How Exercise Creates Super-Brains Sciencerely 2022-08-20 | We all know that exercise is good for our health. But besides lowering the risk of obesity or type II diabetes, exercise has also been shown to benefit our brain. More precisely, exercise modifies parts of the brain and improves memory, attention and improves mood. Regular exercise further lowers the risk to suffer from dementia or depression. But how does exercise benefit our brains?🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekPhilosophers have speculated for centuries that exercise promotes our brain functionality but only a few decades ago, scientists uncovered that this is true. Studies have shown that children who are more athletic perform better in creativity, concentration, maths verbal and IQ tests. These children also tend to have a larger hippocampus and basal ganglia both of which are important for memory and attention span. Adults who started to workout regularly also have changes in their brain and perform better in various tests. There are several mechanisms which explain this phenomenon. When we exercise, brain cells release VEGF which helps to supply the brain with oxygen. Moreover, neurotrophins are released when we workout which helps the survival of brain cells. Exercise also seems to improve neuroplasticity through the same pathways. Since exercise leads to the release of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, workouts also have been used to treat mental disorders such as depression. In various studies it was seen exercise helps to alleviate the symptoms of people who suffer from major depression.The literature suggests roughly 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity exercise per week might be optimal to curb the risk of heart disease and 19 other chronic diseases. Concerning brain health, 120 minutes of moderate exercise a week might be enough to get all the benefits we have seen before. But even if you do less you might see a difference in the long run. In general, aerobic exercise seemed to have the best impacts on your brain. Jogging, running, swimming and all other forms of aerobic sports might give the benefits we have seen in this video!References: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0275-4https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.0905307106https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20693803/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025619616300477https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02658/fullhttps://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/ajp.2007.164.2.350ahttps://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/regular-exercise-changes-brain-improve-memory-thinking-skills-201404097110https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2702700/pdf/nihms117644.pdfhttps://stanford.library.sydney.edu.au/archives/spr2020/entries/sport/#HistPhilSporhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00762/fullhttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/23259671211001129https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00509/fullhttps://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/features/physical-activity-brain-health/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6943756/pdf/main.pdfhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5457513/pdf/ncomms15557.pdfhttps://positivepsychology.com/exercise-neurological-benefits/00:00-00:53 Intro00:53-2:15 History of Exercise2:15-4:55 Exercise Transforms Our Brains4:55-8:35 What happens when we Exercise?8:35-12:11 The Best Exercises for the BrainImages:Most videos and images are derived from: pixabay.com, pexels.com and videvo.netSome pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Parthenon by Phanatic, CC BY-SA 2.0Aristoteles by Eric Gaba, CC BY-SA 2.5Projector by Beachfront, CC BY-SA 3.0Greece Wrestlers by Marie-Lan Nguyen, CC BY-SA 2.5Slow jogger by stockfootage, CC BY-SA 3.0Infected Cells by Beachfront, CC BY-SA 3.0Music:Title: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen (CC BY 4.0)Title: Filaments by Scott Buckley d (CC BY 3.0)Title: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboLight Sting by Kevin MacLeod (CC By 4.0)Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-...Title: Buddha by KontekstGenre and Mood: Hip Hop & Rap + BrightArtist: http://incompetech.com/About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
The Gene Editing Scandal that Shook the World Sciencerely 2024-05-02 | In 2018, a gene editing scandal shook the world. Two babies have been genetically engineered in secret by one one man. Some hail this man as a hero who could save thousands, other warn that he could change the genetic code of humanity forever. This is the story of the first genetically edited children. This is the gene editing scandal that shook the world. 🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekHe Jiankui was born in 1984 in a small village in Xinhua County, Hunan, China. Throughout his childhood and early adultood, he worked hard and slowly became interested in gene editing. A few years earlier, the rise of CRISPR Cas9 technology has revolutionized our possibilities in gene editing. By using the Cas9 protein and a guide RNA that is specific to a target gene, we can make precise cuts in our DNA. He aimed to use CRISPR Cas9 gene editing to mutate the CCR5 gene in embryos. In this way, he speculated, they might become resistant against HIV. So He enrolled couples with HIV positive men to genetically engineer fertilized eggs and make them "HIV resistant". In November 2018, the first genetically edited children (Lulu and Nana) were born. When He announced their birth, the scientific communitx and the world were shocked. Gene therapy and gene editing treatments require many safety mechanisms to avoid severe side-effects. Many were shocked since no one really knew what safety precautions He took. When it came to light that He allegedly falsified ethical approval forms, he and some of his colleagues were sentenced to 1.5-3 years in prison. In 2024, He announced that he re-opened his laboratory to study rare genetic diseases.0:00-1:06 Intro1:06-3:36 Rise of He Jiankui3:36-8:00 Creating HIV resistant Embryos 8:00-13:02 Leaking He's Secret Experiments13:02-17:02 Are the genetically-modified embryos HIV resistant?17:02-18:59 He's downfall and comebackReferences:https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_438Dp0Y0w1fhCUffpGDSsEJvj3IKGqJlQFBrunXGtg/edit?usp=sharingAbout Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (Sciencerely) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
Scientists Uncover How to Live to 100 Years (The Ultimate Guide) Sciencerely 2024-03-11 | Dieses Video wurde für die Teilnahme am Wettbewerb "Fast Forward Science 2024" (www.fastforwardscience.de) eingereicht. This video has been submitted to the competition "Fast Forward Science 2024" (www.fastforwardscience.de).#FFSci #YoungScientistAward @fastforwardscience 🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekIn recent decades, scientists have started to understood how aging works. More and more data demonstrates that certain lifestyle choices can directly impact our life expectancy. But how can we ensure that we live long and healthy? Let's find out!Sleep: Good sleep (defined as sleeping 7-8 hours a night, having no troubles falling/staying asleep, feeling rested, using no sleep medication) has been shown to decrease the risk from heart disease and cancer. Stress reduction: Chronic stress has been shown to increase the risk of heart disease, autoimmune disease or Alzheimers disease. Although short periods of stress can be beneficial for us, chronic stress can damage our bodies!Social interactions: Family/friends/pets have been shown to reduce the risk of autoimmune disease, dementia, Alzheimers disease or obesity. There are different explanations for this, some being that we are physically more active when we have family or friends and take care better of ourselves.Exercise: Exercise has been shown to reduce age-related muscle loss and support healthy aging. Especially aerobic exercises and strength training are recommended!Diet/Obesity: Special diets have been shown to be linked to increased life expectancy. Longevity-associated diets generally include a high intake of vegetables, legumes, and dairy, a moderate intake of whole grains, fruit fish, and white meat, and a low intake of red meat, eggs, sugar-sweetened beverages, and refined grains. These are all lifestyle choices we can influence and, therefore, increase the chances to live long and healthy!References:https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Ym9kKNirEl83elIZ_0-Na5e83Qzllc6fdQC46tK0GJY/edit?usp=sharing0:00-0:50 Intro0:50-2:55 How Aging Works2:55-5:47 Sleep Deprivation & Sleep5:47-9:53 Chronic Stress & Relaxation9:53-13:34 Loneliness and Friends13:34-15:15 Exercise15:15-18:06 Diet and Obesity18:06-19:57 Smoking And Alcohol19:57-20:45 Genetics20:45-23:39 Living To 100 YearsAbout Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (Sciencerely) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
The Worst Surgeon in Modern History | The Horrors of Paolo Macchiarini Sciencerely 2024-01-15 | Stop data brokers from exposing your information. Go to my sponsorhttps://aura.com/sciencerely to get a 14-day free trial and see if your personal information has been compromised!🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekOnce praised as a scientific pioneer and miracle worker, Paolo Macchiarini pledged to transform the dream of regenerative medicine into reality. Macchiarini claimed to have developed the world's first synthetic organs, transplanting them into patients with promises of a cure…until he was exposed as a con artist and liar. This is the story of Paolo Macchiarini, the fake superstar doctor.Macchiarini was a medical doctor who aimed to revolutionize organ transplantation by creating organs using the patients' cells. Macchiarini's approach was quite simple: He obtained a trachea from a recently deceased donor and stem cells from the patient. Then, he removed cells from the transplant that could be detected as foreign by the immune system. In a complex procedure, he cultivated the patient's stem cells on the transplant, integrating them over time. In the end, this process creates a functional organ that contains the patient's cells, and, therefore, not targeted by the immune system. Macchiarini started to perform surgeries using his synthetic transplants. Soon, though, people realized that Macchiarini might hide dark secrets. His fiancee at that time, Benita Alexander, realized that he was a pathological liar. Some of Macchiarini's co-workers saw that Macchiarini manipulated data, changes patients records and doesn't file applications for his surgeries. Although it took a while, the full truth would be finally revealed in the documentary "Experimenten". The majority of Macchiarini has been unalived after his surgeries. Macchiarini was convicted and is currently in prison.0:00-1:42 Intro1:42-5:48 Rise of Star Surgeon Macchiarini5:48-7:00 Revolutionizing Transplants7:00-9:11 Macchiarini's Big Stories9:11-11:49 The Whisteblowers11:49-14:30 The Downfall of Macchiarini14:30-17:06 The AftermathReferences: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17xjbPc36nRhRGE4OM798U0wqeWi2ZilkkgY8Ig4_QY4/edit?usp=sharingAbout Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (Sciencerely) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
How 264 Hours without Sleep Changes You Sciencerely 2023-12-17 | In the 60s, highschool student Randy Gardner tried to stay awake as long as possible.. without knowing the consequences💤💤💤
Exposing a $588,000,000 Fraud in Stem Cell Research Sciencerely 2023-12-11 | Stem cell research is one of the most promising fields of regenerative Medicine. Thousands of honest researchers aim to find ways to harvest, use or produce stem cells to cure seemingly incurable diseases. Some years ago, however, the field of stem cell research has been shook by a series of scandals - one of which is the "discovery" of heart stem cells and subsequent clinical trials. As of today, $588,000,000 was used to fund research based on faked data. This is the story of heart stem cells.🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekReferences, Music and Clips: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1TDeaBNiYs737-oENaQu0-O0GszcJLn17LTZ_jZwrl6s/edit?usp=sharingArticles I want to highlight:https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/health-hearts-stem-cells/ https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/29/health/dr-piero-anversa-harvard-retraction.html?smid=tw-nytimesscience&smtyp=cur0:00-0:32 Intro0:32-4:20 Healing Organs with Stem Cells4:20-7:59 Stem Cells in the heart?7:59-11:51 Whistleblowers report fake data11:51-14:43 Continuing to waste millions in fundingAbout Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (Sciencerely) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
Drinking Poison to Win the Nobel Prize Sciencerely 2023-11-20 | #shorts Do not try this at home 🔬In all seriousness, Barry Marshall's work has been hugely impactful for Modern Medicine!
Can you Overdose on Protein Supplements? Sciencerely 2023-11-12 | Dieses Video wurde für die Teilnahme am Wettbewerb "Fast Forward Science 2024" (www.fastforwardscience.de) eingereicht. This video has been submitted to the competition "Fast Forward Science 2024" (www.fastforwardscience.de).#FFSci #YoungScientistAward @fastforwardscience Proteins are an important component of a healthy diet. However, more and more people follow high-protein diets and consume protein supplements. Is there any way protein supplements can be dangerous? Let's find out!🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekProteins were first identified in the 19th century and consist of amino acids. In the 1950s, protein supplements were developed to enable optimal muscle growth. Since sugars and fats have become demonized, more and more people follow high-protein diets. Although proteins are important and high-protein diets can be healthy, there are some medical cases where protein supplements seem to have had detrimental effects on the body.The first case covers a Tiktoker who followed a trend of dry-scooping. Here, protein powder are consumed without mixing it with water. However, her protein supplement also contained caffeine and, as a result, she experienced a heart attack. On a broader scope, plant-based protein powders have often been shown to contain heavy metals or traces of plastic. The overconsumption of red meat is also associated with a higher risk to develop various cancers.The second case discusses a medical case where the overconsumption of protein supplements led to a buildup of ammonia in the body. In this case, the affected person suffered from urea cycle disorder which means that high protein diets can led to increased ammonia concentration in the blood. Similarly, people with kidney disease should also be a bit more careful when it comes to protein supplements.Proteins are incredibly important to us. Especially when we get older, a higher protein intake combined with sports might help to curb age-related muscle loss!References, Music and Clips: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1tgFgKc_dS6uLpRkFXBvQI-00nKY3n-FUD5-gb70hRGw/edit?usp=sharing0:00-0:35 Intro0:35-4:58 How Proteins Conquered the World4:58-7:22 What's in Your Protein Supplement?7:22-10:30 When the Body cannot handle Protein Supplements10:30-13:20 How much Protein should we consume?About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (Sciencerely) who is currently conducting research in Germany.
