-have-seasonsKNPR Krulwich Wonders: “Not All Seasons Are Created Equal” npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5335287National Weather Service: “The Seasons, the Equinox, and the Solstices” weather.gov/cle/Seasons
The Plankton Paradox MinuteEarth 2021-11-11 | Start building your ideal daily routine 💪 The first 100 people who click on the link will get 25% OFF 🎁 Fabulous Premium ➡️thefab.co/minuteearth2The competitive exclusion principle predicts that there would just be a few species of plankton, but instead there are thousands.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Competitive Exclusion Principle: The idea that two similar species cannot inhabit the same ecological niche.Phytoplankton: Microscopic flora that drift with the ocean currents.Lotka-Volterra Competitive Equations: A simple model of the population dynamics of species competing for the same resources.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo GómezMelissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Scheffer, M., Rinaldi, S., Huisman, J. et al. (2003) Why plankton communities have no equilibrium: solutions to the paradox. Hydrobiologia 491, 9–18. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.1023/A:1024404804748Nicholas R. Record, Andrew J. Pershing, Frédéric Maps (2014) The paradox of the “paradox of the plankton”, ICES Journal of Marine Science, Volume 71, Issue 2,Pages 236–240. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst049Harden, Garrett. (1960). The Competitive Exclusion Principle. Science. 131. 3409 (1292-1297). Retrieved from: https://www.esf.edu/efb/schulz/seminars/hardin.pdfShovonlal Roy, J. Chattopadhyay, (2007) Towards a resolution of ‘the paradox of the plankton’: A brief overview of the proposed mechanisms. Ecological Complexity, Volume 4, Issues 1–2 (26-33). Retrieved from: sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1476945X07000165Susan Harrison, Howard Cornell and Kara A. Moore (2010) Spatial niches and coexistence: testing theory with tarweeds. Ecology, Vol. 91, No. 7 pp. 2141-2150 Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25680467
How Birds Fooled Military Radar MinuteEarth 2021-11-05 | To find out how you can help Nature Canada protect at least 30% of the world’s lands and ocean by 2030, visit naturecanada.ca/?utm_source=MinuteEarth.A technology to ignore birds on radar ended up being useful to study and conserve them.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Radar aeroecology - the use of radar to study airborne life, like birds, bats, and bugsRadar ornithology - the use of radar to study birds, especially bird migrationDual-polarization radar - radar that transmits and receives waves in both a horizontal and vertical orientation, giving a better idea of a target’s size, shape, and variety.Doppler effect - a change in a wave’s frequency in relation to whatever is observing it, such as a radar, but also your ears (it’s the reason a sound like an ambulance siren changes as it gets closer or further away from you).SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Julián Gustavo Gómez (@TheJulianGomez) | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorSarah Berman (@sarahjberman) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos, Know Art | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo GómezMelissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOTHER CREDITS*****************Radar footage by National Weather Service, BirdCast, and Alex BenckeSwallows footage by Ted Cheskey, Nature CanadaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Bauer, Silke, et al. "The grand challenges of migration ecology that radar aeroecology can help answer." Ecography 42.5 (2019): 861-875. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecog.04083Dokter, Adriaan M., et al. "Bird migration flight altitudes studied by a network of operational weather radars." Journal of the Royal Society Interface 8.54 (2011): 30-43. royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2010.0116Duda, Jeff. "How to use and interpret Doppler weather radar." Retrieved July 18 (2009): 2014. https://meteor.geol.iastate.edu/~jdduda/portfolio/How%20to%20read%20and%20interpret%20weather%20radar.pdfFox, Anthony D., and Patrick DL Beasley. "David Lack and the birth of radar ornithology." Archives of natural history 37.2 (2010): 325-332. euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/anh.2010.0013Gauthreaux Jr, Sidney A., and Carroll G. Belser. "Radar ornithology and biological conservation." The Auk 120.2 (2003): 266-277. jstor.org/stable/4090179Hüppop, Ommo, et al. "Perspectives and challenges for the use of radar in biological conservation." Ecography 42.5 (2019): 912-930. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecog.04063Lack, David, and G. C. Varley. "Detection of birds by radar." Nature 156.3963 (1945): 446-446. nature.com/articles/156446a0Marshall, S., & Toma, A. (2012, May 23). The close calls: How false alarms triggered fears of Nuclear War. Council for a Livable World. Retrieved November 2, 2021, from livableworld.org/the-close-calls-how-false-alarms-triggered-fears-of-nuclear-war/.Schuur, T., et al. "Observations and classification of echoes with the polarimetric WSR-88D radar." Report of the National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK 73069 (2003): 46. