Name: Atomic number and Mass number of an atom - Science @elearnin
Uploaded: 2026-09-23T08:17:00-05:00
Duration: 8 min 17 s
Description: Atomic number and Mass number of an atom - Science

Atomic number and Mass number of an atom - Science

Elearnin 2026-09-23 | Atomic number and Mass number of an atom - Science

Allotropes & Reactions of Sulphur | P Block Elements | Chemistry Telugu | Class 12 | Ncert

Elearnin 2021-12-04 | Welcome to Elearnin, In this 3d animated video we will teach you about Allotropes of sulphur and reactions of sulphur from the chapter P Block Elements from the Class 12 Chemistry - CBSE – NCERT.

In this video, you will learn about P-Block element - Sulphur SO2.
Allotropes of sulphur
Uses of Sulphur
• Chemical Properties of sulphur
• Physical Properties of sulphur
• Structure of Sulphuric Acid
• Uses of Sulphuric Acid
• Preparation of Sulphuric Acid
• Structure of Sulphur Dioxide
• Physical properties of Sulphur Dioxide
• Chemical properties of Sulphur Dioxide
• Uses of Sulphur Dioxide

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Nervous Tissue | Structural Organization in Animals | Anatomy | Inter 2nd year Class 11 Biology

Elearnin 2021-11-25 | Welcome to Elearnin, In this 3d animated video we will teach you about Nervous System and the Nervous Tissue from the chapter Structural Organisation in Animals from the Class 11 Biology - CBSE – NCERT. This video can also help Intermediate 2nd year zoology students.

In this video, you will learn about Muscle Tissue.

00:37 Cyton/ Cell Body
0:53 Axon/ Nerve Fibre
01:09 Nerve Impulse
01:58 Nerve Cells/Neurons
• Types of neurons based on divisions
• Types of neurons based on Myelin sheath
• Types of neurons based on Function

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The nervous system plays a vital role in establishing fast communication between body parts. The entire nervous system is made up of neurons and nervous tissues. The neuron is made of two parts. The cyton is broad and is also known as the cell body. The axon is long and is also known as nervous fibre.
Cyton/ Cell Body:
The nucleus can be seen in the cyton. The nucleus is surrounded by Nissl’s granules. The edges of the cyton project as dendrites.
Axon/ Nerve Fibre:
It is the long fibber of the neuron. It is engulfed by a fatty Myelin layer. There is a thin layer called Neurilemma surrounding the myelin. Between the neurilemma and myelin, there are Schwann cells.

Nerve Impulse:
Nerve impulse is the quick transmission that occurs in the nervous system. This occurs in the form of an electrochemical flow. The area between two neuron ends is known as an axon terminal. The relation between the neural junction and transmission is that the synaptic junction between two neurons helps the transmission of impulse between them. The chemical which help in this transmission are known as neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters carry the transmission up to the synapse. There are two types of cells in the nervous system
1. Nerve Cell
2. Neuroglia
The cells which transmit the impulse are called nerve cells. Those which don’t transmit are known as neuroglia.

Nerve Cells/Neurons:
These are the functional units of the nervous system. These cells get excited by the impulse and transmit or pass it on. When a neuron is suitably stimulated, an electrical disturbance is generated which swiftly travels along its plasma membrane. A neuron contains the cell body, one or more dendrites and an axon. The neuron is said to have two parts. These are
1. Cyton/Cell body
2. Axon
The part of the axon not surrounded by the Schwann cell and myelin is known as Node of Ranvier. Myelin acts as an electric insulator. Schwann cells help in the production of myelin.

Cell Body:
It is known as cyton or body. It has a lot or granules and a large nucleus in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains Nissl’s structures or Nissl’s granules. There are subtle nerve fibres called lipofuscin granules. The cell bodies in the CNS are called nucleus while those in the PNS are called ganglions.

Dendrites :
The small branched structures surrounding the cell body are known as dendrites. They contain Nissl structures and nerve fibres.

Axon:
The axon is a single long cylindrical structure. It emerges from a part of the cell body known as axon hill. The plasmalemma of the axon is known as axolemma and its cytoplasm is known as axoplasm. These contain nerve fibres but not Nissl structures. The axon forms collateral branches. The axon forms small filamentous structures called telodendrites which end as synaptic knobs. The axon transmits the impulse to other neurons and muscle fibres. The axon bundles in CNS are known as tracts while those in the PNS are known as nerves.

Synapse:
The subtle gap between the axon terminal of the previous neuron and the dendrite of the next is known as the synapse.

Types of neurons based on divisions
1. Unipolar Nerve Cells
These are sensory cells. There is only projection from the cell body here. This divides into two branches. One of these forms dendrites while the other is the axon. These are known as pseudo unipolar nerve cells.
2. Bipolar Neurons
Here, dendrite and axon from directly from the cell body. They are present in the retina of the eye, inner ear and in the olfactory sensory epithelium.
3. Multipolar Neurons
These have an axon and one or more dendrites. Most neurons in our body are multipolar.

Nerve
The axons in the PNS form nerves. Every nerve is covered by a thin layer of connective tissue known as endoneurium. A collection of axons is called fascicle. It is covered by perineurium. All the fascicles in the nerve form a bundle and are covered by the connective tissue covering called epineurium. This forms a nerve.

What are Enzymes | Vitamins and its deficiency | Biochemistry | Class 12 Chemistry | Elearnin

Elearnin 2021-09-27 | Welcome to Elearnin, In this 3d animated videos we will teach you about what are enzymes, vitamins and deficiency and its examples from the chapter Biochemistry from Class 12 Chemistry – CBSE, NCERT by Elearnin
In this video you will learn about Capacitors
00:10 Enzymes
01:25 Mechanism of Enzyme action
02:28 Vitamins
03:24 Classification of Vitamins
03:51 Few essential vitamins, sources and Dificiency diseases

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Enzymes are primarily high molecular weight proteins. They form colloid solutions on dissolution in water. They are complex nitrogenous chemical compounds produced by plants and animals. Enzymes are also called biochemical catalysts. Enzymes are functional catalysts. Which means, reaction occur only in the presence of some enzymes. Enzymes can be called as biopolymers that excite biochemical reactions. For example, Maltase is the enzyme that acts as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of maltose.