The Day Academia was Broken Sciencerely 2023-10-12 | A growing number of researchers are unsatisfied with the way science works. The pressure to publish big is imminent and there is a current crisis to keep people in academia. This video is about the day academia was broken.🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekRobert Maxwell is an entrepeneur who reshaped scientific publishing. In the 1950s, he offered the best services to enable efficient publishing. Maxwell's publishing company increased rapidly in size and he made unprecedented profits. Maxwell also started to charge fees to access journals. At the same time, publising became more and more selective. As a result, the h-index and the impact factor were developed to assess the productivity of scientists and journals. Although these numbers have some important implications, they might have also broken academia. Now, scientists need to follow trending research topics in order to secure funding and positions. As a result, some crucial research topics might be underappreciated.In response to the growing costs of scientific publishing, Alexandra Elbakyan founded sci-hub, an illegal platform that shares scientific content. For her invention, Elbakyan faces copyright sources. Other institutions have started to negotiate "open-access" as the standard model which means that articles need to be accessible to everyone. These problems have intensified in the past years, these problems have only instensified - let's see how the story goes on!References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-7bE_M7fTQXArvipdTvrw0J5zROE2yevPX9qappVwVA/edit?usp=sharing00:00-0:48 Intro0:48- 6:37 The endless Stream of Money in Academia6:37-7:22 Big Science Blockbusters7:22-8:56 How Academia was Broken8:56-13:20 Should Knowledge be free?About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (Sciencerely) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
How Migraines Gave her a Scottish Accent (Foreign Accent Syndrome) Sciencerely 2023-09-14 | Children learn their first language in the first years of life. With that comes a unique accent that is engrained in the brain. Or is it? There are growing reports of people who spontaneously switch their accents. This is the story behind foreign accent syndrome.🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekForeign accent syndrome is a rare neurological disorder with 100 documented cases worldwide. Foreign accent syndrome can have different causes including brain trauma, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia or functional brain disorder. Although these are all distinct disorders, they most likely cause foreign accent syndrome by inhibiting the speech network. The speech network is a complex system in our brains that goes hand in hand with our accents. If the speech network is damaged, the spoken language might change leading to foreign accent syndrome. In some documented cases, foreign accent syndrome has only been temporary (meaning that in vanished after several months or years). The term foreign accent syndrome itself is misleading as patients do not adapt a foreign accent but the changes are perceived as an accent. This phenomenon is called perceptual bias and it helps us to explain why different people assign different accents to a foreign accent syndrome patient. That's foreign accent syndrome in a nutshell!Music, Images & References:https://docs.google.com/document/d/1dLUkg9cEFpLMNCExjViwI57U5Tz7d2hHZEJTDUye0q0/00:00-00:29 Intro00:29-4:17 How Accidents Cause Foreign Accent Syndrome4:17-6:52 Neurotransmitters & Reoccuring Accents6:52-10:52 Perceiving Foreign Accent SyndromeAbout Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (Sciencerelx) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
The Ongoing IQ Controversy Sciencerely 2023-08-09 | 🔬 Subscribe for more awesome science content: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekIQ is often used to express if a person is smart. But is that true? Does IQ measure intelligence? Let's find out!The precursor of intelligence tests (IQ tests) were developed by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon.. Okay. After months of work, Binet and Simon created the Binet-Simon Scale, a set of 30 tasks that were representative of typical children's abilities. A few years later, researchers at Stanfort modified Binet's test to measure intelligence in the general population. The term IQ or intelligence quotient was developed. Soon, though, IQ was used to justify eugenics. As a consequence, over 65.000 people in the US with low IQ scores were sterilized. After the second worldwar, IQ tests were further developed. The WAIS test was developed which became the standard IQ test we know today. This test combines the results of multiple cognitive tests in one measurement, a full-scale IQ score. There have been some major insight into IQ scores. James Flynn discovered that the IQ seems to increase in many developed countries (during the 20th century). Today, this effect seems to have stopped. IQ seems to be slightly correlated with brain volumes, especially in certain brain regions. Moreover, intelligence has been linked to thousands of genes and IQ scores are very similar in twins or between children and parents (once the children become adults). IQ is also impacted by the environment and by motivation. However, IQ has been critizised for only given a very limited view of intelligence. We can argue that IQ does not simply measure one person's capabilities but instead reflects a highly complicated mixture of DNA, environment, motivation and brain anatomy.0:00-0:41 Intro0:41-2:10 Making Geniuses2:10-4:52 Creating IQ Tests4:52-7:16 When IQs became Controversial7:16-8:32 Are we getting Stupid?8:32-13:07 What does IQ Really Measure?Music, Images & References:https://docs.google.com/document/d/1dLUkg9cEFpLMNCExjViwI57U5Tz7d2hHZEJTDUye0q0/About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (Sciencerelx) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
The Biggest Fraud in Clinical Research Sciencerely 2023-07-05 | In 1998, one of the most controversial studies in recent times was published. What seemed like an alarming link between MMR vaccinations and autism spectrum disorder soon turned into one of the deepest rabbit holes in in science..🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinek00:00-00:31 Intro00:31-5:42 An Unprecented Discovery5:42-9:12 Why Can No One Replicate the Study?9:12-13:54 How Everyone Found Out13:54-15:43 The Devastating AftermathAndrew Wakefield was a doctor in the United Kingdom who focused on gastrointestinal surgery. He theorized that measles virus might cause chronic gut inflammation and Crohn's disease. Although this theory was later disproven, Wakefield was at the forefront of studying chronic gut inflammation. In 1998, Wakefield and John Walker Smith published a study where they claimed to have found a link between the MMR vaccine, chronic gut inflammation and possibly autism spectrum disorder. According to Wakefield, the majority of children investigated developed autism spectrum disorder shortly after MMR vaccination (as allegedly described by parents). After the study was published, MMR vaccination rates in the UK declined, as news coverage on MMR vaccines scared many parents. The scientific community soon tried to replicate Wakefields results but no one found a link between MMR vaccination and autism specturm disorder. Brian Dear, a journalist then found out that Wakefield had a clear conflict of interest and was allegedly paid for the study by a law firm that hoped to bring a law suit against vaccine manufacturers. In a disciplinary hearing, it was also found that Wakefield conducted invasive procedures on children without ethical approval and likely manipulated data to establish a link between MMR vaccines and autism. Although MMR vaccination rates have since increased, this flawed study caused distrust in scientists and vaccines.Images, Videos, Music and References:https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fK3P-3ruxNcJCf78fkkwfpoKpNKu__yLoFZ9Bq1Ugd0/About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (Sciencerely) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
The Doctor who Deceived Cancer Patients for Fame Sciencerely 2023-05-30 | To try everything Brilliant has to offer—free—for a full 30 days, visit https://brilliant.org/Sciencerely . The first 200 of you will get 20% off Brilliant’s annual premium subscription.🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekIn 2006, a revolution emerged that held the promise to change cancer research. Being considered as a major breakthrough, this discovery promised to deliver the most effective drugs for every cancer patient. The scientists behind this incredible discovery though.. deceived everyone.Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in the world. Although there has been significant progress in the development of cancer treatments, there is no definite cure for all cancers. The reason for this is that cancer is a highly divers disease and, thus, every cancer patient could need different drugs. Personalized medicin (or precision medicine) is a field of research where the treatment is customed towards the individual patients. Anil Potti was a researcher at Duke university who developed a tool to predict the most effective treatment based on the activity of genes. Joseph Nevins, Anil Potti's mentor and Potti published what seemed like groundbreaking research. However, two data scientists called Kevin Coombes and Keith Baggerly found inconsistencies in Potti's predictions. Over time, other scientists spoke out against these predictions until it was revealed that the used data was altered and manipulated. This is the story of a man who deceived the world and brave scientists who uncovered the truth.References:Coverage by 60 Minutes: www.cbsnews.com/news/deception-at-duke-fraud-in-cancer-care/Perez story: www.cancerletter.com/free/20150109_1/www.science.org/content/article/potti-found-guilty-research-misconductwww.issuu.com/thecancerletter/docs/duke_scandal_timeline_73c0d0f1934f29www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/11/09/scientist-falsified-data-for-cancer-research-once-described-as-holy-grail-feds-say/www.nature.com/articles/nj7396-137awww.jstor.org/stable/27801549www.science.org/content/blog-post/duke-potti-scandal-insidehttps://cancerletter.com/free/20150123_3/Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Videos were derived from videvo.net, mixkit.co and videezy.comBlinking stockfootage, Female Doctor Writing , Email Notification , Female Doctor, Gmail Inbox Button, Antibody, Stethoscope , Scrolling Text, CC-BY 3.0, by videvo.netInfected Cells by Beachfront CC-BY 3.0, videvo.netMusic:All of the music is derived from the YouTube Audio library.0:00-00:58 Intro00:58-5:41 Revolutionizing Cancer Therapies5:41-10:03 Inconsistencies and Weird Data10:03-10:56 Brilliant Sponsorship!10:56-13:17 How Everyone Found Out13:17-15:51 The AftermathAbout Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (Sciencerely) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.This video was sponsored by Brilliant
The Biggest Fraud in Stem Cell History Sciencerely 2023-05-01 | In 2014, the world of science was shaken by an unprecedented fraud. So, what really happened to shatter the dreams of a Nobel Prize and became a dark chapter for stem cell research? This is the story of STAP cells.🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekLet’s set the scene. It’s the early 2000s. Japan has become a powerhouse in stem cell research. Stem cells are cells that form our bodies during development. Back in the day, stem cells could only be isolated from embryos. In 2006, Yamanaka and Takahashi demonstrated how we can make stem cells from skin cells. Through the introduction of 4 genes (oct4, sox2, klf4, c-myc) they converted skin cells into pluripotent stem cells. For this discovery, Yamanaka later won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.Haruko Obokata was a japanese scientists who tried to develop another method to make stem cells. She teamed up with Charles Vacanti who theorized that stem cells can be made through stress. When Obokata bathed body cells in mild acid, she claimed to have produced stem cells. She refined this method and STAP cells were born. Later, they approached Teruhiko Wakayama and Yoshiki Sasai. Both helped them and in 2013 "STAP Cells" were finally published. In the first weeks, STAP cells seemed like a huge success. But the scientific community soon discovered manipulations in the presented images. RIKEN, the institute where Obokata was hosted launched an internal investigation. They concluded that the STAP cell works have to be retracted and Obokata lost her position. RIKEN had to undergo reconstruction due to the lasting public outcry which ultimately affected everyone involved. Today, STAP cells are considered as one of the biggest scandals in stem cell research.00:00-3:35 The Japanese Stem Cell Wonder3:35-7:53 Fabricating the Discovery of the Century7:53-13:10 How Everyone Found Out13:10-15:37 The Devastating AftermathReferences:Brilliant Article:https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/02/29/the-stem-cell-scandalOther STAP Cell Stories:https://www.science.org/content/article/sleuthing-sheds-light-stap-cell-fiascohttps://www.nature.com/articles/nature12969#supplementary-informationRIKEN Investigation: http://www3.riken.jp/stap/e/c13document5.pdfhttps://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2015.18412https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2014.14974https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11948-015-9628-2More About Stem Cells:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867406009767https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Videos were derived from videvo.net, mixkit.co and videezy.comMicroscope 01, H1N1 Virus , Dusty Film Leader , Film Leader, A Luna Blue, videvo.netClock, Pedestrian Crossing, park Glow Bokeh 1 by videvo.net, CC-BY 3.0Petri Dish, Pipetting, Newspaper Headline, Covid-19 Unemployment Microscope, Newspaper, Lab Bench, Coolinf Fan, businesswoman speaking, Scrolling Smartphone, Gradient Background, Newspaper Headline, Business by videvo.net, videvo.netPeople Holding Documents by Pressmaster, videvo.netInfected cells by Beachfront, CC-BY 3.0About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (Sciencerely) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
The Science of Getting Smarter Sciencerely 2023-04-15 | #shorts This is how we can use science to get smarter!
Scientists Reverse Aging with Self-Eating Cells (Autophagy) Sciencerely 2023-04-03 | Many people promote intermittent fasting as a healthy diet. Besides keeping us in shape, intermittent fasting also does something else: it promotes self-eating in cells (autophagy). Autophagy might be crucial to delay age-related diseases and live longer. But how does autophagy work? And can we use autophagy to reverse aging?🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekIn the 80s, a scientist named Yoshinori Ohsumi started to study autophagy. Autophagy is a process where the cell degrades often old damaged parts to get nutrients. After Ohsumis discovery, scientists found autophagy in many other organisms including humans. Autophagy is especially important in cells which have to survive for long periods of time. As we get older though, autophagy becomes less active. This, and other factors, lead to the accumulations of unwanted proteins in the cell. Over time, neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimers or Parkinsons might break out. Scientists soon realized that autophagy could be used to live healthier and even longer. Rapamycin is a drug that has been shown to induce autophagy in animals. At the same time, rapamycin prolonges the lives of mammals. Although rapamycin has not been used to treat neurodegenerative diseases, there are first short-term studies which show the rejuvenating effects of rapamycin in humans. Other drugs have been shown to induce autophagy as well and reverse age-related signs in animals.We can try to promote autophagy in our bodies through intermittent fasting. Intermittent fasting means that we (for example) fast 16 hours a day. In this manner, intermittent fasting slightly stresses the cell and leads to a greater degree of autophagy. Intermittent fasting has been associated with multiple health benefits, especially when it comes to lowering the risk of age-related diseases. Alternative, regular aerobic exercise is also associated with lower risks to develop age-related diseases. Let's see what happens when clinical studies aiming to slow down and reverse aging are completed!00:00-1:01 Intro1:01-3:27 Discovery of Autophagy3:27-6:54 How Self-Eating Cells Fight Disease6:54-9:36 How Scientists Activate Autophagy9:36-12:02 How We Can Activate AutophagyReferences:https://www.nature.com/articles/45257https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867413006454https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28757291/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536828/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2016.20721https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2016/ohsumi/biographical/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(21)00249-8/fulltexthttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124713005020https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6627933/https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312208https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8822217/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31761958/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6128428/https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/rej.2012.1349https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5913738/Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Videos were derived from videvo.net and videezy.comFlag by videezy.comCell by Tomáš Kebert & umimeto.org, CC BY-SA 4.0Group Of Viruses, Atomic Particles, Data grid, Loopable MACD, Film Leader, Rotating brain by A Luna Blue, videvo.net, CC BY-SA 4.0Projector Close Up, Infected Cells by Beachfront, CC-BY 3.0Abstract Curve Line S, low Motion Running, Animated Candlesticks, videvo.netAlzheimers plaques by Nephron, BY-SA 3.0Press Release: © The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet, https://www.nobelprize.org/Yeast by DBCLS 統合TV, BY-SA 4.0Lewy Bodies by Suraj Rajan, (CC-BY 3.0Music:Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialLaconic Granny by Kevin MacLeod (CC BY 4.0)Title: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Filaments by Scott Buckley (CC BY 3.0)Title: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Bread (Prod. by Lukrembo) jazz type beat “marshmallow” https://soundcloud.com/lukremboAbout Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (Sciencerely) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
How a Baseball Accident Made a Genius Sciencerely 2023-03-18 | #shorts This is how a baseball accident made a genius - don't try this at home!