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.540.9868&rep=rep1&type=pdfStepanian, Phillip M., et al. "Dual‐polarization radar products for biological applications." Ecosphere 7.11 (2016): e01539. esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecs2.1539Tang, Lin, et al. "A physically based precipitation–nonprecipitation radar echo classifier using polarimetric and environmental data in a real-time national system." Weather and Forecasting 29.5 (2014): 1106-1119. journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wefo/29/5/waf-d-13-00072_1.xmlZhang, Pengfei, Shun Liu, and Qin Xu. "Identifying Doppler velocity contamination caused by migrating birds. Part I: Feature extraction and quantification." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 22.8 (2005): 1105-1113. journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/atot/22/8/jtech1757_1.xml
Why Some Fruits Won’t Ripen On Your Counter MinuteEarth 2021-10-25 | Thank you to HelloFresh for sponsoring this video! Use code EARTH14 for up to 14 FREE MEALS across your first 5 HelloFresh boxes plus free shipping at bit.ly/3vvSdyoTrying to ripen some fruits on your kitchen counter is totally fruitless - here's why.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: climacteric: a pattern of fruit ripening associated with increased ethylene production and a rise in cellular respiration (meaning that the fruit can ripen off the plant)nonclimacteric: ripening that is not characterized by a peak of ethylene production or respiration (and must happen on the plant)SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorAdam Thompson | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo GómezMelissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOTHER CREDITS*****************Footage by Kate Yoshida:- Fruits on counter- Pineapple cut- Grocery store fruitsCherry photo by Khoa Maunsplash.com/photos/Y2OD2mO3-AMOrange photo by Adam Nieściorukunsplash.com/photos/ltn8ztC6kjkPineapple photo by Fernando Andradeunsplash.com/photos/nAOZCYcLND8Apple photo by Adam ThompsonBanana photo by Moritz Kindlerunsplash.com/photos/j-v3GVQ9lC8Mango photo by Unsplash user triplemdesignzunsplash.com/photos/jiaruS1hf6QOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Cherian, S., Figueroa, C. R., and Nair, H. (2014). ‘Movers and shakers’ in the regulation of fruit ripening: a cross-dissection of climacteric versus non-climacteric fruit. J. Exp. Bot. 65, 4705–4722. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24994760Fukano Y. & Tachiki Y. (2021). Evolutionary ecology of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. Biology Letters 17 (9). royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0352Leng, P., Yuan, B., & Guo, Y. (2014). The role of abscisic acid in fruit ripening and responses to abiotic stress. J. Exp. Bot. 65, 4577–4588. academic.oup.com/jxb/article/65/16/4577/2877414Lu, P. T. et al. (2018). Genome encode analyses reveal the basis of convergent evolution of fleshy fruit ripening. Nat. Plants 4, 784–791. nature.com/articles/s41477-018-0249-zPaul V., Pandey R., & Srivastava G.C. (2012). The fading distinctions between classical patterns of ripening in climacteric and non-climacteric fruit and the ubiquity of ethylene - an overview. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 49:01-21. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23572821
MinuteEarth Book Launch Party! 📖 MinuteEarth 2021-10-13 | We made a book and it's officially out on October 12. We're celebrating in a casual livestream where the whole team will hang out, answer your questions and maybe play some games. Learn more about our book and how to get it: minuteearth.com/books
Hyena Butter: Everything You Did And Didnt Want To Know MinuteEarth 2021-10-12 | Get your butt-, er, book here: minuteearth.com/booksHyenas communicate via an information-dense physical medium (hyena butter) - and now MinuteEarth does too (book).SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Kate Yoshida | Script Writer and NarratorDavid Goldenberg | DirectorArcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo GómezMelissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOTHER CREDITS*****************Hyena audio clips by Dr. Kenna LehmannOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Hofer, H., M. L. East, I. Sammang, and & M. Dehnhard. 2001. Analysis of volatile compounds in scent-marks of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) and their possible function in olfactory communication. Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 9:141–148. Retrieved from: link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-0671-3_18Theis, K.R., Venkataraman, A., Dycus, J. A., Koonter, K.D.S., Schmitt-Matzen, E.N., Wagner. A.P., Holekamp, K.E., & Schmidt, T.M (2013) Symbiotic bacteria appear to mediate hyena social odors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110: 19832–19837. Retrieved from: pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1306477110Theis, K. R., Schmidt, T. M. & Holekamp, K. E. (2012) Evidence for a bacterial mechanism for group-specific social odors among hyenas. Scientific Reports 2, 615. Retrieved from: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3431069MinuteEarth (2021). MinuteEarth Explains: How Did Whales Get So Big? & Other Curious Questions about Animals, Nature, Geology and Planet Earth. Retrieved from: https://www.MinuteEarth.com/books