Mechanism of Enzyme Action
Enzymes act by the cavities of their outer surface. These cavities have -COOH and -SH groups. Such centres work as biochemical cells activated centres. The cavities of enzymes match the shape of the substrates. Due to the present of active groups, an activated complex is formed which then decomposes to yield the products. Therefore, it occurs as two steps.

Vitamins
Vitamins are essential natural nutrients. They are required in low quantities. They are needed for growth and development, healing of wounds, formation of healthy bone and tissue, proper functioning of immunity and other essential life activities. These essential chemical components have various biochemical duties. Vitamins are organic compounds required in the diet in small amounts to perform specific biological functions for normal maintenance of optimum growth and health of organisms. Vitamins are dangerous in excess. People taking vitamin supplements must do so under medical supervision. The term vitamin is the fusion of the words ‘vital’ and ‘amine’.

Classification of Vitamins
Vitamins are classified into two groups depending upon their solubility in water soluble and fat soluble vitamins.

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Water Soluble Vitamins
Water soluble vitamins cant be stored in our body. They are excreted through urine. Therefore, they must be replenished continuously. Vitamins B and C are water soluble.

Few Essential Vitamins, Sources and Deficiency Diseases

Vitamin A (Retinol)
Sources: Fish, Liver Oil, Carrots, Ghee and Milk
Deficiency Disease: Xerophthalmia (Hardening of Cornea)

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Sources: Yeast, Milk, Green Vegetables, Green Leaves, Cereals
Deficiency Disease: Beri Beri (Increase, Decrease or Absence of Hunger)

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Sources: Milk, egg white, liver, kidney
Deficiency Disease: Cheilosis (fissuring at corners of mouth and lips), digestive disorders and burning sensation of the skin.

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Sources: Yeast, Ground nut, Sweet Potato, Milk, Eggs
Deficiency Disease: Pellagra (Inflammation of skin with the epidermis breaking off as pearls, Dementia, Sleep walking, Diarrhoea)

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
Sources: Sweet Potato, Yeast, Ground nuts
Deficiency Disease: Burning sensation in sole

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Sources: Yeast, milk, egg yolk, cereals and grams
Deficiency Disease: Convulsions and Anaemia

Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)
Sources: Green leaves, Cereals
Deficiency Disease: Microcytic anaemia, Leukaemia

Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
Sources: Meat, fish, egg and curd
Deficiency Disease: Pernicious anaemia (RBC deficient in haemoglobin)

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Sources: Citrus fruits, amla and green leafy vegetables
Deficiency Disease: Scurvy (bleeding gums)

Vitamin D
Sources: Exposure to sunlight, fish and egg yolk
Deficiency Disease: Rickets (bone deformities in children) and osteomalacia (soft bones and joint pain in adults)

Vitamin E
Sources: Vegetable oils like wheat germ oil, sunflower oil, etc.
Deficiency Disease: Increased fragility of RBCs and muscular weakness

Vitamin K
Sources: Green leafy vegetables
Deficiency Disease: Increased blood clotting time

Oxidation Number | Redox Reactions | Oxidation Number Method | Class 11 Chemistry | Elearnin

Elearnin 2021-09-23 | What is Oxidation Number? Hello everyone welcome back today we will learn about Oxidation number explanation from the chapter Redox Reactions.
00:07 Oxidation Number
00:25 Rules of calculating Oxidation Number
02:40 Oxidation State
03:15 Oxidation states of some compounds
04:32 Concepts of Oxidation Number
05:28 Oxidants / Oxidizing Agents
05:40 Reductants / Reducing Agents

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Oxidation number denotes the oxidation state of an element in a compound ascertained according to a set of rules formulated on the basis that an electron pair in a covalent bond belongs entirely to a more electronegative element.

Rules of Calculating Oxidation Number

In elements, in the free or the uncombined state, each atom bears an oxidation number of zero. Evidently each atom in H2, O2, Cl2, O3, P4, S8, Na, Mg, Al has the oxidation number zero.
For ions composed of only one atom, the oxidation number is equal to the charge on the ion. Thus Na+ ion has an oxidation number of +1. N3 has the oxidation number of -3. Hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1. E.g., NaH, LiH, CaH2 contain hydrogens with oxidation numbers of -1. All group seven atoms have oxidation numbers -1 except if the electronegativity is too high. For example, the oxidation number of chloride in HCl is -1 while it is +1 in HOCl. In many compounds oxygen has an oxidation number of -1 while in super oxides, it is -1/2. Group 1A elements usually have an oxidation number of +1 while that of Group 2A elements is +2. In a neutral state, all molecules have an oxidation number of 0. In a polyatomic ion, the algebraic sum of all the oxidation numbers of atoms of the ion must equal the charge on the ion. For example, the oxidation number of S04 ions is -2.
In many compounds, oxygen has an oxidation number of -2.

Oxidation State
A term that is often used interchangeably with the oxidation number is the oxidation state. Thus in CO2, the oxidation state of carbon is +4, that is also its oxidation number. This implies that the oxidation number denotes the oxidation state of an element in a compound. This in turn helps to identify whether the species is present in oxidised form or reduced form.
Concept of Oxidation Number
Oxygen and hydrogen react to form water. The electron exchange here is not very clear.
2H2 (g) + 02 (g) → 2H20 (l)
The H atom as going from a neutral (zero) state in H2 to a positive state in H2O, the O atom goes from a zero state in O2 to a dinegative state in H2O. It is assumed that there is an electron transfer from H to O and consequently H2 is oxidised and O2 is reduced.
H2(s) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)
CH4(g) + 4Cl2(g) → CCl4(l) + 4HCl(g)

Oxidants/ Oxidising Agents
A reagent which can increase the oxidation number of an element in a given substance. These reagents are called as oxidants.
Reductants/ Reducing Agents
A reagent which lowers the oxidation number of an element in a given substance. These reagents are called as reductants.

LC Circuit and LC Oscillations - Working | Alternating Current | LC Circuit Explained | Physics 12

Elearnin 2021-09-22 | Welcome to Elearnin, In this 3d animated videos we will tech you about the LC Circuit and LC Oscillations explained physics problems from the Class 12 Physics - CBSE – NCERT by Elearnin

In this video you will learn about LC Circuit working and LC Oscillations explanation

00:08 LC Circuit and Working
2:53 Magnetic Energy and Electric Energy
3:31 Change of Magnetic and Electric Energy
4:41 Analogy of LC Oscillations and Mechanical Oscillations
Mechanical System
LC Oscillation system

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LC CIRCUIT AND WORKING
We know that a capacitor and an inductor can store electrical and magnetic energy, respectively. When a capacitor (initially charged) is connected to an inductor, the charge on the capacitor and the current in the circuit exhibit the phenomenon of electrical oscillations similar to oscillations in mechanical systems.