How Sitting Destroys Your Body Sciencerely 2023-03-07 | Since the 1950s, the number of office jobs has increased by 83%. At the same time, the number of physically active jobs have decreased from 50% in 1960 to less than 20% now. Although it seems harmless, sitting is harmful for us.🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekSince the 19th century, the number of office jobs have steadingly increased. Although office jobs are generally safe, the prolonged sitting is bad for us. Prolonged sitting puts pressure on our spine and the tissue surrounding our thigs. After a couple of hours of sitting, our blood flow is redued and our digestion slows down. The reduction in blood flow means that our brain does not get as much oxygen and our heart has to work harder leading to an increased risk to get a heart attack. Also type 2 diabetes, dementia and Alzheimers are associated with prolonged sitting. Even young adults can suffer direct consequences from prolonged sitting as the pooled blood in the legs might lead to thrombosis. Prolonged sitting is also associated with various forms of cancer in men and women.In order to counterackt the negative effects of prolonged sitting we might try some aerobic exercises. Although they generally help with obesity and blood pressure, scientists have found that sports does not completely compensate for the negative effects of prolonged sitting. This is why there are now alternative options to support a more active lifestyle. Standing desks are a viable option as they can alleviate some but not all side-effects of prolonged sitting. Treadmill desks at work have also shown some benefits. But the easiest solution would be to take a break from time to time, stand up and move.00:00-00:44 Intro00:44-3:05 Why We Sit More Than Ever3:05-8:17 How Sitting Destroys Your Body8:17-11:39 What We Can DoReferences: https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/h10-079https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2596308/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9783548/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12917717/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nicolefisher/2019/03/06/americans-sit-more-than-anytime-in-history-and-its-literally-killing-us/?sh=7e898805779dhttps://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/sitting-disease-how-a-sedentary-lifestyle-affects-heart-healthhttps://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/95/2/437/4576797?login=falsehttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7695441/KLs Case: https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1752-1947-7-235https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23033765/#:~:text=Results%20indicated%20that%20treadmill%20walking,walking%20at%203.2%20km%2Fhr.https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.054https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-021-12094-9Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Videos were derived from videvo.net and videezy.comBiohazard, Man playing sports by videvo.net, Old Press machine by by Orkidea Turkesa, videvo.net, Milky way by Magges, videvo.net CC-By-3.0, Moon and earth by mattia, videvo.net CC-By-3.0Standing desk by Angus McIntyre and Mattthew CC-By-3.0Abstract Texture, Info Graph by videezy.comCells by Beachfront, CC-By-3.0Music:Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialLaconic Granny by Kevin MacLeod (CC BY 4.0)Title: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Filaments by Scott Buckley (CC BY 3.0)Title: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboAbout Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
How a Hairy Brain in Her Belly Changed Science (Teratoma) Sciencerely 2023-02-11 | 🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekA woman wakes up with a headache. What seems like an ordinary case quickly becomes extraordinary when a hairy brain was discovered in her belly.Teratomas are rare form of cancers that can contain teeth, eyes or brain tissue. Teratoma arise early during development when stem cells fail to function properly. Instead of following the tightly controlled development, pluripotent stem cells might get out of control and make all kinds of tissues which might develop into a teratoma. Teratoma can theoretically occur everywhere in the body but they are mostly found in the ovaries, the testes, the tongue, the neck or even the brain. Teratoma are mostly discovered during infancy or childhood but sometimes they remain undetected for years. Teratoma are something we do not want to encounter in our lives. They do look horrific and, in some cases, can become life-threatening. But teratoma, also have been important for science. The teratoma assay has been especially crucial in stem cell biology. Here, we can test whether a stem cell is pluripotent by the ability to form teratoma. The teratoma assay has been used in many studies including Yamanakas study of induced pluripotent stem cells. By applying the knowledge of teratoma, scientists are now using induced pluripotent stem cells to grow tissues and organoids in the laboratory. Organoids (contrary to teratoma) are grown in the lab and only contain a few defined cell types. Brain organoids have been used to identify the zika virus as the cause of microcephaly in Brazil a few years back and other organoids are used for drug screens. One day we might even grow whole organs in the lab, then we will probably use teratoma assays as a safety measurement.References:CT's case is adapted from "Think Like a Doctor: An Unusual HeadacheBY LISA SANDERS, M.D." https://archive.nytimes.com/well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/02/think-like-a-doctor-an-unusual-headache/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6447400/https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)31381-7https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-022-01402-2https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2021.700482/full#B98https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867406009767https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2021.740574/fullhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0923753419310774https://ovarianresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13048-017-0313-8https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2475561/0:00-4:50 How Do Hairy Brains Grow?4:50-7:05 How Teratomas Changed Stem Cell Biology7:05-10:44 Can we Grow Organs in the Laboratory?Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Videos were derived from videvo.net and videezy.comRed Blood cells, Vital Signs by videvo, videvo.net Event Horizon, Rolling Tv Snow, Film Leader. Organic Microbe, Text Scrolling by a Luna Blue, videvo.net , Vintage Radio by Taylor Mefford, videvo.netRotating Antibody by CRYSVITA CC BY-SA 4.0Infected cells by Beachfront CC BY-SA 4.0Music:Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialLaconic Granny by Kevin MacLeod (CC BY 4.0)Title: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Filaments by Scott Buckley (CC BY 3.0)Title: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboAbout Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
Are the New Brain Implants REALLY Effective? Sciencerely 2023-01-15 | The first 1,000 people to use the link will get a 1 month free trial of Skillshare: https://skl.sh/sciencerely01231 🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekIn 2016, Neuralink was launched by Elon Musk. Neuralink aims to treat paralysis, blindness and other impairments. All by transplanting brain-computer interfaces into the body. But Neuralink is not the only company which tries to use brain computer interfaces to cure diseases. Let's find out how this works!Brain computer interfaces are based on recording the activity of brain and creating an appropriate output on a device. Electroencephalography or EEG has been historically used for the first brain computer interfaces. In the 1950s-1980s brain computer interfaces were developed. An EEG reads the activity of the brain while a participant focuses on specific letters on a screen. When the letters light up, the brain becomes active and this is recorded. In this manner, words could be formulated. Later, brain computer interfaces were more often based on braim implants since it has a higher senitivity.Bionic eyes are a subform of brain computer interfaces were a transplant stimulates the optic nerves of participants if a camera transmits signals. In this way, blind patients might be able to recognize shapes. More advances version of bionic eyes and other brain computer interfaces focus on transmitting more complex signals. Brain computer interfaces have also been used to move robotic arms or muscles of paralyzed patients. Neuralink uses these technologies in order to create brain computer interfaces. Although neuralink has not completed clinical trials yet, preclinical studies have shown that certain computer games can be controlled using only the mind. Let's see how brain computer interfaces develop!Images & Videos:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/videvo.net: Display Element , Anatomical Man, Facial Recognition by a lunar blue, CC-By-3.0, Operating Theatre, Sun Setting from ISS (Nasa License) Night Hyperlapse, Ocean Particles by Mark Lund, CC-By-3.0, Formulas by Pressmaster CC-By-3.0 by videvo.net, Kaunas Traffic by Khaj1t CC-By-3.0 by videvo.net, looping MACD by videvo.netvideezy.com: Human Brain, Black Ink dots, Futuristic AI, TV static, Cartoon, Scientists Work Together, Big Data, Particles by videezy.comMusic:Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialLaconic Granny by Kevin MacLeod (CC BY 4.0)Title: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Filaments by Scott Buckley (CC BY 3.0)Title: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboReferences:The second patient story has been adapted from a patient story in the references and a blog article of a separate patient.www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7824107/pdf/brainsci-11-00043.pdfpure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_2281721/component/file_2281720/contentwww.researchgate.net/publication/333449604_The_history_of_BCI_From_a_vision_for_the_future_to_real_support_for_personhood_in_people_with_locked-in_syndromewww.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0013469488901496www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-28859-8?www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01107-8?www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698903004577www.aop.org.uk/ot/in-practice/practitioner-stories/2016/08/05/bionic-visionwww.businessinsider.com/neuralink-elon-musk-microchips-brains-ai-2021-2#an-animal-rights-group-filed-a-complaint-against-neuralink-in-february-2022-over-the-treatment-of-the-monkeys-used-in-its-research-7www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)30220-8? www.nature.com/articles/nature11076www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140673617306013www.brown.edu/news/2017-03-28/braingatefeswww.today.com/health/health/woman-shares-story-als-diagnosis-age-27-rcna9502www.nature.com/articles/nature11076www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/11/02/my-husband-brainstem-stroke-survivor0:00-1:13 Intro1:13-4:24 Developing Brain Computer Interfaces4:24-6:41 Bionic Eyes6:41-7:34 Ad Time7:34-10:34 Robotic Arms 10:34-12:31 Mind-Ping-Pong & The FutureAbout Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (Sciencerely) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
Scientists Uncover How to Reverse Aging (pt. 4) Sciencerely 2022-12-16 | In recent years, more and more institutes have been founded which try to slow down aging or reverse aging. Aging is complicated and so reversing aging requires different approaches. Today we will see how we can use stem cells to slow down aging!🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekJohn Gurdon is a scientist from the UK who discovered pioneered nuclear transfer. He transferred the nucleus of a intestine cell into a fertilized egg and observed that a whole frog formed. This means that the intestine nucleus was converted back into an "egg cell" nucleus. Later, scientists have defined stem cells. Stem cells are cells which are able to make more stem cells (self-renewal) and give rise to more specialized cells. Hematopoietic stem cells for example give rise to red blood cells and immune cells. Stem cells help us to renew our skin, gut, blood components and muscles. It has been long proposed that stem cells can make specialized cells but not vice versa. Shinya Yamanaka on the other hand found that we can introduce four genes (Yamanaka genes) into skin cells to turn them into stem cells. Based on this idea, scientists now try to slow down or reverse aging by protecting stem cells.In multiple studies, Yamanaka genes were used to rejuvinate the body. In one study, mice which suffer from progeria (a disease where animals age faster) lived 20% longer after the introduction of Yamanaka genes. In another study, blindness was treated using the Yamanka genes. However, this form of therapy still needs to be refined until it can be used to slow down aging.Several studies indicate that we can keep our stem cells for longer if we make the right lifestyle choices. Intermittent fasting has been shown to stimulate stem cells. Besides that a ketogenic diet (low in carbohydrates, high in plant based fats) has been proposed to be beneficial for the activity of stem cells. Some studies indicate that Vitamin A and C might also help although htere is more data needed. Moderate exercises have been shown to greatly benefit stem cells as well in aged individuals.I hope that, by now, you see that we come closer and closer to understand how aging works. And how we might slow down aging.0:00-0:51 Intro0:51-5:22 Discovering Stem Cells5:22-7:50 Aging Destroys Stem Cells7:50-10:54 How Scientists Slow Aging with Stem Cells10:54-14:20 How We can Rescue Stem CellsReferences:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7657013/pdf/nihms-1644113.pdfhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41580-018-0020-3https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867407014717https://www.nature.com/articles/d41587-022-00002-4https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-15174-3https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-022-01233-2https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2975-4https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abq2226https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4160113/#!po=3.84615https://pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.emedien.ub.uni-muenchen.de/33777658/Images:Most videos and images are derived from: pixabay.com, pexels.com and videvo.netSome pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier (including the thumbail). You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/The following videos were provided by videvo.net, CC BY-SA 4.0. Petri Dish, Animated Candlesticks, Falling Stars, Stone wall by MoonriseXray may Particles, Its spreading, Pulsing Cascade, Bubbles, Animated Head, Rolling Tv Snow m Antibody GrowthP, articles, Human Skeleton Cell, Viruses Rotating, Viruses zoom by a Luna Blue, ,CC BY-SA 4.0Organic Cells Loopable, Infected Cells by Beachfront, (CC-BY 3.0)Music:Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialLaconic Granny by Kevin MacLeod (CC BY 4.0)Title: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Filaments by Scott Buckley (CC BY 3.0)Title: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboAbout Clemens Steinek:CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (Sciencerely) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
Scientists Uncover How to Reverse Aging (pt. 3) Sciencerely 2022-11-17 | In 2020, roughly 1 billion people were older than 60. in 2030 this number will rise to 1.4 billion. Aging is accompanied by diseases such as heart disease, stroke or dementia. Aging seems inevitable.. or are there ways to slow down aging? Let's see in our third part how scientists try to slow down Aging!🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekThe loss of telomeres is one of the hallmarks of aging. Telomeres were discovered by Elizabeth blackburn. She found that the ends of chromosomes contain the same sequence over and over again. These "telomeres" protect chromosomes from fusing with each other and are progressively lost as we get older. When a cell has lost too many of its telomeres it becomes dysregulated and can cause inflammation (which increase the chance to have age related inflammatory diseases). In more extreme cases, though, the loss of telomeres leads to the rearrangement of chromosomes and cancer. So we need ways to make telomeres longer and possibly slow down aging!In 2003, it was found that people with long telomeres (longer than average) live five years longer than people with short telomeres. Now scientists try to make telomeres longer to slow down aging. Preclinical studies where telomerase (an enzyme which makes telomeres longer) were introduced into mice resulted in an extended lifespan (+41%). In other studies, alternative ways to make telomeres longer are explored. We need to be careful though with artificial therapies as only the right cells should receive longer telomeres.But we can also do something to keep our telomeres long! It is important to reduce stress, as chronic stress is associated with a loss of telomeres and stress management with longer telomeres. Exercising at least 4 times a week also has been consistently associated with longer telomeres. Special diets (fruits, dairy products, nuts, legumes, seaweed) are also associated with longer telomeres. All of this might help to reduce the loss of telomeres and slow down aging!0:00-0:52 Intro0:52-3:33 Discovery of Telomeres3:33-5:20 Age related Telomere Loss6:45-7:36 Slowing Down Aging by Hacking Telomeres7:36-12:32 How You Can Slow Down AgingReferences:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867420317505#bib44National Cancer Institute Cancer Stat Facts https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/ (2020)https://www.nature.com/articles/s41556-022-00991-zhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140673603123847https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5546536/pdf/oncotarget-08-45008.pdfhttps://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302151https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09603https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8920518/https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2121499119https://www.nature.com/articles/490169ahttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5123495/pdf/APJON-3-137.pdfImages:Most videos and images are derived from: pixabay.com, pexels.com and videvo.netSome pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier (including the thumbail). You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/The following videos were provided by A Luna Blue, videvo.net, CC BY-SA 4.0. White TV Screen, Eye Flickering, Viruses Rotating, Human Body, Device Screen, Cell, Sparks, Microscope, Pulsar Star, Video Wall, Antibody Growth, Microbe, It’s SpreadingThe following videos were provided by videvo.net, CC BY-SA 4.0. Scientist Working, Red Blood Cells, Timelapse, Bokeh Particles, Volume Graph, Abstract Color, Light Rays, Fog (by Voyager Project). Sca Results (MaartenLCF)Telomeres by AJC1, CC BY-SA 4.0Old Film Leader, Infected Cells, Lightning Strike Beachfront, CC BY-SA 3.0Cartoon Clouds by stockfootage, CC BY-SA 3.0Tetrahymena thermophila Robinson R (2006) Ciliate Genome Sequence Reveals Unique Features of a Model Eukaryote. PLoS Biol 4(9): e304. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040304Music:Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialLaconic Granny by Kevin MacLeod (CC BY 4.0)Title: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Filaments by Scott Buckley (CC BY 3.0)Title: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboAbout Clemens Steinek:CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (Sciencerely) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