The Rain Shadow Effect #shorts MinuteEarth 2021-09-29 | Here’s how mountains control the weather. #shorts⬇️ PREORDER OUR FIRST BOOK (out October 12th) ⬇️DFTBA (get SUPER-cool book bundles here!): store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearthAmazon - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthExplainsBookshop.org - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthexplainsBarnes and Noble - http://bit.ly/MinuteearthexplainsIndigo (Canada)- http://bit.ly/MinuteearthExplainsSUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Julián Gustavo Gómez (@TheJulianGomez) | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorEver Salazar (@eversalazar) | Illustration, Video Editing and AnimationAldo de Vos, Know Art | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo GómezMelissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts | podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176
The Hurricane Category Scale Is Broken MinuteEarth 2021-09-24 | Offset your carbon footprint with Wren! They'll plant 10 extra trees for each of the first 100 people who sign up at wren.co/start/minuteearth.The current hurricane category scale doesn’t accurately convey the danger of a storm, because it doesn’t account for a hurricane's most destructive factors.⬇️ PREORDER OUR FIRST BOOK (out October 12th) ⬇️DFTBA (get SUPER-cool book bundles here!): store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearthAmazon - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthExplainsBookshop.org - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthexplainsBarnes and Noble - http://bit.ly/MinuteearthexplainsIndigo (Canada)- http://bit.ly/MinuteearthExplainsLEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Storm surge: a sea level rise caused by strong winds pushing the water and a change in atmospheric pressure of a storm.Hurricane: a tropical cyclone occurring in the Atlantic Ocean or northeastern Pacific OceanSaffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale: the current scale used to categorize hurricanes from 1 to 5 based on the hurricane’s maximum sustained wind speed.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Julián Gustavo Gómez (@TheJulianGomez) | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia i Rius (@garirius) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo GómezMelissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Belles, Jonathan. “Surface Pressure a Better Indicator of Hurricane Damage Potential, New Study Says | the Weather Channel - Articles from the Weather Channel | Weather.com.” The Weather Channel, 2020, weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2020-01-29-hurricane-surface-pressure-damage-potential-wind.Erdman, Jonathan. “88% of U.S. Deaths from Hurricanes, Tropical Storms Are from Water, Not Wind | the Weather Channel - Articles from the Weather Channel | Weather.com.” The Weather Channel, 2021, weather.com/safety/hurricane/news/hurricanes-tropical-storms-us-deaths-surge-flooding.Gibbens, Sarah. “Hurricane Categories Don’t Tell the Whole Story.” Environment, National Geographic, 14 Sept. 2021, nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/hurricane-categories-do-not-tell-the-whole-story-see-what-matters.Klotzbach, Philip J., et al. "Surface pressure a more skillful predictor of normalized hurricane damage than maximum sustained wind." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101.6 (2020): E830-E846. journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/101/6/bamsD190062.xmlOlson, Richard S. “Add a New Hurricane Category. Cat 6 | Opinion.” Sun-Sentinel.com, South Florida Sun-Sentinel, 3 Dec. 2019, sun-sentinel.com/opinion/commentary/fl-op-com-olson-cat-six-hurricane-category-20191203-4fwaq7hjmbdkli3sg5trmfysku-story.html.Pilkington, Stephanie F., and Hussam N. Mahmoud. "Using artificial neural networks to forecast economic impact of multi-hazard hurricane-based events." Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure 1.1-2 (2016): 63-83. tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23789689.2016.1179529Plumer, Brad. “Hurricane Patricia: Why a Record Storm Did Surprisingly Little Damage.” Vox, Vox, 26 Oct. 2015, vox.com/2015/10/26/9615274/hurricane-patricia-aftermath.“Storm Surge Overview.” Noaa.gov, 2021, nhc.noaa.gov/surge/.