Redox Reactions | Oxidation and Reduction Reaction | Class 11 | Chemistry NCERT | CBSE Chemistry

Elearnin 2021-09-20 | Redox Reacitons | Oxidation and reduction reaction class 11 chemistry from NCERT and CBSE syllabus…..
At the same time, if a molecule gets oxidized and another gets reduced, such reactions are known as Oxidation Reduction Reactions. These are also called Redox Reactions. The word Redox is derived from the ‘Red’ in Reduction and ‘Ox’ in Oxidation.

Oxidation
Definition: Oxidation is the addition of oxygen/electronegative element to a substance or removal of hydrogen/ electropositive element from a substance.

2 Mg (s) + O2 (g) → 2 MgO (s)
In this reaction, Magnesium conjugates with oxygen and gets Oxidised.
S (s) + O2 (g) → SO2 (g)
In this reaction, Sulphur conjugates with oxygen and gets Oxidised.
Mg (s) + Cl2 (g) MgCl2 (s)
In this reaction, Magnesium conjugates with Chlorine, a electronegative substance and gets Oxidised.
In the above reactions, the elements Magnesium and Sulphur are oxidised on account of addition of Oxygen to them.

Reduction
Definition: Reduction is the removal of oxygen/electronegative element from a substance or addition of hydrogen/ electropositive element to a substance.
2 HgO s ∆→ 2 Hg (l) + O2 (g)
In this reaction, oxygen is removed from Mercury.
2 FeCl3 (aq) + H2 (g) 2 FeCl2 (aq) + 2 HCl(aq)
In this reaction, electronegative Chlorine is removed from Ferric Chloride.
CH2=CH2 (g) + H2 (g) H3C – CH3 (g)
In this reaction, Ethylene conjugates with hydrogen.

Effects on Oxidation in Daily life
Decay: Apples, Bananas and Potatoes etc contain Polyphenol Oxidase or Tyrosine enzymes. These enzymes react with oxygen. When fruits like apples are cut, the enzymes and chemicals in it react with the oxygen in air. This is why the top layer turns brown.
Rusting: When iron is left for a long time in an environment containing moisture, it turns brown. This is the rusting of iron. This reaction needs both oxygen and water. It is also an oxidation. However, when iron objects are placed in an environment without either oxygen or water, they do not rust. Galvanisation is the process by which a coat of zinc is applied on the surface of Iron to prevent it from rusting.
Damage to Silverware: Copper, Brass, Silver, Aluminium and Magnesium and other such metals maybe damaged by the formation of a thin layer of rust on them. Their external surfaces take part in this chemical reaction. Hydrogen Sulphide is essential to damage silver. Over time, this forms a tarnish with oxygen. In reality, this external tarnish protects the metal inside. This form is known as Patina.

Redox Reactions in terms of Electron Transfer Reactions
2 Na(s) + Cl2(g) by the loss and gain of two electrons form 2 Na+Cl- (s).
2 Na(s) + O2(g) by the loss and gain of two electrons form Na2+O2-(s).
2 Na(s) + S(s) by the loss and gain of two electrons form Na2+ S2- (s).

Electrons are gained in one phase and lost in another.
2 Na(s) → 2 Na+(g) + 2e–
Cl2(g) + 2e– → 2 Cl–(g)
Each of the above steps is called a half reaction. Sum of the half reactions gives the overall reaction.
2 Na(s) + Cl2 (g) → 2 Na+ Cl– (s) or 2 NaCl (s)
Half reactions that involve loss of electrons are called oxidation reactions. Similarly, the half reactions that involve gain of electrons are called reduction reactions.

Oxidising Agent: Acceptor of electrons is called the Oxidising agent.
Reducing Agent: Donor of electrons is called the Reducing agent.

Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monoctyledonous | Anatomy of Flowering Plants | Class 11 Biology

Elearnin 2021-09-17 | Welcome to Elearnin, In this 3d animated video we will teach you about Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monoctyledonous Plants from the Class 11 Biology - CBSE – NCERT by Elearnin.

In this video, you will learn about Stem and Leaf.
• Dicotyledonous Root
• Monocotyledonous Root
• Monocotyledonous Stem
• Dorsiventral Leaf (Dicotyledonous Leaf)
o 1. Epidermis
o 2. Mesophyll and
o 3. Vascular Bundles
• Isobilateral Leaf (Monocotyledonous Leaf)

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Acids and Bases | Chemical Equilibrium | CBSE | Class 11 Chemistry by Elearnin

Elearnin 2021-09-13 | Welcome to Elearnin, In this 3d animated videos we will teach you about Acids and Bases from the Class 11 Chemistry - CBSE – NCERT by Elearnin

In this video you will learn about Acids and Bases

• Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases
• The Bronsted - Lowry Acids and Bases
• Lewis Acids and Bases

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Arrhenius Concepts of Acids and Bases
The substances that dissolve in water to produce H+ ions are called acids and the substances that dissolve in water to produce Hydroxyl ions are called bases as postulated by Arrhenius.

Bronsted – Lowry concept of Acids and Bases
According to the Bronsted - Lowry concept, acids are the substances capable of donating a hydrogen ion while bases are the substances capable of accepting a hydrogen ion.
In simpler words, proton donors are acids and proton recipients are bases.

Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases
A chemical that accepts a pair of electrons is an acid while a chemical that donates a pair of electrons is called a base. This was postulated by Lewis in the year 1923. Based on Lewis concept of acids, all acids don’t contain protons.

Rutherford’s Atomic Model | Atoms | CBSE Class 12 Physics by Elearnin

Elearnin 2021-09-07 | Welcome to Elearnin, In this 3d animated videos we will teach you about Rutherford’s Atomic model from the Class 12 Chemistry - CBSE – NCERT by Elearnin

In this video you will learn about Rutherford’s Atomic Model
• Rutherford’s Solar System Model
• Alpha Ray Scattering Experiment
• Postulates of the Alpha Ray Scattering Experiment
• Size of the Nucleus
• Distance of Closest Approach
• Alpha Particle Trajectory
• Drawbacks of Rutherford’s Model

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Rutherford’s Solar System Model:
In the same way how planets revolve around the sun, electrons revolve around nuclei in an atom. The nucleus contains a positive charge while the electrons contain a negative charge. As a result, the atom is constant. As the revolution of the electrons around the nucleus is compared to the revolution of the planets around the sun, the model is called Rutherford’s Solar System Model.