Scientists Uncover How to Reverse Aging (pt. 2) Sciencerely 2022-10-18 | Get NordVPN 2 year plan + 4 months free here: https://nordvpn.com/sciencerely . It's risk-free with Nord's 30-day money-back guarantee! In 2020, roughly 1 billion people were older than 60. in 2030 this number will rise to 1.4 billion. Aging is accompanied by diseases such as heart disease, stroke or dementia. Aging seems inevitable.. or are there ways to slow down aging? Let's see how scientists try to slow down Aging!Aging research really started in the 20th century. It was observed that the lifespan of animals can be increased up to 50-300% by putting them on certain diets. This effect was demonstrated in yeast cells, flies, worms, mice and even monkeys, although the last is quite controversial. Scientists also genetically modified mice to live longer and slow down aging. When the hallmarks of aging were uncovered we really started to understand how aging works and how we possibly can reverse it.Throughout our lives, cells in our body become more and more damaged and their function is compromised. After a while, cells reach senescence meaning that they cannot make new cells anymore and lose their function. Senescent cells (or zombie cells) are a hallmark of aging and they promote inflammation which damages the overall tissue. One way to slow down aging would be to get rid off zombie cells.Scientists have tried to remove zombie cells (or senescent cells) in mice. By using mouse models, they showed that removing senescent cells increase the lifespan of animals. At the same time, senolytics were developed. Senolytics are loosely defined as substances which destroy zombie cells. Senolytics have been used to increase the lifespan of mice and reduce age-related symptoms. In humans, senolytics have been used in a clinical trial to improve the symptoms of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Besides removing zombie cells, we could also slow down aging by converting them back into normal cells. We could do that by using transcription factors in order to switch on youthful genes. Based on this, scientists have restored the vision in old mice and made human cells 30 years younger in the petri dish (based on the activity of their genes).But we can also slow down aging by our lifestyle choices. Both intermittent fasting and caloric restriction show promising effects on longevity. Both intermittent fasting and caloric restriction seem to promote autophagy (controlled self destruction) of zombie cells, thereby possibly slowing down aging. Let's see where this goes!🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinek0:00-0:38 Intro0:38-4:36 Dawn Of Aging Research4:36-6:45 How To Destroy Zombie Cells6:45-7:43 Sponsor Time7:43-9:23 How To Destroy Zombie Cells9:23-13:29 How To Slow Down AgingReferences:https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abe5671https://elifesciences.org/articles/71624https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1201060https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5732407/https://www.nature.com/articles/550448a#ref-CR2https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10600?message-global=remove&page=2 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352396417301548https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1550413111002579https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30616998/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9042193/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S088915911100465Xhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33268865/https://listverse.com/2019/02/07/10-lesser-known-cases-of-people-who-tried-to-achieve-immortality/Images:Most videos and images are derived from: pixabay.com, pexels.com and videvo.netSome pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier (including the thumbail). You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/BC elegans by Kdfj, CC BY-SA 3.0Muscle Cell by Nephron, CC BY-SA 3.0The following videos were provided by A Luna Blue, videvo.net, CC BY-SA 4.0. Graphic Star, Microbe Macro, Brain, It's Spreading, Continents, Futuristic Data Glitch by A Luna Blue, Scanning Electron Microscop, Tunnel by A Luna Blue, Single Cell, Cells, Hand Skeleton, Scrolling Screen, Slow Zoom, A Graphic Pulsar, Radial Waves, VirusesMusic:Title: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen (CC BY 4.0)Title: Filaments by Scott Buckley d (CC BY 3.0)Title: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboLight Sting by Kevin MacLeod (CC By 4.0)Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-...Title: Buddha by KontekstGenre and Mood: Hip Hop & Rap + BrightArtist: http://incompetech.com/About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (Sciencerely) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
How Your Food Makes You Depressed Sciencerely 2022-09-20 | We all know that a well balanced diet is important to keep us in shape and prevent disease. However, diet might also do more.. the food we eat can impact our mood and mental health. How does our diet impact our mental health? Let's find out!🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekFor a long time, people have been interested in various forms of diets. Especially in the past centuries, many diets have been established including the vinegar diet or the mediterrenean diet. Over the past decades scientists started to understand, however, that diets are not only important for our fitness but also for our mental health. Some forms of diet are associated with depression and anxiety disorder while others (especially the Mediterranean diet) seems to improve mental health. But how?Everytime we eat our food travels through the body into our gut. Here we find highly diverse bacteria (gut microbiome) which break down the food and release amino acids and vitamins. These molecules are then taken up by the body and travel to the brain where they are used to build brain structures and neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are especially important for our mood as they are used as a form of communication between brain cells. If we do not eat properly the gut microbiome might be disturb and inflammation in the gut might result. Stress signals are send to the brain and our mental health might become worse. Researchers are finding more and more links between diet, the gut microbiome and mental health. Especially if the gut microbiome is less diverse and unbalanced we might be more inclined to develop mental disorders. Other bacteria, which might be harmful in the gut are more abundant in patients who suffer from depression. Especially the two bacteria Morganella and Klebsiella seem to have a causative role in the development of depression.So what is considered good for our gut microbiome? Which diet is good for our mental health? Food which is often part of the so-called Western Diet is generally bad for our mental health. The Western Diet is defined by processed food. We often find food high in saturated fats, refined sugars, salts, and low in fiber in the Western diet. The Western diet is linked to an increased risk to develop anxiety, depression, and ADHD. Contrary, the Mediterranean diet looks like the most promising form of diet to prevent depression. A Mediterranean diet is rich in fruits, vegetables, olive oil, whole grains, and lean protein such as chicken and fish, and low in red meat and unhealthy fats. Especially avocadoes, nuts, olives, and vegetable oils contain unsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols. It was found that the Mediterranean diet reduce the risk to develop depression by 42%.00:00-00:50 Intro00:50-3:20 Scientific History of Diets3:20-8:37 How Our Food Impacts Our Mood8:37-13:19 Which Diet is the Best?References:www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32340112/www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/effects-of-nutrition-on-mood-variability-in-bipolar-disorderwww.science.org/content/article/gut-microbe-linked-depression-large-health-studywww.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.871238/fullwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6170050/pdf/ms112_p0111.pdfwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6170050/pdf/ms112_p0111.pdfwww.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(15)00241-2/fulltextwww.skyterrawellness.com/history-of-dieting/www.nature.com/articles/ejcn2012193www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.564413/fullImages:Most videos and images are derived from: pixabay.com, pexels.com and videvo.netSome pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Looping Volume Graph by Videvo, CC BY-SA 4.0Bifidobacterium adolescentis by Y tambe, CC BY-SA 3.0Morganella by Maryrose94, CC BY-SA 4.0Music:Title: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen (CC BY 4.0)Title: Filaments by Scott Buckley d (CC BY 3.0)Title: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboLight Sting by Kevin MacLeod (CC By 4.0)Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-...Title: Buddha by KontekstGenre and Mood: Hip Hop & Rap + BrightArtist: http://incompetech.com/About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (Sciencerely) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
How Social Media Addiction Destroys Your Brain Sciencerely 2022-07-22 | The rise of social media has changed our day to day lives. But more and more reports show that social media and especially social media can impact our brain. Social media addiction might also to a decline in mental health. How does social media changes us? And are the effects by social media addiction reversal?🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekSocial media has been developed to connect people. However, quite early, scientists found that social media (and social media addiction) can lead to changes in the brain such an enlarged amygdala. First reports surfaced showing that people compare their lives to lives they see on social media and report a decline of mental health upon heavy social media use. It seems like our brains cannot distinguish between social media and the real world. Social media also led to an attention span crisis meaning that we have a harder time to focus if we spend much time on social media. Moreover, social media is able to feed into the reward system of our brains. Everytime we perceive something good dopamine producing cells in the brain release dopamine which leads to a good feeling. Social media has used this mechanism to provide us with a constant stream of good feelings. Social media algorithms have been optimize to show more social media content in a shorter period of time leading to more dopamine. As a result, some argue that social media addiction should be recognized as a mental disorder.Besides negatively impacting our brains on an individual level social media and social media addiction also impacts society. Last year, a sharp rise in tic symptoms have been reported among teenagers in the US. It seems like that tic-related content on tiktok together with anxiety caused by the COVID-19 pandemic led to this rise in tic-like symptoms. So what should we do about social media? And how can we ensure that our brains are not negatively impacted by the constant stream of dopamine? Well, sometimes the best thing is just to avoid social media for a while.References:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6502424/https://fortune.com/2022/03/31/teen-girls-tourette-tics-tiktok/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jpc.15932https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982214014870https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adb.12570https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.0903620106https://www.nature.com/articles/nn.2724?luicode=10000011&lfid=231522type%3D1%26t%3D10%26q%3D%23%E6%9D%8F%E4%BB%81%E6%A0%B8%23&featurecode=20000345&u=http://www.nature.com%2Fneuro%2Fjournal%2Fvaop%2Fncurrent%2Ffull%2Fnn.2724.htmlhttps://psycnet.apa.org/record/2018-22977-002https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/cyber.2021.0324https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40519-017-0364-2https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02673843.2019.1590851https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224545.2019.1578725https://movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mds.28778https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cyber.2018.0701Images:Most videos and images are derived from: pixabay.com, pexels.com and videvo.netSome pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Jack Dorsey by cellanr, CC BY-SA 2.0Youtube Founders by Ianmacm, CC BY-SA 3.0Steve Jobs by Flickr, CC BY-SA 2.0Jeff Bezos by Seattle City Council, CC BY-SA 2.0Emo by jezebel parker, CC BY-SA 2.0Tokio hotel by Pascal Parvex, CC BY-SA 3.0Nucleus Accumbens by Leevanjackson, CC BY-SA 4.0Trumpet by PJ, CC BY-SA 2.000:00-00.59 Intro00:59-3:22 How Social Media Changed our Brain3:22- 6:00 Social Media Hijacks our Reward System6:00-9:14 The Rise Of Social Media Addiction9:14-11:01 What to do about Social Media AddictionMusic:Title: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen (CC BY 4.0)Title: Filaments by Scott Buckley d (CC BY 3.0)Title: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboLight Sting by Kevin MacLeod (CC By 4.0)Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-...Title: Buddha by KontekstGenre and Mood: Hip Hop & Rap + BrightArtist: http://incompetech.com/About Clemens Steinek: About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
Scientists Reveal How to Hack your Brain (Neuroplasticity) Sciencerely 2022-06-25 | Dieses Video wurde für die Teilnahme am Wettbewerb "Fast Forward Science 2022/23" (www.fastforwardscience.de) eingereicht. This video has been submitted to the competition "Fast Forward Science 2022/23" (www.fastforwardscience.de).A girl is undergoing surgery. The goal is to remove one of her brain hemispheres. How did neuroplasticity help her to rewire her brain? At the same time, dementia (and especially Alzheimer's disease) is on the rise. Can we use neuroplasticity to learn new skills and lower the risk of getting dementia? Let's find out!🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekCS is a girl who suffered from a rare disorder called Rasmussen's encephalitis. As she suffered from regular seizures the only viable option was to remove one of her brain hemispheres. Although this is a highly risky surgery, CS did not only survive but her brain could also mostly compensate for its loss. The reason for this is a phenomenon called brain plasticity. Brain plasticity is a process where new connections within existing brain cells are formed. Brain plasticity always happens when we learn new things and the great thing is that brain plasticity can also help to rewire or hack our brains. Studies have shown that neuroplasticity led to larger hippocampuses in taxi drivers and lower amygdalas in people who reduce their stress. If you want to hack your brain (rewire your brain) through brain plasticity you need to learn new things. Learning a second language for example changes brain regions and lead to a better attention span. A healthy diet and exercise can promote brain metabolism and improve brain plasticity. You can also rewire or hack your brain by reducing the amounts of stress. Besides making us smarter, learning new things also helps to reduce the risk of getting mild forms of dementia. Brain plasticity can lead to cognitive reserves here meaning that it takes more damages to the brain until we develop symptoms. Of course, brain plasticity does not exclude the possibility to develop dementia (or Alzheimer's disease) but in can help to alleviate symptoms and lower the risk!00:00-1:01 Intro1:01-4:10 How Neuroplasticity Works4:10-7:38 How to (Naturally) Hack Your Brain7:38-11:24 How Neuroplasticity Fights Alzheimer’s DiseaseReferences:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4960264/pdf/fpsyg-07-01118.pdfhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5702476/pdf/fpsyg-08-02040.pdfhttps://translationalneurodegeneration.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40035-017-0073-9https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4322884/pdf/ndt-11-291.pdfhttps://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/752965/https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/436960https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4960264/pdf/fpsyg-07-01118.pdfhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ana.10262https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/1883334https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.497245/fullhttps://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.070039597CS' story:abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=125948&page=1www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/03/the-deepest-cutImages:Most videos and images are derived from: pixabay.com, pexels.com and videvo.netVitruvian man by Hans Bernhard (Schnobby), CC BY-SA 3.0London map by OpenStreetMap, CC BY-SA 2.0Brown eyes by Stockfootage, CC BY-SA 3.0Senile plaques by User:KGH, CC BY-SA 3.0Music:Title: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen (CC BY 4.0)Title: Filaments by Scott Buckley d (CC BY 3.0)Title: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboLight Sting by Kevin MacLeod (CC By 4.0)Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-...Title: Buddha by KontekstGenre and Mood: Hip Hop & Rap + BrightArtist: http://incompetech.com/About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner/ Sciencerely) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
The Monkeypox Outbreak Might Change Things.. Sciencerely 2022-05-27 | Over the past years, monkeypox has spread to different continent. Monkeypox is a disease which is spread by the monkeypox virus. So far, monkeypox infections have been quite rare but will that change? Let's find out, in this episode we will cover monkeypox!🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekMonkeypox virus was first discovered in 1959 in monkeys and later in rodents. In 1970, the first human monkeypox patient was discovered. Due to the infectiousness and high mortality of smallpox, however, monkeypox was not given too much attention. When smallpox was eradicated, also monkeypox was decimated as smallpox vaccines have an 85% efficiency against monkeypox. However, in the subsequent years, monkeypox could still spread as less and less people were vaccinated. There have been minor monkeypox outbreaks in the early 2000s (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo) and first monkeypox cases were found outside of Africa. In 2022, however, everything changes when monkeypox suddenly was discovered in unrelated people on different continents..Monkeypox virus is a DNA virus which causes monkeypox. Monkeypox is a relatively mild disease which normally takes 2-4 weeks to recover. In initial monkeypox stages, patients experience, fever and a headache. Then, a rash appears, mostly in the face, which then spreads. Monkeypox virus is then destroyed by the immune system and most patients fully recover. However, there are still serious forms of monkeypox. Monkeypox can cause permanent blindness, pneumonia or swellings of the brain. If Co-infections together with monkeypox occur, the situation might be life-threatening. There are no treatments specifically against monkeypox but smallpox treatments and other antiviral drugs work against monkexpox. There is also no monkeypox vaccine but the smallpox vaccine is quite effective. Right now, there is no reason to panic but we should be careful as healthcare workers, pregnant women, children and people with weakened immune system do have risks to get infected. Still, monkexpox probably remains not that infectious and all recorded cases of this outbreak have been mild so far.References:https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01421-8https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4880088/https://www.hindawi.com/journals/cripe/2020/8572596/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4596588/https://www.hindawi.com/journals/cripe/2020/8572596/https://www.science.org/content/article/monkeypox-outbreak-questions-intensify-cases-soarhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00241/fullhttps://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/1/1/8The two presented patient stories in this video are based on cases found in the references and were adapted.0:00-0:43 Intro0:43-4:05 The Rise of Monkeypox4:05-6:51 How Monkeypox Infects Us6:51-7:50 Monkeypox Treatments & Vaccine7:50-9:35 How We Counteract Monkeypox9:35-11:17 Monkeypox Vs. COVID-19Images:Most videos and images are derived from: pixabay.com, pexels.com and videvo.netThe virus in the thumbnail depicts a generic virus (not monkeypox!) and was obtained from pngtree.com.Smallpox Cases graph by https://ourworldindata.org, CC BY 4.0loucester smallpox epidemic, Wellcome Images, CC BY 4.0Cells, Lightning and Cartridge Glitch by Beachfront, CC BY 3.0Music:Title: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen (CC BY 4.0)Title: Filaments by Scott Buckley d (CC BY 3.0)Title: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboLight Sting by Kevin MacLeod (CC By 4.0)Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-...Title: Buddha by KontekstGenre and Mood: Hip Hop & Rap + BrightArtist: http://incompetech.com/About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner/ Sciencerely) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