How To Solve Every Global Crisis MinuteEarth 2021-09-16 | Check out the heroes who saved the ozone layer at futureoflife.org/future-of-life-awardLots of global problems seem intractable, but there’s a formula for success that we can follow.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Ozone layer: A thin layer of ozone concentrated in the Earth’s stratosphere roughly 10 kilometers above that absorbs most of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation before it hits the Earth’s surface. Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays of energy that come from the sun that can be harmful to humans and other lifeforms.Chlorofluorocarbons: Also known as CFCs, these long man-made molecules used to be widely used refrigerants and solvents before it was discovered that - when exposed to ultraviolet radiation - their chlorine atoms would break off and combine with ozone molecules.Smallpox: A virus that killed more than half a billion humans before being eradicated in 1980.Disease Surveillance: A practice by which disease progressions are closely monitored in order to minimize the harm caused by outbreaks. ⬇️ PREORDER OUR FIRST BOOK (out October 12th) ⬇️DFTBA (get SUPER-cool book bundles here!): store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearthAmazon - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthExplainsBookshop.org - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthexplainsBarnes and Noble - http://bit.ly/MinuteearthexplainsIndigo (Canada)- http://bit.ly/MinuteearthExplainsSUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg) | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorEver Salazar (@eversalazar) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo GómezMelissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Ochmann, Sophie, and Max Roser. “Smallpox.” Our World in Data, 2018, ourworldindata.org/smallpox. Data on Smallpox.Henderson, D A. SMALLPOX - the DEATH of a DISEASE : The inside Story of Eradicating a Worldwide Killer. S.L., Prometheus, 2021, pp. 57–61.CDC. “History of Smallpox.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 20 Feb. 2021, cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html. Waxman, Olivia B. 2019. “Reagan Administration Officials at First Dismissed the Ozone Hole. Here’s What Changed.” Time. April 9, 2019. time.com/5564651/reagan-ozone-holeVelders, G. J. M., S. O. Andersen, J. S. Daniel, D. W. Fahey, and M. McFarland. 2007. “The Importance of the Montreal Protocol in Protecting Climate.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (12): 4814–19. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610328104.US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. n.d. “Susan Solomon: Pioneering Atmospheric Scientist.” Celebrating200years.noaa.gov. Accessed July 20, 2021. celebrating200years.noaa.gov/historymakers/solomon/welcome.html.Solomon, Susan. 2019. “The Discovery of the Antarctic Ozone Hole.” Nature 575 (7781): 46–47. doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-02837-5Pyle, John, and Neil Harris. 2013. “Joe Farman (1930–2013).” Nature 498 (7455): 435–35. doi.org/10.1038/498435a.Foege, William H, and Milbank Memorial Fund. House on Fire : The Fight to Eradicate Smallpox. Berkeley, University Of California Press, 2012Future of Life Institute. “Future of Life Award 2020: Saving 200,000,000 Lives by Eradicating Smallpox.” Future of Life Institute, Lucas Perry, 11 Dec. 2020, futureoflife.org/the-future-of-life-podcast/.
The Place Where Time Flows Backwards MinuteEarth 2021-09-09 | Watch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at curiositystream.com/minuteearth.People all around the world tend to represent time via space, but there’s no consensus on which way time goes.PREORDER OUR FIRST BOOK (out October 12th):DFTBA (get SUPER-cool book bundles here!): store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearthAmazon - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthExplainsBookshop.org - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthexplainsBarnes and Noble - http://bit.ly/MinuteearthexplainsIndigo (Canada)- http://bit.ly/MinuteearthExplainsSUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorSarah Berman (@sarahjberman) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i RiusDavid Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo GómezMelissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Bergen, B. K. & Lau, T. T. C. (2012) Writing direction affects how people map space onto time. Frontiers in Psychology 3:109. frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00109/fullBoroditsky, L. (2000). Metaphoric Structuring: Understanding time through spatial metaphors. Cognition, 75(1), 1-28. sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010027799000736Casasanto, D. & Boroditsky, L. (2008). Time in the mind: Using space to think about time. Cognition 106 (2):579-593 http://lera.ucsd.edu/papers/duration-cognition-2008.pdfMajid, A., Gaby, A., & Boroditsky, L. (2013). Time in terms of space. Frontiers in Psychology, 4: 554. frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00554/fullNúñez, R., Cooperrider, K., Doan, D., & Wassmann, J. (2012). Contours of time: Topographic construals of past, present, and future in the Yupno valley of Papua New Guinea. Cognition, 124(1), 25– 35. sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010027712000571