Alpha Ray Scattering Experiment:

In this, alpha rays emanating from a radioactive material were concentrated onto a thin foil. Few of them passes straight through the foil. Others were bent at various angles. These alpha particles once bent illuminated a fluorescent screen. Few atoms returned at the exact same angle. The reason behind this was the electro positivity of the alpha particles. As they neared the centre of the atom in the gold foil, they were repelled and sent backwards. In reality, alpha particles are electropositive. If the alpha particle is being repelled and sent back, it means that the centre of the atom is electropositive. Therefore, it was found that the nucleus is electropositive.

Postulates of the Alpha Ray Scattering Experiment:

Majority of the atomic mass is concentrated in the centre of the nucleus in a very small part. This is the nucleus. The nucleus is electropositive. Its size is 10-13ms. There are equivalent electrons around the nucleus to neutralise the atom. They don’t fall into the nucleus as a result of the forces of attraction due to the fact that they revolve around the atom similar to the solar system.

Size of the Nucleus:
The size of the nucleus is between 10-15 to 10-14 m. The atomic radius is 10-10m.

Distance of Closest Approach:
In the Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment, alpha particles emanating from a radioactive source are dispersed in all angles by the gold foil. The particles hitting the nucleus are sent back based on the principle of ‘Like forces repel each other’. However few alpha particles that come close to the nucleus are dispersed at various angles. Few of them are deflected very close to the nucleus. The closest the alpha particle can come to a nucleus is the Impact Parameter.

Alpha Particle Trajectory:
The trajectory traced by an alpha particle depends on the impact parameter of collision between the particle and the nucleus. The impact parameter is the perpendicular distance of the initial velocity vector of the a-particle from the centre of the nucleus. A given beam of alpha particles has a distribution of impact parameters, so that the beam is scattered in various directions with different probabilities. The alpha particle closest to the nucleus suffers the largest scattering. In case of head-on collision, the impact parameter is minimum and the a-particle rebounds back. For a large impact parameter, the alpha particle goes nearly undeviated and has a small deflection. The fact that only a small fraction of the number of incident particles rebound back indicates that the number of a-particles undergoing head on collision is small. This, in turn, implies that the mass and positive charge of the atom is concentrated in a small volume. Rutherford scattering therefore determines an upper limit to the size of the nucleus.

Drawbacks of Rutherford’s Model:
Rutherford’s model states that electrons revolve around the nucleus. However, based on the dielectric principle, revolving electrons must emit large amounts of energy. If this happens however, they would lose energy and their orbits would reduce leading the electrons to spiral into the nucleus resulting in the collapse of the atom. However, this doesn’t occur and the atom remains stable. Therefore, Rutherford’s model doesn’t explain the stability of the atom. It doesn’t explain how the revolving electrons stay in orbit. It doesn’t explain the distribution of electrons in the atom.

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Muscle Tissue | Structural Organization in Animals | Anatomy | CBSE Class 11 Biology by Elearnin

Elearnin 2021-09-06 | Welcome to Elearnin, In this 3d animated video we will teach you about the Structural Organisation in Animals from the Class 11 Biology - CBSE – NCERT by Elearnin.

In this video, you will learn about Muscle Tissue.

• Types of Muscles
• Skeletal / Striped / Voluntary Muscles
• Smooth / Unstriped / Involuntary Muscles
Cardiac Muscles

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The study of muscles is called Myology or Sarcology. The study of Muscle Movements is Kinesiology. Muscles are the structures that help in the movement of bones. There are 639 muscles in the human body.

Gluteus Maximus is the largest muscle.
The smallest muscle is the Stapedius.
Longest muscle is the Sartorius.
Strongest muscle is the Masseter.

The elements required for the proper movement of muscles are calcium and potassium. Muscles are mesodermal in origin. However, the iris and ciliary muscles are ectodermal in origin. Muscles have three primary functions. Muscle tissues have long cells called muscle fibres. These have a connective tissue cover. However, they don’t have a capsule. The plasmalemma of muscle tissue is called sarcolemma. The cytoplasm of muscle tissue is called Sarcoplasm. Within this, there are multiple fine myofibrils. Each myofibril is made of a thick and long myosin filament and a thin and short actin filament. Muscles are of three types. These are
1. Skeletal Muscles
2. Smooth Muscles
3. Cardiac Muscles

Types of Muscles

1.) Skeletal/Striated/Voluntary Muscles
These are voluntary muscles present in the hands and legs. They are attached to the bone and help in movement.

2.) Smooth/Unstriated/Involuntary Muscles
They are present in the intestines, digestive system, bladder and eyes. These are involuntary muscles.

3.) Cardiac Muscles
These are present in the heart.

Skeletal/Striped/Voluntary Muscles
These are usually attached to bones via tendons. In a typical muscle such as the biceps, skeletal muscle fibres are bundled together in a connective tissue sheath called Endomysium. A bundle of muscle fibres is called a Fascicle. The connective tissue sheath connecting it is called Perimysium. A group of fascicles forms a muscle. The connective tissue sheath covering such a muscle is called Epimysium. The connective tissue layers that cover the muscle end together forming a tendon.

Smooth/Unstriped/Involuntary Muscles
These muscles are smooth muscles. They are arranged in layers or as tiles. Smooth muscle fibres are uninucleate spindle shaped cells. The thin and thick filaments of smooth muscles are not well organised and oriented. Such types of muscles are found in blood vessels, respiratory system, bronchi, gastrointestinal tract, intestines, excretory vessels, genitals and other internal viscera. Therefore, they are called Visceral muscles. They don’t have striations. Therefore, they are called smooth muscles. They don’t act on our will. Therefore, they are called involuntary muscles. They don’t tire and can remain contracted for long periods of time.

Cardiac/Striped/Involuntary Muscles
Venation is the way the veins of the lamina are arranged over the leaf. If they are in the form of a network, it is called Reticulate Venation. If they are parallel, it is called Parallel Venation. Monocotyledonous leaves have parallel venation. Dicotyledonous leaves have reticulate venation.