The Worst Human Experiments Uncovered Sciencerely 2022-05-15 | Today, human trials have to follow certain standards and meet important criteria. However, this was not always the case and horiffic human experiments have been conducted in the past. Here, we will cover some of the worst human experiments.🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekOperation midnight climax: In our modern times, human experiments involve the voluntary participation of people. During operation midnight climax (which was part of MK Ultra), US agents drugged people without their consent to find out if they can alter their minds. This human experiment went on for years and involved hundreds of victims.Facial Expression Experiments: This psychology study has been conducted as a human experiment in the past century. The goal was to find common features in faces if we feel certain emotions. The scientist leading this study, however, applied immense pressure and psychological terror. By the end of this human experiment, participants have reported to feel stressed out and uncomfortable.Monkey Drug Trials: Although this is not a human experiment, the monkey drug trials is highly controversial as it involved the self-administration of drugs in monkeys. Since the monkeys suffered a lot and some even passed away, the trial is highly concerning from today's point of view.Japan's Unit 731 and Holocaust Experiments. These series of human experiments is said to have claimed the lives of numerous innocent people. Horrific atrocities were commited to find out how much the human body can endure.The "Monster" Study: This famous human experiment involves the attempt to induce stuttering in orphans by positive or negative speech therapy. It was found (although controversial) that stuttering becomes worse in children if we pressure them. The "Monster" study has never been officially published and remains a highly controversial human experiment.The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: The Tuskegee Syphilis study involved hundreds of afro-american men who suffered from syphilis. The goal of this human experiment was to find out how syphilis progresses.0:00-0:23 Intro0:23-2:00 Operation Midnight Climax2:00-3:45 Facial Expression Experiments3:45-5:03 Monkey Drug Trials5:03-6:09 Japan's Unit 7316:09-7:46 The "Monster" Study7:46-9:20 Tuskegee Syphilis Study9:20-11:40 Holocaust Experiments11:40-13:35 Today's EthicsReferences: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-63168-4.pdfhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4822534/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/09/health/unethical-experiments/index.htmlhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/46354/213_2004_Article_BF00405254.pdf?sequenchttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00221309.1929.9918042?journalCode=vgen20https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1926-08449-001https://www.livescience.com/13002-7-evil-experiments.htmlhttps://historyofyesterday.com/6-most-horrible-and-inhuman-experiments-ever-done-on-humans-b752d9713aeahttps://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/resources/the-research-ethics-library/systhematic-and-historical-perspectives/the-history-of-research-ethics/https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/operation-midnight-climax-the-cia-experiment-with-sex-drugs-and-mind-control/https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/operation-midnight-climax-the-cia-experiment-with-sex-drugs-and-mind-control/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/17/japan-unit-731-imperial-army-second-world-warhttps://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/16/magazine/the-stuttering-doctor-s-monster-study.htmlImages:Some pictures/videos are derived from pixabay.com pexels.com and videezy.comScan Of Yoshimura Hisato's Frostbite Research by Aising, CC BY-SA 4.0Building Japanese Unit 731 By 松岡明芳, CC BY-SA 3.0Film Strip by Beachfront, CC BY-SA 3.0Organic Cells Loopable by Beachfront, CC BY-SA 3.0Helsinki declaration by Rabax63, CC BY-SA 4.0Old Film Leader by Beachfront, CC BY-SA 3.0 Free B-Roll provided by www.videezy.com, CC BY-SA 4.0Auschwitz Tor by Dnalor 01, CC-BY-SA 3.0Syphilis Man by https://wellcomecollection.org/Unit 731 prison cells by Aising, CC BY-SA 3.0Microbewriter Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, CC BY-SA 4.0Sachsenhausen roll call by Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-78612-0003 / CC-BY-SA 3.0Music:Title: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen (CC BY 4.0)Title: Filaments by Scott Buckley d (CC BY 3.0)Title: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboLight Sting by Kevin MacLeod (CC By 4.0)Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-...Title: Buddha by KontekstGenre and Mood: Hip Hop & Rap + BrightArtist: http://incompetech.com/About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
How Oversleeping Destroys Your Body Sciencerely 2022-04-19 | We all know that sleep deprivation is bad for us. However, studies suggest that oversleeping might also damage our bodies? What happens if we oversleep? And how can we avoid oversleeping?🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekIn 1963, a teenager named Randy Gardner broke the world record by staying awake for over 290 hours. William Dement, a famous sleep scientist studied how his body changed through sleep deprivation. Sleep normally involves REM and non-REM phases which help our bodies to recover. If we do not sleep (and are sleep deprived), however, our body has several issues. Neurotransmitter levels are dysregulated and we start to hallucinate, be less focused and experience other symptoms.Similar to lacking sleep, oversleeping also damages our bodies. Oversleeping or hypersomnia is characterized by the urge to sleep and symptoms such as headache or constantly being tired. Roughly 4% of people suffer from chronic oversleeping. Although oversleeping can be caused by depression, an underlying sleep disorder or other syndromes, we can also just get used to oversleep - but that is not healthy. Oversleeping is associated with a variety of diseases including heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes or Alzheimers disease. Furthermore, oversleeping is associaed with obesity, a decreased fertility and a shorter lifespan (30% higher mortality). There are several reasons for this phenomenon including chronic inflammation, an altered metabolism, or hormones or unidentified underlying diseases.Still, sleep deprivation is also detrimental. Already over 70 million people in the United states sleep to little. And this is bad. It is proposed that 20% of all injuries that result from car accidents can be associated with sleep deprivation. Similar to oversleeping, sleep deprivation is also associated several diseases including diabetes. Studies also suggest that sleep deprivation might cause lasting brain damages but there are more studies needed. If we want to sleep properly we should try to have a sleep schedule, workout during the day and avoid bright lights before we go to sleep.0:00-0:56 Intro0:56-4:08 Beginnings of Sleep Science4:08-8:50 The Dangers of Oversleeping8:50-11:17 Sleep Deprivation Makes Brain Damages11:17-12:36 How We Should SleepReferences:https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/33/5/585/2454478?login=falsehttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26599679/https://cms.galenos.com.tr/Uploads/Article_44071/JPR-8-93-En.pdfhttps://academic.oup.com/brain/article/144/3/863/6214917?login=falsehttps://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2020/5764017/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5449130/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256323/https://jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12974-020-01960-9https://annalsofian.org/article.asp?issn=0972-2327;year=2007;volume=10;issue=1;spage=58;epage=60;aulast=Johnhttps://www.webmd.com/men/news/20161019/sleep-can-affect-male-fertility#1https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2279744/Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Some video clips are derived from https://www.videezy.com/William dement derived from Ed Souza/Stanford News ServiceRoger federer by Tatiana, CC BY-SA 2.0Music:Title: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen (CC BY 4.0)Title: Filaments by Scott Buckley d (CC BY 3.0)Title: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboLight Sting by Kevin MacLeod (CC By 4.0)Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-...Title: Buddha by KontekstGenre and Mood: Hip Hop & Rap + BrightArtist: http://incompetech.com/About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (Sciencerely) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
The Dangers of Vitamin Supplements Sciencerely 2022-03-27 | Vitamin supplements have taken over the world. Over 52% of US citizens take some form of supplements. Although vitamin supplements are often believe to only have good effects they also can become toxic. So when should and should we not take vitamin supplements?🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekFirst evidence that vitamins exist were found in the 18th century when James Lind treated Scurvy patients with fruits. In the 20th century vitamins were discovered. In humans, there are 13 vitamins. Vitamins have different roles in our cells. Vitamin A is important for our sight, Vitamin D regulates the metabolism of the bone and vitamin C and E are antioxidants. In the 1950s vitamin supplements were produced at a large scale.Vitamin supplements can be very important for our bodies. However, we often do not need vitamin supplements as we take up enough vitamins through our diet. Excessive amounts of vitamin supplements can lead to vitamin toxicity. Vitamin toxicity means that we have taken up so much vitamins that they lead to unwanted effects. Vitamin supplements can lead to damages in the kidneys, high levels of calcium in the blood and systemic damages to organs (depending on the vitamin supplement and how long it was taken at what concentration).Nonetheless, vitamin supplements are often important. Vitamin supplements can help to treat vitamin defficiencies. Vitamin B9 is also important during pregncancy and vitamin supplements can help there. Elderly people are advised to take vitamin D as it help to keep bones strong and critically ill patients could be helped with vitamin C supplements (in combination with other treatments.)There are many vitamin supplements misconceptions. Vitamin supplements unfortunately do not help to treat heart disease or cancer. Vitamin supplements also do not help to slow down aging or prevent the flu.References:bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12877-020-01614-8 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S001236921551828Xwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6039380/onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2012.03008.xwww.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4/fullwww.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33206192/https://assets.speakcdn.com/Assets/2606/0e6994939_1518542503_847fullpaper2018jamavitamin-and-mineral-supplements-what-clinicians-need-to-know.pdfwww.link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11657-019-0589-yhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23798048/The presented patient stories were adapted from published cases above.Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Kidney biopsy by Nephron, CC BY-SA 3.0Kidney stones by Kempf EK, CC BY-SA 3.0Siege of Paris by Bundesarchiv, CC BY-SA 3.0 GERGloriole by Evrik, CC BY-SA 3.0HE Staining by Calicut Medical College, CC BY-SA 4.0Stock videos were derived from: videezy.com, pixabay.com or pexels.comMusic:Title: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen (CC BY 4.0)Title: Filaments by Scott Buckley d (CC BY 3.0)Title: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboLight Sting by Kevin MacLeod (CC By 4.0)Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-...Title: Buddha by KontekstGenre and Mood: Hip Hop & Rap + BrightArtist: http://incompetech.com/About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (Sciencerely) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
Scientists Uncover How to Reverse Aging Sciencerely 2022-03-01 | Scientists have successfully increased the lifespan of animals and there are first studies which describe how we might reverse aging. So how could we one day rever aging?🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekIn the 70s, scientists observed that cells only grow for a limited amount of days in the laboratory (Hayflick limit). Over the years, so-called hallmarks of aging have been uncovered. These hallmarks of aging govern how our cells age and we could try to slow dem down to "reverse aging".The first hallmark of aging is mutation. We can acquire mutations by being exposed to UV radiation or certain chemicals or through cell division. Cell divsion also leads to a second hallmark of aging (telomere attrition). Furthermore, our mitochondria start to work less as quality checks do not work properly anymore.The hallmarks of aging are tightly linked to epigenetics. Epigenetics means that we have mechanisms (DNA methylation, histone modifications) which regulate the activity of genes. Epigenetics governs the development of embryonic stem cells into cells of our body but also impact aging. The loss of mitochondria for example is linked to dysfunctional epigenetic layers. As we age, at least three epigenetic modifications namely H4K16 acetylation, H3K4 trimethylation, or H4K20 trimethylation acumulate. The thing is that epigenetics is reversible... so can we also reverse aging?Diets have been shown to slow down (and reverse aging to a small degree). Cells also show less damages in their DNA and we find higher levels of proteins which are found in "young cells”. The activity of mitochondria is also increased if we undergo caloric restriction. Diets also impact the production of sirtuins which increase the lifespan and reverse aging. Different compounts (such as NMN and remodelin) have been shown to improve the epigenetic landscape which might have an effect on reversing aging. Exercise also might help to reverse aging as it helps to increase the activity of mitochondria. Meditation and having less stress also helps to increase the lengths of telomeres which might help to reverse aging. All in all studies suggests that some hallmarks of aging can be reversed so lets see where that goes!0:00-0:46 Intro0:46-3:53 Hallmarks of Aging3:53-6:38 Epigenetics Controls Genes6:38-8:45 Reversing Aging: what is known8:45-11:25 Reversing Aging through Diets & Sports11:25-12:13 My OpinionReferences:https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000465&type=printablehttps://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0092867416310005?token=550E47872791A430970F7C61962115C48274749DCE41C56D64E860D72105B4B0FBD670BB4719CA626CAD83D67893B692&originRegion=eu-west-1&originCreation=20220210202615https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2018.00258/full#B37https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2018.00258/fullhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867413006454#bib134https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4104429/https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000465&type=printablehttps://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0092867413015213?token=BCBCC002937BC4095866DA913BC4F1F54BDC3DEF11B19DB76DAC2567151F5EA798477A3807F33346F4EDD79C96F43CBC&originRegion=eu-west-1&originCreation=20220210203919https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6402507/https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/4/1194https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5361673/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jcp.28304Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Infected cells by Beachfront, CC BY 3.0Drosophila by Kersti Nebelsiek, CC BY 3.0Hayflick limit by Azmistowski17, CC BY 4.0Conrad Waddington by https://www.che.ac.uk/what-we-do/conrad-waddington/, CC BY 4.0Breast tissue necrosis by Calicut Medical College, CC BY 4.0Music:Title: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen (CC BY 4.0)Title: Filaments by Scott Buckley d (CC BY 3.0)Title: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboLight Sting by Kevin MacLeod (CC By 4.0)Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-...Title: Buddha by KontekstGenre and Mood: Hip Hop & Rap + BrightArtist: http://incompetech.com/About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
The Odd Story behind the Pig-to-Human Transplant (Xenotransplantation) Sciencerely 2022-02-03 | In the past weeks, two xenotransplantations were successfully performed. These xenotransplantations involved a genetically-modified pig heart and pig kidneys. But why and how were the xenotransplants made? Let's find out!🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekXenotransplantations are transplants from from species to another. Scientists try to perform xenotransplantations due to the ongoing organ shortage crisis. First attempts of xenotransplantations involve when French doctor Jean-Baptiste Denys' attempts to perform lamb blood transfusions on a boy. This was not successful, however, first xenotransplantts were conducted in 1963/1964 by Reemtsam. Reemtsam transplanted chimpanzee xenotransplants into terminally ill patients. Later, pig xenotransplants were preferred but it became clear that they are rejected quickly by the patients body (since there are galactose-α1,3-galactose sugars among other compounds on the surface of pig xenotransplants). Scientists need to genetically engineer pig xenotransplants to trick the immune system.First successful attempts of making genetically engineered xenotransplants were done by destroying the gene which makes galactose-α1,3-galactose and by giving CRP (a human gene) to pig xenotransplants. The size of the xenotransplant was also decreased by destroying GHR and some scientists attempted to remove all pig endogenous retroviruses. With the dawn of CRISPR/Cas9 multiple genetic modifications could be done at the same time. CRISPR Cas9 is based on a guideRNA which leads the Cas9 protein to a gene which is then destroyed. In 2022, pig xenotransplants with 10 genetic modifications were transplanted into two patients. Pig kidneys made urine for a couple of days, while a transplanted pig heart still beats in the chest of a patient. There are some ethical questions when we talk about pig xenotransplants. Pigs are sacrificed to make xenotransplants and have to be raised in a sterile environment. There also has been some debate concerning who should receive xenotransplants. Overall, xenotransplants might provide a temporary or permanent solution to the organ shortage crisis.Chapters:0:00-0:32 Intro0:32-3:11 Early Xenotransplantation Attempts3:11-7:01 Destroying One Gene at a Time7:01-9:38 2022: First Successful Xenotransplantations!9:38-11:55 Ethical IssuesReferences:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5935127https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/path.4635https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11875425/https://www.nature.com/articles/nm1172 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajt.16930https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.aan4187https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/xen.12664Images:Videos were derived from pixabay.com and pexels.com. Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Heart by Patrick J. Lynch CC BY-SA 4.0Medawar by Digitised CC BY-SA 4.0focal segmental glomerulosclerosis by Nephron CC BY-SA 3.0mes Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 by Barrington Brown/Science Photo LibraryRosalind Franklin by MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, BY-SA 4.0CRISPR Cas9 by marius walter, BY-SA 4.0PCR by Rkalendar, CC BY-SA 3.0Epigenetic Landscape by UQstudent44800491, BY-SA 4.0Jennifer Doudna by The Royal Society, BY-SA 4.0 (modified)Emmanuelle Charpentier by Relaxnews, BY-SA 4.0 (modified)Music:Title: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen (CC BY 4.0)Title: Filaments by Scott Buckley d (CC BY 3.0)Title: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboLight Sting by Kevin MacLeod (CC By 4.0)Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-...Title: Buddha by KontekstGenre and Mood: Hip Hop & Rap + BrightArtist: http://incompetech.com/About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting epigenetics and stem cell research in Germany.
How Bad are Flurona Infections? Sciencerely 2022-01-15 | First flurona (COVID-19 co-infection with the flu) cases have been reported. Although flurona has not been a concern yet due to the few flu cases last year we might have more cases in the upcoming year. What can we expect when SARS-CoV-2 and the influenza virus meet?🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinek"Flurona" is a layman term (and not a medical term) which describes the COVID-19 coinfection with the flu. In 2020, a man in New York was admitted to the hospital and tested positive for COVID-19 and the flu. A couple of weeks ago a pregnant woman in Israel was also diagnosed with "flurona". Both patients exhibited "normal" COVID-19 / flu symptoms. Since flurona has been so rare so far we do not know if we can expect any special symptoms.What we do know, however, is how other bacteria and viruses work with Sars-CoV-2 (see references for the studies). While one meta-study claims that as many as 19% of COVID-19 patients have co-infections another study suggests that correct number is 7%. It is estimated that over 40% of COVID-19 patients in the ICU have superinfections which increase the risk of dying. COVID-19 co-infections can lead to additional tissue damages or super-infections which might explain the higher mortality rate. Some COVID-19 co-infections, however, do not lead to more severe symptoms. Concerning flurona, a recent study in mice has observed more lung damages if there is an SARS-CoV-2 influenza co-infection.Since some people were concerned - there is no need to worry that COVID-19 co-infections with unrelated viruses lead to "new" viruses. The reason for this is that viruses can be very different from each other, do not infect the same cells and have stored their genetic information differently among other reasons. The importance of flurona (or other COVID-19 co-infections) is that they might help to treat COVID-19 patients in the ICU accordingly.0:00-0:33 Intro0:33-2:18 What is Flurona?2:18-5:07 How COVID-19 Co-Infections Impact Us5:07-7:35 Can SARS-CoV-2 merge with other Viruses?7:35-9:30 Conclusion & AnnouncementReferences:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-021-00473-1https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0251170https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7213959/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7836762/https://www-sciencedirect-com.emedien.ub.uni-muenchen.de/science/article/pii/S0163445320303236?dgcid=rss_sd_allhttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0251170The experiment was conducted with data from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ and processed with blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi and Benchling.Images:Videos were derived from pixabay.com or pexels.com. Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Influenza Virus by BruceBlaus, CC BY-SA 4.0HSV-1 by Thomas Splettstoesse, CC BY-SA 4.0Granulation tissue by Calicut Medical College, CC BY-SA 4.0Kiss lips by Tania Saiz, Music:Title: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen (CC BY 4.0)Title: Filaments by Scott Buckley d (CC BY 3.0)Title: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboLight Sting by Kevin MacLeod (CC By 4.0)Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-...Title: Buddha by KontekstGenre and Mood: Hip Hop & Rap + BrightArtist: http://incompetech.com/About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
Is the Omicron Variant Really that Bad? Sciencerely 2021-12-26 | Recently, the omicron variant was identified as a new mutated SARS-CoV-2 strain. Omicron seems to spread faster than the Delta variant but what how will Omicron impact the COVID-19 pandemic? And will COVID-19 vaccines work against Omicron?🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekCOVID-19 is a pandemic which is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. When SARS-CoV-2 enters the body it infects cells which have ACE2. The immune system detects the SARS-CoV-2 particles and tries to prevent COVID-19. Sometimes this works but other times patients might experience severe forms of COVID-19. Over the past months, we learned a lot about COVID-19 and potential permanent damages (Long-COVID). Fortunately, COVID-19 vaccines largely prevent severe COVID-19 forms.A couple of weeks ago, the Omicron variant was identified. The Omicron variant is a new SARS-CoV-2 variant which spreads fast. First data indicates that the Omicron variant is a highly infectious COVID-19 variant. Fortunately, COVID-19 symptoms caused by Omicron are overall not more severe compared to the Delta variant. Although COVID-19 vaccines are less effective againt Omicron, it seems like that booster shots might largely prevent hospitalization. Let's hope that the COVID-19 pandemic ends soon!0:00-0:54 Intro0:54-3:19 How Sars-CoV-2 Infects us3:19-4:08 How Long COVID Harms Us4:08-7:16 The Rise of Omicron7:16-8:50 Omicron And Vaccines8:50-10:31 Final ThoughtsFor your reading:doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-03614-zdoi.org/10.1101/2021.11.11.21266068doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02758-6doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.07.21267432https://www.med.hku.hk/en/news/press/20211215-omicron-sars-cov-2-infectionImages:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour by Nephron, CC BY-SA 3.0Royalty free videos are derived from pixabay or pexels.Music:Title: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen (CC BY 4.0)Title: Filaments by Scott Buckley d (CC BY 3.0)Title: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboLight Sting by Kevin MacLeod (CC By 4.0)Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-...Title: Buddha by KontekstGenre and Mood: Hip Hop & Rap + BrightArtist: http://incompetech.com/About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
How Stem Cells Heal Irreversible Injuries Sciencerely 2021-12-11 | Every year, 250 000 to 500 000 people suffer spinal cord injuries. Some treatments and physical training can only partially help affected individuals. But new stem cell therapies might soon help to treat spinal cord injuries. How do stem cell therapies work? And how can stem cells heal spinal cord injuries? Let's find out!🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekSpinal cord injuries arise when we experience a sudden impact on our spine. Bone fragments can destroy neurons in the spinal cord and cause a primary injury. The immune system causes extensive inflammation leading to secondary injuries. The spinal cord gets more and more damaged and neurons, oligodendrocytes and other cells are lost. While the injured spinal cord is inflamed, the patient enters chronic phase. The body is so irritated by the damage that it urgently tries to repair the damages by causing scarring. Physical therapies can partially restore the damages which occured during spinal cord injuries. The reason for this is that they can provoke neural plasticity (the formation of new connections between neurons). Still, most spinal cord injuries cannot fully be cured.Stem cell therapies involve the injection of stem cells into a patient. Stem cells are cells which can make more stem cells or transform into specialised cells. In some trials, neural stem cells were transplanted into spinal cord injury patients and partially alleviated the symptoms. Alternatively, oligodendrocyte precursor cells can be used in stem cell therapies. Last year, a small clinical trial showed promising improvements in spinal cord injury patients.Besides stem cell therapies, artificial gels can help to cure spinal cord injuries. A couple of weeks ago, an artificial gel has improved the recovery of mice with spinal cord injuries. Although there are many questions which need to be answered, stem cell therapies might help to heal spinal cord injuries.For your reading:https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abh3602https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6439316/https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2018.00602/fullhttps://cellandbioscience.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13578-020-00475-3.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742738/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22073257/Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Other Material was derived from pixabay.com or pexels.comScoliosis by Lucien Monfils, CC BY-SA 3.0Scar by Svdmolen, CC BY-SA 3.0Inflammation by Department of Pathology, Calicut Medical college, CC BY-SA 4.0Music:Title: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen (CC BY 4.0)Title: Filaments by Scott Buckley d (CC BY 3.0)Title: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboLight Sting by Kevin MacLeod (CC By 4.0)Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-...Title: Buddha by KontekstGenre and Mood: Hip Hop & Rap + BrightArtist: http://incompetech.com/About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
The REAL Origins & Evolution of HIV Sciencerely 2021-11-14 | Over 36 million people have died from AIDS so far. AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency virus, or HIV. But where does HIV originate from? And how has HIV evolved over the decades?🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekHIV or the human deficiency virus infects humans and causes AIDS. It is estimated that over 38 million people are infected with HIV today. HIV-1, the dominant form of HIV, has probably transmitted from apes to humans in the 1920s in Kinshasa in the Democratic republic of Congo. Over the next years, first reports of possible HIV infections surfaced although the virus has not identified. It is likely that babies in Germany, a Norwegian sailor and his familiy and others have been infected with HIV and died of AIDS in the following decades. HIV and AIDS, however, were only recognized in the 1980s when large clusters of people died in the United States. Finally, HIV was isolated by three independent researchers and was found to caus AIDS.. When HIV enters the body it circulates in the blood and starts to infect a special type of immune cell called CD4+ T cell. HIV then converts its genetic information (RNA) into DNA using a protein called reverse transcriptase. HIV integrates this DNA into the host cell and, after a while, produces new particles which leads to the slow destruction of the immune system. If that happens for a long period of time, AIDS can occur and opportunistic infections leads to serious complications.HIV evolves through mutations or changes in its genes. It primarily uses the error prone conversion of RNA into DNA which is made by reverse transcriptase and template switching. Through these mechanisms, HIV has become highly diverse throughout the years and can sometimes become drug resistant or more infectious.For your reading (google the terms to find the publications):doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0031doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2012.06.015doi: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000137doi.org/10.4081/idr.2013.s1.e6doi.org/10.1186/1742-6405-4-11Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Other material is derived from pixabay or pexels.Music:Intro:Title: Biohazard by Lesion X (cc-by) promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://hypeddit.com/track/urijamTitle: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Helen 2 by Nikos Spiliotis, promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/b-helen-2Title: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Parallel by Ross Budgen https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw5HZUiqgbhO3RFDiVNwwmg (CCA 4.0 )Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw5HZUiqgbhO3RFDiVNwwmg (CCA 4.0 )Title: Outside Visitors, The IllstrumentalistTitle: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Filaments by Scott Buckley (CC BY 3.0)Title: Laconic Granny by Kevin MacLeod (CCA 4.0 )About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
Can the New HIV Cures Stop HIV? Sciencerely 2021-10-20 | Over 32 million people are infected with the Human Immunodeficiency virus each day. In rare cases, HIV has already been cured in cancer patients. But this might soon change. New promising HIV cures might be developed in the next years and finally stop HIV.🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekHIV has been cured twice so far (Tim's case): https://youtu.be/zfYpSap3z8wNew potential HIV vaccine: https://youtu.be/0Ntaup5KdLA0:00-1:36 Intro1:10-4:02 How HIV Infections Work4:02-6:35 HIV Cures & Gene Editing6:35- Attacking HIV by Latency Reversal7:56-9:54 Immunotherapies in HIV ResearchHIV, or human immunodeficiency virus, is a virus which causes the Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. HIV infects CD4+ T cells and integrates its genetic information into the host cell. The infection of HIV is often not recognized for years, as HIV sequences remain inactive for a very long time. Once enough T cells are destroyed, however, AIDS breaks out. Symptoms of AIDS include recurring fever, weight loss, skin rashes and persistent white lesions on the tongue or mouth. Without intervention AIDS is fatal.Today, we can treat HIV. HIV treatments, however, have side-effects and HIV can also become resistant. This is why we need a cure for HIV. Scientists are currently trying to find HIV cures. Using genetic engineering, CCR5 can be disrupted in immune cells making them HIV resistant. Another HIV cure could potentially be combined with latency reversal where we try to activate and destroy HIV particles. As a last HIV cure, scientists try to use broadly neutralizing antibodies which help the immune system to destroy HIV. These promising results might lead to an effective HIV cure one day.0:00-1:10 Intro1:10-3:20 How HIV Infections Work3:20-6:09 Why HIV Vaccines are Challenging6:09-9:20 HIV Vaccine 2021For your Reading:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5108570/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8052635/https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.1663https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4287108/https://www.hindawi.com/journals/art/2017/8239428/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-08798-7Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Other clips were derived from https://www.pexels.com/ and https://pixabay.com/Music:Title: Biohazard by Lesion X (cc-by) promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://hypeddit.com/track/urijamTitle: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Helen 2 by Nikos Spiliotis, promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/b-helen-2Title: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Parallel by Ross Budgen https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw5HZUiqgbhO3RFDiVNwwmg (CCA 4.0 )Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw5HZUiqgbhO3RFDiVNwwmg (CCA 4.0 )Title: Outside Visitors, The IllstrumentalistTitle: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboAbout Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
How a Baseball Injury Made A Genius (Savant Syndrome) Sciencerely 2021-09-19 | Savant syndrome is a strange condition that gives people unique abilities. Although savant syndrome is very rare reported cases gain genius-like abilities in narrow domains. But how can we explain savant syndrome? And could we induce savant syndrome in normal people?🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekSavant syndrome is characterized by unique skills in art, music, mechanics, calendar calculation or maths. Savant syndrome can be acquired through injuries or frontotemporal dementia or be developed in people with autism spectrum disorder. In acquired savant syndrome and autism spectrum disorder, unique connections in the brain led to the condition. In savant syndrome, we often find that the left hemisphere is damaged and the right brain hemisphere has to compensate for this. Based on this observation, we can partially induce savant syndrome like abilities through transcranial magnetic stimulation. Many questions concerning savant syndrome remain but this condition is truly amazing.0:00-1:10 Intro1:10-1:56 What is Savant Syndrome?1:56-4:02 Acquiring Savant Syndrome4:02-5:46 Savant Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder5:46-8:39 Can we Induce Savant Syndrome?Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Some videos are derived from pexels.com or pixabay.comFor your Reading:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677588/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1068/p5539https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677584/?fbclid=IwAR2mI5LOpmQoTT4iXFt0J6C1zWb9Eiry4unNBepuS92ESPyzRmv6XGJy3aYhttps://molecularautism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13229-018-0237-1https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9781516/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677588/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304394012003618The patient stories were derived from the stated publications and have partially been altered. You can follow Orlando's story on his website: https://orlandoserrell.com/about.htmMusic:Title: Helen 2 by Nikos Spiliotis, promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/b-helen-2Title: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Light Sting by Kevin MacLeod (CCA 4.0 )Title: Danse Morialta by Kevin MacLeod (CCA 4.0 )Title: Bread (Prod. by Lukrembo) jazz type beat “marshmallow” https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Outside Visitors, The IllstrumentalistTitle: Biscuit by Lukrembo https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Way home by Tokyo Music Walker https://soundcloud.com/user-356546060Title: Parallel by Ross Budgen https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw5HZUiqgbhO3RFDiVNwwmg (CCA 4.0 )Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw5HZUiqgbhO3RFDiVNwwmg (CCA 4.0 )Title: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Helen 2 by Nikos Spiliotis, promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/b-helen-2Title: Blue boi by Lakey Inspired, promoted by NCM, (CC BY-SA 3.0)Crimson Fly – Huma Huma – FreeOutro: Brain Trust (Free)About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