Types of Leaves
Like skeletal muscle, it is striped. They form the Myocardium of vertebrates. Cardiac muscle cells are short and cylindrical with one or two nuclei. They have joints between them to ensure the conduction of electric signals throughout the heart. Cardiac muscles have intercalated discs. These discs are their differentiating feature. These contain gap junctions. An excited myocardial cell quickly excites all its surrounding myocardial cells and causes a complete cardiac contraction. Due to this, cardiac contractions happen uniformly. Therefore, the cardiac muscle is called a functional syncytium. As it has abundant circulation, it undergoes gaseous exchange constantly. Cardiac muscle is involuntary.

Stem And Leaf | Structural Morphology of Flowering plants | CBSE Class 11 Biology by Elearnin

Elearnin 2021-09-05 | Welcome to Elearnin, In this 3d animated video we will teach you about the Structural Morphology of Flowering plants from the Class 11 Biology - CBSE – NCERT by Elearnin.

In this video, you will learn about Stem and Leaf.

• Stem
• Stem Functions
• Modification of Stem
• Underground Stem Modification
• Stem Tendrils
• Phylloclades
• Cladophylls
• Sub-Aerial Stems
• Stolon
• Offset
• Suckers
• Leaf
• Venation
• Types of Leaves
• Simple Leaf
• Compound Leaf
• Pinnately compound leaf
• Palmately compound leaf
• Phyllotaxy
• Modification of Leaves
• Tendrils
• Spines
• Fleshy leaves
• Phyllodes
• Insectivorous plants
• Vegetative propagation leaves

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The stem is the ascending part of the axis bearing branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits. It develops from the plumule of the embryo of a germinating seed. The stem bears nodes and internodes. The region of the stem where leaves are born is called nodes while internodes are the portions between two nodes. The stem bears buds, which may be terminal or Axillary.

The leaf is a flattened structure that originates from the stem aerially. It develops at the node and bears an axillary bud. The axillary bud later develops into a branch.

Functions of the Stem

The main function of the stem is spreading out branches bearing leaves, flowers, and fruits. It conducts water, minerals and photosynthates

Modifications of the Stem
1. Underground Stem Modifications:
This helps to store food and takes part in vegetative propagation. E.g., Potato and Stem Tuber.
2. Stem Tendrils:
They help in climbing. E.g., Pumpkin
3. Phylloclades:
In deserts, some stems undergo transformation into fleshy and flattened structures called Phylloclades.
4. Cladophylls:
Cladophylls are branches that transform to help in Photosynthesis. E.g., Asparagus
5. Bulbil:
Bulbils are structures that separate from the parent plant and form adventitious roots that help in vegetative propagation. E.g., Diascoria
II. Sub – Aerial Stems
a. Runners:
In some plants, the stem spreads to new places and forms new plants when the old ones die. Such plants are called runners. E.g., Oxalis

b. Stolon:
In some plants, a slender lateral branch arises from the base of the main axis. After growing aerially for some time, they arch downwards and form adventitious roots. These are called Stolons. E.g., Jasmine
c. Offset:
In some aquatic plants, internal branches called offsets to arise from the same internodes. At the internode, they form leaves in a rosette form.
d. Suckers:
In Chrysanthemum, the lateral branches originate from the basal and underground portion of the main stem, grow horizontally beneath the soil, and then come out obliquely upward. These are called Suckers
Venation
Venation is the way the veins of the lamina are arranged over the leaf. If they are in the form of a network, it is called Reticulate Venation. If they are parallel, it is called Parallel Venation. Monocotyledonous leaves have parallel venation. Dicotyledonous leaves have reticulate venation.

Capacitors | Electro static potential and capacitance | CBSE Class 12 Physics by Elearnin

Elearnin 2021-09-02 | Welcome to Elearnin, In this 3d animated videos we will teach you about Capacitor and Combination of capacitors from the Class 12 Physics – CBSE, NCERT by Elearnin
In this video you will learn about Capacitors
• Capacitors
• Capacitance
• Parallel Plate Capacitor
• Significance of Capacitor
• Capacitors in Series
• Capacitors in Parallel

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A capacitor is a system of two conductors separated by an insulator. The conductors usually have equal and opposite charges leading rise to a difference in potential. The conductors are charged by connecting them to opposites poles of a battery. The Capacitance of a capacitor are dependant on the geometric configuration of the conductors and the dielectric ability.

Two conductors at different potentials have different capacities to hold charge. Capacitance is the capacity of a conductor to hold electric potential. Capacitance depends on the magnitude, shape and surroundings of a conductor. If the charge on a conductor is increased, its potential increases too.

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Anatomy of an Frog | Structural Organization of Animals | CBSE Class 11 Biology by Elearnin

Elearnin 2021-08-29 | Welcome to Elearnin, In this 3d animated videos we will tech you about the Anatomy of Frog from the Class 11 Biology - CBSE – NCERT by Elearnin

In this video you will learn about Earthworm - Morphology
• Morphology of frog
• Anatomy of Frog
• Digestive System
• Digestive Glands
• Feeding and Digestion
• Respiratory System
• Blood Circulation System
• Portal Systems
• Blood
• Integrating System
• Special Senses
• Excretory System
• Reproductive System

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The study of frogs is known as Batrachology. They live on land and in fresh water. It is the first land based four legged creature. They originated in the Devonian period and developed during the Carboniferous period.

Anatomy
The body cavity of frogs accommodate different organs which constitute the viscera. These are enveloped by an internal covering called the visceral peritoneum.

Digestive System
The digestive system consists of alimentary canal and digestive glands. The alimentary canal is short because frogs are carnivores and hence the length of intestine is reduced. The mouth opens into the buccal cavity that is short and shallow. Teeth are present at the rim of the upper jaw. The muscular tongue is split in two at the tip. The tongue is attached at the front of the mouth and free at the back. The pharynx opens into the short oesophagus which in turn opens into the stomach. The stomach has the cardiac sphincter at the start and the distal pyloric sphincter. The stomach helps to store and digest food. The first part of the small intestine is the duodenum and the distal part is long and coiled. This is the ileum. The ileum opens into the rectum. The rectum is short and broad. It opens to the outside through the cloaca.

Digestive Glands
The stomach wall has small gastric glands. They secrete gastric juices. The largest gland is the liver. It opens into the duodenum through the common hepatic duct. The bile secreted from the liver is stored in the gallbladder. Bile doesn’t contain any digestive enzymes. The pancreas is a non capsulated, long mixed gland located between the stomach and the duodenum. It secretes pancreatic juices. Duodenal glands secrete duodenal juices.