Can Science Explain Spider-Man? (Spider-Man: No Way Home Theory) Sciencerely 2021-08-31 | The new spider-man: no way home trailer has been released. Spider-man is one of the most famous super heroes. But can science explain the super powers of spider man?🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekLet's explain the science of spider-man. In the original comics, Peter Parker was bitten by a radioactive spider at a science fair. The radioactivity then induced DNA breaks. Although radioactivity can lead to human mutations it does not really explain the super powers of spider man. It is likely that Peter Parker was transformed into spider man by genetically modified spiders. These spiders might cause the creation of spider-man as they might contain retroviruses. Retroviruses are viruses which can integrate their genetic information into their host cells. In the spider-man movies (Spider-man 1-3, the Amazing Spider-man 1-2 and Spider-man Homecoming andSpider-Man No way home) retroviruses might have been transmitted during the spider bite and changed Peter Parker's DNA. This theory partially explains spider-man's spidey sense, as it might lead to the production of spider hair in hair follicle stem cells. It is also possible that these retroviruses might have infected the muscles of Peter Parker making spider-man stronger than average. However, the observed stength of spider-man in the spider-man movies cannot be explained. Although it is physically not possible for spider-man to climb on walls by him self, so-called gecko glothes might enable spider-man that. Although biology, cannot fully explain spider-man, new technologies might at least partially enable his awesome super powers!0:00-1:01 Intro1:01 2:29 Spider-Man and Radioactivity2:29-5:55 Retroviruses Might Explain Spider-Man5:55-7: 32The Spidey Sense7:32-9:24 Spider-Man's Strength9:24-10:49 Climbing WallsFor your reading:Zhuo, X., & Feschotte, C. (2015). Cross-species transmission and differential fate of an endogenous retrovirus in three mammal lineages. PLoS pathogens, 11(11), e1005279.Bordenstein, S. R., & Bordenstein, S. R. (2016). Eukaryotic association module in phage WO genomes from Wolbachia. Nature communications, 7(1), 1-10.Labonte, David, et al. "Extreme positive allometry of animal adhesive pads and the size limits of adhesion-based climbing." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.5 (2016): 1297-1302.Hawkes, Elliot W., et al. "Human climbing with efficiently scaled gecko-inspired dry adhesives." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12.102 (2015): 20140675.Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Video clips from Spider-man (2002), Spider-man 2 (2007), the Amazing Spider-Man (2012), the Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) and Spider-Man Hoemcoming (2017) were used. A clip from Stanford YT was shown, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wETHkxFDmeQMusic:Title: Danse Morialta by Kevin MacLeod (CCA 4.0 )Title: Bread (Prod. by Lukrembo) jazz type beat “marshmallow” https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Outside Visitors, The IllstrumentalistTitle: Biscuit by Lukrembo https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Way home by Tokyo Music Walker https://soundcloud.com/user-356546060Title: Parallel by Ross Budgen https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw5HZUiqgbhO3RFDiVNwwmg (CCA 4.0 )Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw5HZUiqgbhO3RFDiVNwwmg (CCA 4.0 )Title: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Helen 2 by Nikos Spiliotis, promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/b-helen-2Title: Blue boi by Lakey Inspired, promoted by NCM, (CC BY-SA 3.0)Crimson Fly – Huma Huma – FreeOutro: Brain Trust (Free)About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
Can Two Malaria Vaccines Eradicate Malaria? Sciencerely 2021-08-15 | Malaria affects over 220 million people each year. Scientists try to find ways to eradicate malaria. The distribution of insect nets and insecticides, malaria vaccines and genetic engineering might help us to fight malaria!🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC📸 IG: instagram.com/clemens.steinek🔬Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekMalaria is caused by five types of a parasite called Plasmodium. More serious forms of malaria are usually caused by Plasmodium falciparum which is contracted by mosquitos (Anopheles). Initially, plasmodium infects the liver where it causes damages. Plasmodium then attacks red blood cells and symtpoms of malaria appear. Malaria patients suffer from fever, a headache but in more severe cases can experience strokes or organ failure.Fortunately, there are drugs for malaria. These include chloroquine phosphate, Malarone or artemisinin-based combination therapies. Nonetheless, malaria is a major concern worldwide. Each year, over 220 million people suffer from malaria. In order to eradicate malaria, we can use different strategies. We can distribute insecticides (DDT, dieldrin, malathion) or insect nets. Scientists are also working on malaria vaccines. Two malaria vaccines might help to eradicate malaria. One malaria vaccine is called RTS,S/AS01 (efficiency 39%), another malaria vaccine has been developed by the University of Oxford (efficiency 77% in smaller studies). Lastly, we can also use genetic engineering to eradicate malaria. The idea is to genetically modifiy mosquitoes by CRISPR Cas9 to destroy plasmodium or reduce mosquito populations. Let's hope that we can eradicate malaria in the next months!00:00--3:49 How Malaria Makes us Sick3:49-4:37 Why We Need to Stop Malaria4:37-5:06 Insecticides and Nets5:06-7:09 Malaria Vaccines7:09-9:38 Genetically-Modified MosquitoesFor your reading:Hoermann, Astrid, et al. "Converting endogenous genes of the malaria mosquito into simple non-autonomous gene drives for population replacement." Elife 10 (2021): e58791.Waltz, E. (2021). First genetically modified mosquitoes released in the United States. Nature, 593(7858), 175-176.Coats, M. T. (2016). Combating Malaria: Where do We Stand?. Journal of infectious disease and therapy, 4(1).Beeson, James G., et al. "Challenges and strategies for developing efficacious and long-lasting malaria vaccines." Science translational medicine 11.474 (2019).Wadman, Meredith. "Malaria vaccine achieves striking early success." (2021): 448-448.Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Small pox by National Museum of Health and Medicine, CC BY 2.0Organic cells by Beachfront, CC BY 3.0Videos: The following videos were derived from Videvo, videvo.net:Charts, Scientist Recording, Young Doctor, Petri Dish, Female Doctor, Project Management, Heart Rate, Microscope, MosquitoMusic:Title: Danse Morialta by Kevin MacLeod (CCA 4.0 )Title: Bread (Prod. by Lukrembo) jazz type beat “marshmallow” https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Outside Visitors, The IllstrumentalistTitle: Biscuit by Lukrembo https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Way home by Tokyo Music Walker https://soundcloud.com/user-356546060Title: Parallel by Ross Budgen https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw5HZUiqgbhO3RFDiVNwwmg (CCA 4.0 )Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw5HZUiqgbhO3RFDiVNwwmg (CCA 4.0 )Title: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Helen 2 by Nikos Spiliotis, promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/b-helen-2Title: Blue boi by Lakey Inspired, promoted by NCM, (CC BY-SA 3.0)Crimson Fly – Huma Huma – FreeOutro: Brain Trust (Free)About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
Lyme Disease Is On The Rise. And Its Bad. Sciencerely 2021-07-19 | Lyme disease is an infectious disease which is caused by the microorganism Borrelia burgdorferi. Each year, 300000 people US and 85000 people in Europe are affected by Lyme disease. Although Lyme disease can be treated by antibiotics, the infection can be painful. But how does Lyme disease work? And how can we avoid Lyme disease?🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC🔬Tweet me your science questions:Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekLyme disease is an infectious disease which is caused by a bacterium called Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted through the bite of a tick. When an infected tick bites us, Borrelia burgdorferi released into the bloodstream. Normally, the immune system would prevent Lyme disease by killing Borrelia burgdorferi but the bacterium and the tick release substances to block the immune system. We only find a round rash (Erythema migrans) shortly after being infected with Lyme disease. Lyme disease than causes a variety of symptoms including joint pain or headache. In later stages of Lyme disease, we also might get facial paralysis, sleep disruption and or arthritis. Many Lyme disease patients experience Post-Lyme disease long after antibiotics treatment. It is not clear why Post-Lyme disease occurs but this stage might take a long time and requires further intervention.Borrelia burgdorferi is also known to potentially damage the brain by causing encephalopathy. There is also a link between Lyme disease infections and Alzheimer's disease.In the past decades, Lyme disease has spread around the world. To avoid Lyme disease, we should be careful why walking through grassy areas. We also should wear long sleeved clothes in tick habitat, apply insect repellents and check ourselves for ticks. After a Lyme disease vaccine has been made unpopular in the 90s, scientists currently develop new Lyme disease vaccines. Lyme disease vaccines might help to stop Lyme disease.0:00-1:09 Intro1:09-3:54 How Does Lyme Disease Work?3:54-5:48 Post-Lyme Disease Controversy5:48-6:50 Can WE Prevent Lyme disease?6:50-8:45 Lyme Disease VaccinesFor your Reading:Kurokawa, Cheyne, et al. "Interactions between Borrelia burgdorferi and ticks." Nature Reviews Microbiology 18.10 (2020): 587-600.Miklossy, Judith, et al. "Borrelia burgdorferi persists in the brain in chronic lyme neuroborreliosis and may be associated with Alzheimer disease." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 6.6 (2004): 639-649.Ścieszka, J., Dąbek, J., & Cieślik, P. (2015). Post-Lyme disease syndrome. Reumatologia, 53(1), 46.Stone, B. L., Tourand, Y., & Brissette, C. A. (2017). Brave new worlds: the expanding universe of Lyme disease. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 17(9), 619-629.Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Erythema migrans by Ffurler, CC BY-SA 4.0Avril Lavigne by Justin Higuchi from Los Angeles, CC BY 2.0Justin Bieber by Sebastian Vital, CC BY 2.0Music:Title: Danse Morialta by Kevin MacLeod (CCA 4.0 )Title: Bread (Prod. by Lukrembo) jazz type beat “marshmallow” https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Outside Visitors, The IllstrumentalistTitle: Biscuit by Lukrembo https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Way home by Tokyo Music Walker https://soundcloud.com/user-356546060Title: Parallel by Ross Budgen https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw5HZUiqgbhO3RFDiVNwwmg (CCA 4.0 )Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw5HZUiqgbhO3RFDiVNwwmg (CCA 4.0 )Title: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Helen 2 by Nikos Spiliotis, promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/b-helen-2Title: Blue boi by Lakey Inspired, promoted by NCM, (CC BY-SA 3.0)About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
Curing Alzheimers Disease is hard. But WE can do something.. Sciencerely 2021-06-30 | Since it's first discovery by Alois Alzheimer, numerous scientists tried to find a cure for Alzheimer's disease. However, finding an Alzheimer's disease cure is difficult. But why is that? And is there anything we can do to lower the risk of getting Alzheimer's disease? Let's talk about the science Alzheimer's disease!🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC🔬Tweet me your science questions:Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinek0:00-1:13 Discovery of Alzheimer's Disease1:13-3:17 How does Alzheimer's Disease Work?3:17-7:11 Why is it difficult to Treat Alzheimer's Disease?7:11-11:27 Can WE prevent Alzheimer's Disease?Over 50 million people suffer from Alzheimer's disease worldwide. Alzheimer's disease primarily affects the brain. In early stages of Alzheimer's disease, patients become forgetful. Later symptoms include anxiety or severe dementia. Alois Alzheimer discovered that the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients have lost many brain cells. Furthermore, he described amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are toxic to brain cells and, therefore, cause Alzheimer's disease.For decades, many scientists tried to cure Alzheimer's disease. Finding sufficient treatments or cures for Alzheimer's disease is challenging as first plaques occur decades before the patient exhibits first symptoms. As a consequence, current clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease need to be conducted for years which is not feasible. In the future of Alzheimer's disease, biomarker will likely solve this issue.Current treatmens for Alzheimer's disease include acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists. A few weeks ago, the FDA approved aducanumab which is an antibody treatment against Alzheimer's disease.Some of us have specific gene variations (APP, PS1, PS2) which cause Alzheimer's disease. But the majority of AD cases is impacted by our environment. Studies have shown that we can lower the risk of getting Alzheimer's disease by having low cholesterol levels and blood pressure. Aerobic exercise and mental training has also demonstrated a beneficial effect in preventing Alzheimer's disease (brain plasticity). Sleep is also crucial as it can activate glial cells which partially remove amyloid plaques. Let's hope that there will be a cure for Alzheimer's disease one day!For your reading:Sharma, Piyoosh, et al. "Comprehensive review of mechanisms of pathogenesis involved in Alzheimer’s disease and potential therapeutic strategies." Progress in neurobiology 174 (2019): 53-89.Novak, Petr, et al. "ADAMANT: a placebo-controlled randomized phase 2 study of AADvac1, an active immunotherapy against pathological tau in Alzheimer’s disease." Nature Aging 1.6 (2021): 521-534.Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Alzheimers disease brain by Hersenbank, CC BY-SA 3.0Drama masks by By Yuvika Koul, CC BY-SA 3.0Brain Cells by GerryShaw, CC-BY-SA 3.0Music:Title: Danse Morialta by Kevin MacLeod (CCA 4.0 )Title: Bread (Prod. by Lukrembo) jazz type beat “marshmallow” https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Outside Visitors, The IllstrumentalistTitle: Biscuit by Lukrembo https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Way home by Tokyo Music Walker https://soundcloud.com/user-356546060Title: Parallel by Ross Budgen https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw5HZUiqgbhO3RFDiVNwwmg (CCA 4.0 )Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw5HZUiqgbhO3RFDiVNwwmg (CCA 4.0 )Title: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Helen 2 by Nikos Spiliotis, promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/b-helen-2Title: Blue boi by Lakey Inspired, promoted by NCM, (CC BY-SA 3.0)/About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
This Gene Therapy Might Finally Cure Blindness! Sciencerely 2021-06-13 | Many genetic diseases such as Leber congenital amaurosis can currently not be cured. Gene therapy, however might change that. In the past years, several gene therapies have shown promising results for curing genetic eye diseases. And a few weeks ago, gene therapy was combined with optogenetics to partially restore the sight of a blind patient.🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC🔬Tweet me your science questions:Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinek0:00-1:21 Intro1:21-3:54 How Gene Defects Cause Eye Diseases3:54-7:37 How Gene Therapy Can Cure Genetic Diseases7:37-10:33 Gene Therapy & Optogenetics Partially Cures Eye Disease!Genetic diseases are caused by mutations in at least one gene. In order to break out, many genetic diseases (but not all) require mutations in the same gene. Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a genetic eye disease where rods and cone cells do not receive photoreceptors from the retinal pigment epithelium (a layer in the retina which nourished surrounding cells). In gene therapy, we try to give the patient an intact version of the mutated gene. To conduct gene therapy, we pack DNA into a vehicle. The vehicle is then injected and taken up by cells. In this manner, the cells receive the intact gene and the disease might be cured.Gene therapy, however is complex and there are many issues we need to address. Gene therapy should be effective while also being safe. The effects of gene therapy should last for years while not damaging the genetic material of the patient. A few clinical trials have partially improved the sight of LCA patients using gene therapy. The leber congenital amaurosis patients had higher scores in several tests after receiving gene therapy (which led to the production of RPE65). These effects are still not very strong and highly variable.Optogenetics is a method where we use light to activate neurons. We can give neurons a protein called ChrimsonR which activates the neuron after being exposed to certain light. By combining optogenetics with gene therapy, a study recently successfully improved sight of a genetic eye disease patient. As part of the optogenetics /gene therapy treatment, the patient received ChrimsonR. Then, special goggles scanned the environment and activated ChrimsonR leading to improvements in the eye sight of the patient. This is an indication that gene therapy and optogenetics might be feasible to cure genetic eye diseases.Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Music:Title: Danse Morialta by Kevin MacLeod (CCA 4.0 )Title: Bread (Prod. by Lukrembo) jazz type beat “marshmallow” https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Outside Visitors, The IllstrumentalistTitle: Biscuit by Lukrembo https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Way home by Tokyo Music Walker https://soundcloud.com/user-356546060Title: Parallel by Ross Budgen https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw5HZUiqgbhO3RFDiVNwwmg (CCA 4.0 )Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw5HZUiqgbhO3RFDiVNwwmg (CCA 4.0 )Title: Punch Deck by promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/bkc-ethereal2 (CC BY 3.0)Title: Helen 2 by Nikos Spiliotis, promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/b-helen-2Title: Blue boi by Lakey Inspired, promoted by NCM, (CC BY-SA 3.0)/For your reading: Sahel, José-Alain, et al. "Partial recovery of visual function in a blind patient after optogenetic therapy." Nature Medicine (2021): 1-7.Chacon-Camacho, O. F., & Zenteno, J. C. (2015). Review and update on the molecular basis of Leber congenital amaurosis. World Journal of Clinical Cases: WJCC, 3(2), 112.Le Meur, Guylène, et al. "Safety and long-term efficacy of AAV4 gene therapy in patients with RPE65 Leber congenital amaurosis." Molecular Therapy 26.1 (2018): 256-268.About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