Feeding and Digestion
The tongue acts by obtaining the food. In the stomach, digestion begins by the action of gastric enzymes in the presence of hydrochloric acid. Partially digested food is called chyme. It reaches the small intestine through the gastric outlet. There, it mixes in the duodenum with bile and pancreatic juices.

Respiratory System
A frog respires through three separate routes.
1. Skin
2. Buccopharyngeal Cavity
3. Lungs

Blood Circulation System
It consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. The superior part of the torso contains the muscular heart. It contains two atria and a ventricle. It is covered by two layers of pericardium. Arteries supply blood from the heart to the body parts. Three major veins collect blood from the body and send it to the atria. Frogs have incomplete double circulation systems.

Frog has different types of sense organs, namely organs of touch, taste, smell, vision and hearing. Out of these, eyes and internal ears are well-organised structures and the rest are cellular aggregations around nerve endings. The skin has receptors. The small taste buds present on the tongue help in taste perception. They help by jointly acting as smell and taste sense organs.

Excretory System
In order to excrete waste and maintain the water-salt balance, frogs have a well developed excretory system. The excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys, ureters, cloaca and urinary bladder. These are compact, dark red and bean like structures situated a little posteriorly in the body cavity on both sides of vertebral column. Only its lower part is covered by the peritoneum. The adrenal glands are located on the lateral side of the ventral surface of the kidneys. Each kidney is composed of structural and functional units called uriniferous tubules or nephrons. From the lower exterior part of each kidney, ureters or Wolffian ducts emerge. The ureters act as urinogenital duct which opens into the cloaca. Frogs mainly excrete nitrogenous wastes as urea. This is way, they are called Ureotelic animals.

Reproductive System
Male reproductive organs consist of a pair of yellowish ovoid testes, which are found adhered to the upper part of kidneys by a double fold of peritoneum called mesorchium. Each testis has millions of seminiferous tubules. They jointly form 10-12 Vasa Efferentia which join the Bidder Canal. Finally it communicates with the urinogenital duct and opens into the cloaca.
The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries, oviducts and a cloaca. The ovaries are adhered to the upper part of kidneys by a double fold of peritoneum. The peritoneum is called ovarian spore. The ends of the oviducts form a broad openings which open separately into the cloaca.

Isobars - Isotopes | Atomic Structure | CBSE Class 11 Chemistry by Elearnin

Elearnin 2021-08-27 | Welcome to Elearnin, In this 3d animated videos we will teach you about Isobars and Isotopes from the Class 11 Chemistry - CBSE – NCERT by Elearnin

In this video you will learn about Isobars - Isotopes
0:11 Isobars and Isotopes
0:15 Atomic Number
0:45 Mass Number
2:52 Isotopes
3:37 Isobars
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Atomic Number
The electrons and protons in an atom are equal in the (Atomic Number Z).
For example, in the atoms Hydrogen and Sodium, the number of electrons is 1 and 11 respectively.
Elemental Atomic Number Z = The number of protons in the element’s atom
(or)
The number of electrons in the element’s neutral atom
Mass Number
The protons and neutrons in the nucleus are called Nucleons.
The total number of nucleons is call the Mass Number (A).

Mass Number (A) = Number of protons (Z) + Number of Neutrons (N).

For example, the mass number of F is 19 and the atomic number is 9
The atomic number of Flourine has been written at the the bottom left of it’s symbol ‘F’. It indicates that there are 9 protons in it’s atom. In the same way, its mass number has been written at the top left corner of F.
It shows that Flourine’s nucleons i.e. protons and neutrons number 19 in total.
Therefore, the number of neutrons in Flourine is 19-9 =10.
Because N = A-Z.
The number of neutrons, protons and electrons in an atom are 18, 16 and 16 respectively. Please give the atom its correct symbol.
Practice:
Atomic number = Number of protons = 16
The element is Sulphur ‘S’.

Atom’s Mass number = Number of protons + Number of Neutrons
= 16 + 16 = 32
The number of protons is not equal to the number of electrons. Therefore, the atom is not neutral. It’s an anion (Negatively charged). Equal to the number of excited electrons.
Number of extra electrons = 18-16 = 2
Symbol ‘S’, mass number is 32, atomic number is 16, number of extra electrons is 2.

Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but different mass number. For example, if you see Hydrogen atoms, 99.985% of hydrogen atoms have only one proton. This isotope is called Protium. Other than this, Hydrogen has two isotopes. Deuterium has one proton and one neutron. Tritium has one proton and two neutrons.

Isobars
Atoms with the same mass number but different atomic numbers are called Isobars. The difference between isotopes and isobars is only the difference in the number of neutrons they possess.

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Morphology of an Earthworm | Structural Organization of Animals | CBSE Class 11 Biology by Elearnin

Elearnin 2021-08-20 | Welcome to Elearnin, In this 3d animated videos we will tech you about the Morphology and Anatomy of an Earthworm from the Class 11 Biology - CBSE – NCERT by Elearnin

In this video you will learn about Earthworm - Morphology
1:14c Earthworm – Megascolex
Types of Earthworms
1:14 Pheretima Posthuma – Anatomy
2:44 Earthworm Reproductive system
3:58 Fertilization of Earthworm
4:20 Earthworm egg formation, Copulation
4:54 Economic Significance
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0:12 Earthworm - Megascolex
It has a circular body made up of segments. It is the first category to have blood circulation. It has eight pairs of lateral hearts. Their have setae for movement. In order to fecilitate respiration through the skin, it is moist at all times. Earthworms are bilingous creatures. They usually undergo sexual reproduction. In bisexual organisms, embryonic development is direct. In unisexual organisms, it is indirect. Earthworms are considered as friends to the farmers. The main types of earthworms found in India are Pheretima, Lumbricus and Megascolex. Now, let us learn about Pheretima.

1:14 Pheretima Posthuma:

It has a long cylindrical body divided into over 100 to 120 segments. The dorsal surface of the body is marked by a dark median mid dorsal linealong the longitudinal axis of the body. The upper ventral surface of the body contains genital pores. The promostium covers it’s mouth at the anterior end. It has a few sensors. The promostium is the first segment of the body. In a mature worm, segments 14-16 are covered by a prominent dark band of glandular tissue called clitellum or cingulum. The body is divisible into three prominent regions –preclitellar, clitellar and postclitellar segments. Four pairs of spermathecal apertures are situated on the ventro-lateral sides of the intersegmental grooves, i.e., 5th -9th segments. A single female genital pore is present in the mid-ventral line of 14th segment. A pair of male genital pores are present on the 18th segment. Except the clitellar segments, all other segments contain a S – shaped chitinous setae in the epidermal pits. Setae can be extended or retracted. Their principal role is in locomotion.

2:44 Reproductive System:
An earthworm is a bisexual creature. There are two pairs of testes present in the 10th and 11th segments. Their vasa deferentia run up to the 18th segment where they join the prostatic duct. They have two pairs of vasa differentia in the 11th and 12th segments. One pair of ovaries is attached at the inter-segmental septum of the 12th and 13th segments. Ova convert to sprem. Vasa deferentia opens to the exterior by a pair of male genital pores on the ventro-lateral side of the 18th segment. Two pairs of accessory glands are present one pair each in the 17th and 19th segments. Four pairs of Spermathecae are present on the 6th to 9th segments. They receive and store spermatozoa during copulation. Ovarian funnels are present beneath the ovaries which continue into oviduct, join together and open on the ventral side as a single median female genital pore on the 14th segment.

3:58 Fertilization:
A mutual exchange of sperm occurs between two worms during mating. One worm has to find another worm and they mate juxtaposing opposite gonadal openings exchanging packets of sperms called spermatophores.

4:20 Egg Formation and Copulation:
Mature sperm and egg cells and nutritive fluid are deposited in cocoons produced by the gland cells of clitellum. Fertilisation and development occur within the cocoons which are deposited in soil. Such cacoons are deposited in the soil. The cocoon holds developing embryos. After about 3 weeks, each cocoon produces an average of four. Development of earthworms is direct, i.e., there is no larva formed.

4:54 Economic Significance:
Earthworms are known as ‘friends of farmers’ because they make burrows in the soil and make it porous which helps in respiration. The process of increasing fertility of soil by the earthworms is called vermicomposting. Their excreta fertilizes the soil. They are also used as bait in game fishing.

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Elephants Toothpaste Experiment | Oxidation Reaction | Science Experiments | Chemical Reaction

Elearnin 2020-03-15 | Hello welcome back to The Maverick Lab. Today I will show you a really cool chemical reaction - science experiment which is called "Elephant toothpaste". Elephant toothpaste is a very easy and funny science experiment, which results in a rapid eruption of huge amount of foam.
Elephant's toothpaste is a foamy substance caused by the rapid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide using potassium iodide or yeast and warm water as a catalyst. How rapidly the reaction proceeds will depend on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide.

Potassium permanganate:
Potassium permanganate is a chemical compound with chemical formula KMnO₄; specifically, a salt consisting of K⁺ and MnO⁻ ₄ ions. It is a purplish-black crystalline solid, that dissolves in water to give intensely pink or purple solutions.

Hydrogen Peroxide:
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H ₂O ₂. In its pure form, it is a very pale blue, clear liquid, slightly more viscous than water. Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide. It is used as an oxidizer, bleaching agent, and antiseptic.

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Potassium Permanganate vs Milk Vs Dettol | Top awesome experiment | Fun Science Experiments

Elearnin 2020-03-08 | Welcome welcome back to another episode of awesome science experiment - Potassium permanganate Vs Milk from The Maverics Lab
Potassium Permanganate - KMnO₄
Potassium permanganate is a chemical compound with chemical formula KMnO₄; specifically, a salt consisting of K⁺ and MnO⁻ ₄ ions. It is a purplish-black crystalline solid, that dissolves in water to give intensely pink or purple solutions.

The main protein of milk is casein and indeed, it gets oxidated by potassium permanganate (which can lead to pretty interesting outcomes→check out paper Plimmer, R. H. (1904). The formation of prussic acid by the oxidation of albumins. ... The formation of prussic acid by the oxidation of albumins.

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Sulphuric Acid H2SO4 Vs Match stick Vs Sponge | DIY Science Experiment | Unbelievable Experiments

Elearnin 2020-03-05 | Welcome welcome back to another episode of "DIY" science Acid experiment - Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) VS Safety Matches vs paper Vs Sponge Vs Flower from The Maverick Lab.

Sulphuric acid (alternative spelling sulphuric acid), also known as vitriol, is a mineral acid composed of the elements sulphur, oxygen and hydrogen, with molecular formula H2SO4. It is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is soluble in water and is synthesized in reactions that are highly exothermic.

Safety matches use potassium chlorate as an oxidizer, and when it comes into contact with sulfuric acid, they react to become chloric acid. The chloric acid is in turn “extremely reactive and unstable” and proceeds to react with the other chemicals in the match head, burning them and starting a fire.

The sponge contains cellulose, which is made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Because sulfuric acid wants to react with water so badly, it actually rips the hydrogen and oxygen molecules off the cellulose, causing it to disintegrate.

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Sulphuric Acid H2SO4 Vs Mentos Vs Coco cola | DIY Science Experiment | Unbelievable Experiments

Elearnin 2020-03-03 | Welcome welcome back to another episode of "DIY" science Acid experiment - Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) VS Mentos vs Coco cola that will blow your mind.

Sulphuric acid (alternative spelling sulphuric acid), also known as vitriol, is a mineral acid composed of the elements sulphur, oxygen and hydrogen, with molecular formula H2SO4. It is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is soluble in water and is synthesized in reactions that are highly exothermic.

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Manganese Heptoxide | DIY Cool Science Experiment | Fun Chemistry Experiments | The Maverick Lab

Elearnin 2020-03-01 | Welcome welcome back to another episode of "DIY" crazy science experiment - Manganese Heptoxide that will amaze you.

Ever heard of Manganese Heptoxide? I’m sure you haven’t. I mean who listens to confusing chemical names in school when there’s plenty of juicy gossip to go around?
Relax… Lemme see how I can make this interesting for you.

So Manganese Heptoxide is usually made by mixing two common chemicals; sulphuric acid and potassium permanganate. So that’s exactly what we are going to do!

But before we get this partay started, there’s a few things you guys should know.

Sulphuric Acid was given the name - King of Acids a.k.a Vitriol. This is a mineral acid which is composed of the elements Sulphur, Oxygen, and Hydrogen. Its molecular formula is H2SO4.

Potassium Permanganate is an Inorganic Compound and its chemical formula is KMNO4. This is a salt that is made of K+ and MNO4-ions. This i s a really good oxidizing agent.