An Asthma Vaccine might FINALLY be here! Sciencerely 2021-05-23 | Asthma is an disease which affects 300 million people. Currently, we can treat asthma but there is no cure. However, there might soon be an asthma vaccine which could cure allergy induced asthma. But how would this allergy induced asthma vaccine work? Could the asthma vaccine replace inhalers?🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC🔬Tweet me your science questions:Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekAsthma is a complicated disease with different subtypes. One asthma subtype is allergy induced asthma. In allergy induced asthma, immune cells in the lungs are activated. After encountering a trigger (tree pollen, dust mites, mold,..) the immune system overreacts in allergy induced asthma. T helper 2 cells recruit other parts of the immune system by producing IL-4 and IL-13 and cause swellings of the lung. The airways then become blocked by mucus.Currently, we cannot cure allergy induced asthma. However, an allergy induced asthma vaccine has been shown to alleviate asthma symptoms in mice. This vaccine injects IL-4 and IL-13 linked to the diphteria proteins. The immune system starts to fight the diphteria proteins and the linked IL-4 and IL-13. This then reduced allergy symptoms in mice and is therefore a potential allergy induced asthma vaccine. Human trials will probably start in the next years.We can also try to prevent asthma since there are several risk factors. Risk factors for asthma include smoking, air pollution, obesity and fast food. Also genetics and epigenetics play a role in provoking asthma. The hygiene hypothesis claims that our increased hygiene and less exposure to parasites leads to higher incidences of asthma cases. This has been quite well documented. But let's see whether an allergy induced asthma vaccine can really cure people all around the world!00:00-01:29 Intro1:29-4:40 - How Allergy-Induced Asthma Works4:40-7:02- A potential Asthma Vaccine?7:02-10:01 Why do We Have Asthma?For your reading:Conde, Eva, et al. "Dual vaccination against IL-4 and IL-13 protects against chronic allergic asthma in mice." Nature communications 12.1 (2021): 1-14.Hammad, Hamida, and Bart N. Lambrecht. "The basic immunology of asthma." Cell (2021).Lovinsky-Desir, Stephanie, and Rachel L. Miller. "Epigenetics, asthma, and allergic diseases: a review of the latest advancements." Current allergy and asthma reports 12.3 (2012): 211-220.Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Syrringe Injection by Marco Verch, CC-BY 2.0Inhaler by NIAID, CC BY 2.0Music:Title: Rudolph by Lukrembro https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Art of Silence by Uniq https://soundcloud.com/uniqofficialTitle: Outside Visitors, The IllstrumentalistTitle: Biscuit by Lukrembo https://soundcloud.com/lukremboTitle: Way home by Tokyo Music Walker https://soundcloud.com/user-356546060Title: Parallel by Ross Budgen https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw5HZUiqgbhO3RFDiVNwwmg (CCA 4.0 )Title: Black heat by Ross Budgen https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw5HZUiqgbhO3RFDiVNwwmg (CCA 4.0 )About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
Why Are Human Monkey Hybrids REALLY Made? Sciencerely 2021-05-06 | Recently, human monkey hybrids have been made. These monkey embryos contained human cells and might be a valuable tool for solving current organ transplant shortages but at the same time raise many ethical questions. So how are human monkey hybrids made? And do human monkey hybrids really help to grow organs in the laboratory?🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC🔬Tweet me your science questions:Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinek00:00-1:02 Intro1:02-4:25 How Human Monkey Hybrids were Made4:25-5:45 Hybrids can make Organs5:45-9:00 Why Human Monkey Hybrids are ControversialHybrids (or chimeras) are animal or plants which contain DNA from two species. We find animal hybrids in nature but also can make animal animal or human animal hybrids in the laboratory. In order to make human animal hybrids we need to inject embryonic stem cells from one species into the blastocyst (early development) of another species. The stem cells communicate with each other and form organs together. This is how human monkey hybrids have been made (although induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs were made). A few weeks ago, human monkey hybrids were made using human induced pluripotent stem cells and monkey blastocysts. These human monkey hybrids survived for a few days. The goal is to make human monkey hybrids containing induced pluripotent stem cells for organ transplantation.Other animal animal hybrids have been very successful. Rat mouse hybrids have been used to grow a mouse pancreas which restored blood glucose levels in diabetic mice. Other animal hybrids (which contained embryonic stem cells) have been made to grow hearts in rats.Human monkey hybrids remain controversial. Although no human embryonic stem cells (only induced pluripotent stem cells) are used, we do not know whether human brain cells or gametes could form in monkeys. This is why human monkey hybrids are forbidden in many countries. Let's see whether human monkey hybrids can be used to grow human organs to solve the organ shortage crisis!For your reading: Tan, T., Wu, J., Si, C., Dai, S., Zhang, Y., Sun, N., ... & Belmonte, J. C. I. (2021). Chimeric contribution of human extended pluripotent stem cells to monkey embryos ex vivo. Cell, 184(8), 2020-2032.De Los Angeles, A., Pho, N., & Redmond Jr, D. E. (2018). Focus: Medical Technology: Generating Human Organs via Interspecies Chimera Formation: Advances and Barriers. The Yale journal of biology and medicine, 91(3), 333.Yamaguchi, T., Sato, H., Kato-Itoh, M., Goto, T., Hara, H., Sanbo, M., ... & Nakauchi, H. (2017). Interspecies organogenesis generates autologous functional islets. Nature, 542(7640), 191-196.Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier A service to medicine provided by Les Laboratoires Servier (CC BY 3.0). You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Thumbnail: A blastocyst of the monkey–human chimaeras. Weizhi Ji, Kunming University of Science and TechnologyHeart by Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator; C. Carl Jaffe, MD, cardiologist., CC BY 2.5Embryo by lunar caustic, CC BY 2.0Internal organs by William Creswell, CC BY 2.0Music:Title: Danse Morialta by Kevin MacLeod (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0)Title: Bread (Prod. by Lukrembo) jazz type beat “marshmallow”Title: Rudolph by LukrembroTitle: Art of Silence by UniqTitle: Outside Visitors, The IllstrumentalistAbout Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
Is the new HIV Vaccine REALLY Effective? Sciencerely 2021-04-18 | Over 6000 people are infected with the Human Immunodeficiency virus each day. After scientists have unsuccessfully tried to develop an HIV vaccine for 40 years. But this might soon change. A new promising HIV vaccine might finally cure the world of HIV.🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC🔬Tweet me your science questions:Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekHIV, or human immunodeficiency virus, is a virus which causes the Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. HIV is mostly transmitted by sharing injection drug equipment or unprotected sexual intercourse. HIV infects CD4+ T cells and integrates its genetic information into the host cell. The infection of HIV is often not recognized for years. Once enough T cells are destroyed, however, AIDS breaks out. Symptoms of AIDS include recurring fever, weight loss, skin rashes and persistent white lesions on the tongue or mouth. Without intervention AIDS is fatal.There are several reasons why there has not been an HIV vaccine so far. To make an HIV vaccine we need a proper immune response. However, our immune system is often not able to recognize HIV. Moreover, HIV is highly diverse as it has a high mutation rate. As a consequence, a single classical HIV vaccine might not protect against all HIV particles.A few years ago broadly neutralizing antibodies were discovered. Broadly neutralizing antibodies recognize conserved proteins on the surface of HIV. Unfortunately only a rare B Cell poplation can make broadly neutralizing antibodies. But scientists managed to make an HIV vaccine where broadly neutralizing antibodies are produced in 97% of cases (in a clinical phase I trial, IAVI G001). These promising results might soon lead to an effective HIV vaccine.0:00-1:10 Intro1:10-3:20 How HIV Infections Work3:20-6:09 Why HIV Vaccines are Challenging6:09-9:20 HIV Vaccine 2021For your reading:Haynes, Barton F., and Dennis R. Burton. "Developing an HIV vaccine." Science 355.6330 (2017): 1129-1130.Havenar-Daughton, Colin, et al. "The human naive B cell repertoire contains distinct subclasses for a germline-targeting HIV-1 vaccine immunogen." Science translational medicine 10.448 (2018).BURTON, Dennis R., et al. A blueprint for HIV vaccine discovery. Cell host & microbe, 2012, 12. Jg., Nr. 4, S. 396-407.Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/HIV by Christoph Scholz, CC BY-SA 2.0HIV-infected T Cells by NIAID CC BY 2.0Music:Title: Danse Morialta by Kevin MacLeod (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 )Title: Bread (Prod. by Lukrembo) jazz type beat “marshmallow”Title: Rudolph by LukrembroTitle: Art of Silence by UniqTitle: Outside Visitors, The IllstrumentalistAbout Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
How do Blood Clots REALLY Form? Sciencerely 2021-03-28 | In the past weeks, we have heart a lot about blood clots in blood vessels (thrombus) and the AstraZeneca vaccine. There have been several reports that the Astrazeneca vaccine might provoke cerebral venous sinus thrombosis or CVST (a rare form of blood clots in the brain). But how do blood clots really form? And how can we treat blood clots?🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC🔬Tweet me your science questions:Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinek0:00-1:15 Introduction1:15-4:53 How Blood Clots Form4:53-7:43 CVST & Risk Factors7:43-9:20 CVST And AstraZeneca9:20-11:24 CVST TreatmentsBlood clots form differently depending on if we are in an artery or a vein. If we are in an artery blood clots form by an excess of LDL (low density lipoprotein). LDL starts to migrate into blood vessels and cause an immune response. Then a blood clot might form. In veins, inflammation changes the properties of the vein which attracts coagulation factors. Coagulation factors are protein which control blood clotting. As a consequence a blood clot or thrombus might occur.There are several risk factors which influence the development of blood clots or CVST. Hormonal changes (pregnancy, birth control pill) increase the risk of CVST (central venous sinus thrombosis) and abnormal blood clotting. A lack of exercise, smoking or surgery are other risk factors. Also genetics can influence the risk of getting blood clots or CVST. Here, a specific variant of the F5 gene called factor V leiden is important. Right now, the Astrazeneca vaccine is not seen as a major risk factor of developing CVST. There is a higher proportion of CVST cases in response to getting vaccinated (18 out of 20 000 000 so far) so it is subject of debate whether these rare cases are caused by genetics or an abnormal immune response which act together with the vaccine. Unfortunately, the abnormal blood clotting which is CVST is detrimental. We can try to oxygenate the patient, administer heparin or antithrombin or perform surgeries but the disease is generally very dangerous.For your research:Amoozegar, F., Ronksley, P.E., Sauve, R. and Menon, B.K., 2015. Hormonal contraceptives and cerebral venous thrombosis risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in neurology, 6,p.7.Tchaikovski, Svetlana N., and Jan Rosing. "Mechanisms of estrogen-induced venous thromboembolism." Thrombosis research 126, no. 1 (2010): 5-11.Guenther, G., and A. Arauz. "Cerebral venous thrombosis: a diagnostic and treatment update." Neurología (English Edition) 26, no. 8 (2011): 488-498. Saha, D.K., Ahsan, A.A., Faruq, M.O., Fatema, K., Ahmed, F., Saha, M. and Islam, R., 2015. Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis: A Case Report. Bangladesh Critical Care Journal, 3(1), pp.39-41.Disclaimer: The patient history in the beginning of the video was derived from news articles and the aforementioned publications.Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Brain by Martin420, CC BY-SA 4.0Estradiol by Medgirl131, CC BY-SA 4.0DNA by Joseluissc3, CC BY-SA 4.0Wound patch by Marco Verch, CC BY 2.0Music:Intro:Title: Danse Morialta by Kevin MacLeod (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0)Title: Bread (Prod. by Lukrembo) jazz type beat “marshmallow”Title: Rudolph by LukrembroTitle: Art of Silence by UniqTitle: Outside Visitors, The IllstrumentalistAbout Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
How to 3D Print Organs (Bioprinting Explained) Sciencerely 2021-03-13 | 3D Bioprinting has led to the first 3D printed organs in the past years. Bladders or tracheal splints have already been transplanted and techniques for 3D organ printing might soon lead to a variety of different organs. But how does 3D bioprinting work? And can we already commercially 3D print organs for transplantation?🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC🔬Me being funny on other media:Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekDiscord: https://discord.gg/9VKnTSF00:00-1:20 Intro1:20-6:56 How can we Print Organs?6:56-8:59 Challenges in Bioprinting8:59-10:10 Organs Already PrintedThree dimensional or 3D bioprinting describes techniques through which try to build tissues or organs. We do that by using a bioprinter which applies cells layer by layer until we have a made a whole structure. 3D bioprinting contains three fundamental steps: design, bioprinting and postprocessing.The first step is to know how our heart should look like.Here we use magnetic resonance imaging to generate a 3D model of our organ. Then, we use a bioprinter and bioink to print the organ. There are inject based, laser based and extrusion based printers. The second thing we need is bioink. Bioinks consist of custom formulations of biomaterials, additives, growth factors, hormones and cells.In order to obtain the different cells we need to 3D print an organ, we need to cultivate pluripotent stem cells. Of course, we do not want to use embryonic stem cells but instead create induced pluripotent stem cells by adding the Yamanaka factors to fibroblasts. The induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can then be converted into different cell types which can be used for the bioprinting process. In the end, we also need to let the cells become mature and control the safety of the 3D printed organ.There are several issues which we have to address before we can 3D print full-fetched organs by bioprinting. We need to develop a new bioprinter which is fast and precise, while improving cell viability and decrease the workload. Although it is challenging some progresses have been made in 3D bioprinting. Skin grafts, bladders and a tiny heart have already been printed. A tracheal splint has also been bioprinted for transplantation.For your research:Murphy, Sean V., and Anthony Atala. "3D bioprinting of tissues and organs." Nature biotechnology 32, no. 8 (2014): 773-785.Kwon, Seong Gyu, Yang Woo Kwon, Tae Wook Lee, Gyu Tae Park, and Jae Ho Kim. "Recent advances in stem cell therapeutics and tissue engineering strategies." Biomaterials research 22, no. 1 (2018): 1-8.Correia Carreira, S., Begum, R., & Perriman, A. W. (2019). 3D Bioprinting: The Emergence of Programmable Biodesign. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 1900554. doi:10.1002/adhm.201900554 Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/Hamlet by Folger Shakespeare Library, CC BY-SA 4.0Spine by Julia Jultz, CC BY-SA 2.0Anthony Atala by Steve Jurvetson, CC BY 2.0Heart Beat by Alith3204, CC BY-SA 4.0Caffeine by Mstroeck, CC BY-SA 3.03D Printed Heart, CNNMusic:Intro:Light Sting by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...)Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-...Artist: http://incompetech.com/Body:Title: Buddha by KontekstGenre and Mood: Hip Hop & Rap + BrightArtist: http://incompetech.com/#Title: Bread (Prod. by Lukrembo) jazz type beat “marshmallow”Title: Outside Visitors by The IllstrumentalistTitle: Rudolph by LukrembroAbout Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a PhD student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
Are you always tired? Heres how to Fix your Circadian Rhythm Sciencerely 2021-02-18 | Circadian rhythms (biological clocks) control many aspects of our lives. Our sleep, appetite or body temperature are controlled by circadian rhythms. But what happens if these biological clocks, circadian rhythms are not working anymore? And how can we control our circadian rhythms to sleep better?🔬 Subscribe for more awesome biomedical research: https://bit.ly/2SRMqhC🔬Me being funny on other media:Twitter: https://twitter.com/CSteinekDiscord: https://discord.gg/9VKnTSFAdult human beings need roughly need between 7.5 and 8.5 h sleep per day. And yet, one third of the US population sleep less than 7 hours on weekday nights. Sleep is controlled by a special biological clock called the circadian rhythm. As the name suggest, these biological clocks are repeated every 24 hours. In other words, cells in our bodies have circadian rhythms. Our sleep is modulated by 20000 cells which constitute the suprachiasmatic nucleus. As we wake up in the morning, our body temperature rises and we feel sharp. During the day, the suprachiasmatic nucleus blocks melatonin which would otherwise make us feel tired. And shortly before we go to sleep in the evening, the melatonin is not blocked anymore and we become sleepy. This cycle will continue each day of our lives. Besides modulating sleep, the same cells also modulate our alertness, attention, perception, and working memory. Our circadian rhythms are controlled by "zeitgeber". Zeitgeber are external influences which finetun our biological clocks. The sun is the most famous zeitgeber and it adjusts our circadian rhythms on a daily basis.But what happens if the circadian clock does not work? Most of us might experience mild forms of sleep deprivation but some might suffer from extreme forms of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Babies also do not have an intact circadian rhythm while people who suffer from bipolar disorder are also described to have disturbed circadian rhythms.We can improve our sleep quality by taking some measures. We can try to avoid LED screens before we go to sleep in order to not disturb our biological clocks. We could also avoid caffeine or alcohol and exercise. On a larger scale, governments could delay school start or companies could introduce more flexible working hours.For your reading:Takaesu, Yoshikazu. "Circadian rhythm in bipolar disorder: a review of the literature." Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences 72.9 (2018): 673-682.Zhu, Lirong, and Phyllis C. Zee. "Circadian rhythm sleep disorders." Neurologic clinics 30.4 (2012): 1167-1191.Cohen, R. A., & Albers, E. H. (1991). Disruption of human circadian and cognitive regulation following a discrete hypothalamic lesion: A case study. Neurology, 41(5), 726–729. doi:10.1212/wnl.41.5.726 Farhud, D., & Aryan, Z. (2018). Circadian rhythm, lifestyle and health: a narrative review. Iranian journal of public health, 47(8), 1068.Images:Some pictures were derived from Servier Medical Art by Servier. You can find over 3000 free medical images here: https://smart.servier.com/A non-colored Emoji by emojione project, A non-colored Emoji from emojione projectSleep cycles by Kernsters, CC BY-SA 3.0Budding yeast by DBCLS, CC BY 3.0Social Media by Ibrahim.ID, CC BY-SA 4.0Rat brain cultures by GerryShaw, CC BY-SA 3.0Light Therapy device by Alhmodeus, CC BY-SA 3.0Some videos were derived from Videezy.comMusic:Body:Title: Buddha by KontekstGenre and Mood: Hip Hop & Rap + BrightArtist: http://incompetech.com/Title: Danse Morialta by Kevin MacLeod (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 )Title: Bread (Prod. by Lukrembo) jazz type beat “marshmallow”Title: Rudolph by LukrembroTitle: Art of Silence by UniqTape Recorder: https://freesound.org/people/magedu/sounds/273437/About Clemens Steinek: CLEMENS STEINEK is a postgraduate student/youtuber (LifeLabLearner) who is currently conducting stem cell research in Germany.