Okay so let’s see how this turns out. Take a pipette of concentrated sulphuric acid and put it in a petri dish. Then mix in a small amount of potassium permanganate to it. As soon as they are mixed, the sulphuric acid reacts with the potassium permanganate to make permanganic acid. This acid is dehydrated by the sulphuric acid and it forms the anhydride version; this new molecule is the combination of two permanganic acids. Though a good oxidizer, manganese heptoxide is highly unstable...even more than my crazy mind. So it is always looking for any reason to decompose by either reacting with something or spontaneously by itself.

Now that we have it in front of us, let’s touch the top layer with a metal rod. See how the green oily thing on the top almost instantly went up in flames? Wait, let me show you that in slow motion. That is manganese heptoxide for you. So treat it with respect and maybe it won’t send you to hell.

Now let’s burn some more stuff. Repeat the same steps as above to get manganese heptoxide in the petri dish...now drop a cotton ball on it and witness cotton candy from hell. Then, to calm it down a bit, pour in a little water to make this solution Permanganic Acid- Check out that deadly purple color! Woo!

Ok now, what is the point of burning if there isn’t pop to it...time to grab the test tubes!
Pour a bit of the same solution into a test tube..and yea don’t hold it if you wanna keep your arms and eyes intact...put it on a stand like this. Now from a distance.. Go back!…. pour in a few drops of acetone or methanol and watch it burn and pop like a tiny rave.

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Colored Flames | Science Experiment that will Surprise You | Science Experiments | The Maverick Lab

Elearnin 2020-02-27 | Hello everyone today I'am going to show you Crazy science experiment on "Colored Flames" that will surprise you right here in The Maverick Lab. Let's have some fun with this cool science experiment.

Firstly we’re gonna need a big bottle of Acetone...a small bottle also would do, but if you wanna have twice as much fun, the big bottle is what you need.

Now everyone has acetone lying in their houses..but don't worry..you could substitute it with either a hand sanitizer or even an aftershave lotion.

When i say colored flame, i know you guys are thinking about all the bright colors like red or green...so why not start from there

For a bright green flame, take a flat container and mix boric acid and acetone in it. If you’re wondering where you’re gonna get boric acid from, the powder that you use to keep ants away...that’s got boric acid in it people.

Boric acid doesn’t burn by itself..that is why we have to mix it with acetone. Now that we’ve mixed it, lets ignite it. See how the flame is an awesome green?

If you want a red flame, you will need to cut up a few lithium ion batteries...be careful with this guys. Mix the lithium you have taken from the batteries in some acetone and light it on fire for a really bright and awesome red flame.

Getting into the whole coloured flame thing aren’t we..so why don’t you try something else too...get some non sodium salt substitute...don’t look at me like that...those things exist.

Any way, mix the non sodium salt substitute with acetone and light it up...the potassium chloride in the substitute lends the flame a lavender color.

When boron compounds are heated, electrons absorb a certain amount of heat energy that causes them to jump to higher energy levels. After some time, the electrons lose this energy and fall back down to their original levels, emitting this energy in the form of light. Because the energy absorbed by electrons is different per element, each element will give a different color.

Now let’s scale this experiment up a bit. I am sure you guys will have spray bottles lying around your house. Now mix a good quantity of Boric acid with acetone and pour it in the spray bottle.

Before you go to the next step, i’d advise you to wear gloves...you’ll see why. Adjust the nozzle of your spray can so that it sprays more like a mist. That's it..spray it on the naked flame and watch. Congratulations you are a fire bender now.

#ScienceExperiment #Chemistry #ColoredFlame #AmazingScience

How to make a Vinegar Battery | Homemade Vinegar Battery | Science Experiment for School Kids

Elearnin 2013-09-19 | How to make a Vinegar Battery | Homemade Vinegar Battery | Science Experiment for School Kids

Vinegar battery
For this experiment you'll need:
• Vinegar
• Two glasses
• Two zinc strips
• Two copper strips
• Connecting wires
• LED Bulb
Procedure:
• Take two glasses and fill them with vinegar
• Take Zinc and a Copper strip and connect one of the ends of both the strips using a connecting wire.
• Put the connected Zinc strip in one of the glasses and copper strip in another glass.
• Take remaining two strips i.e. copper and zinc strips. Connect it to the LED using two connecting wires.
• Now put the copper strip which is connected to the LED in the glass which has zinc strip and LED connected zinc strip in copper containing glass.
• You'll observe that the LED light starts glowing
Explanation:
• When the plates are inserted into the glasses with vinegar, acetic acid present in vinegar, chemical reaction takes place.
• Metal atoms are held together by electrical attractions between the nuclei and the electrons around the atoms.
• When you place a strip of metal in a glass of vinegar, the vinegar molecules interact with the metal atoms on the surface of the strip.
• At the interface between the vinegar and the metal, some of the metal nuclei are attracted to the negative side of the vinegar molecules. This attraction makes it easier for a metal nucleus to leave one or more of its electrons behind in the metal strip, and migrate away from the strip into the vinegar.
• The strip is left with a very small negative electric charge, because it now has one less positive nucleus in it. This tiny charge does not pull very much on the metal ion that has left the strip. In fact, that ion (a metal atom with one or more electrons missing) is quickly surrounded by vinegar molecules, whose negative side is attracted to the positive metal ion. This blanket of water molecules spreads out the positive charge over a larger area, making it even less attracted to the metal strip.
• This is a very temporary effect, and the metal ion usually gets attracted back to the strip very quickly. But since there are enormous numbers of atoms at the surface of the metal strip, and an enormous number of metal ions are in the vinegar at any given time, the metal strip ends up with quite a few more electrons than metal nuclei. This gives the strip a slight negative charge.
• If one metal strip has more extra electrons than another one does, those electrons will flow from the first strip to the second, until they both have the same charge. But to flow, the electrons need a conductive path. We give them that path when we connect two strips of different metals with a wire. The electrons then flow through that wire, creating an electric current. So the LED glows
Happy lighting ..

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Planets in our solar system | Sun and solar system | Solar System for children | 8 planets elearnin

Elearnin 2013-09-05 | Planets in our solar system | Sun and solar system | Solar System for children | elearnin

The Solar System consists of the Sun and its planetary system of eight planets, their moons, and other objects including asteroids and meteors. Our planet Earth is one among the eight planets that revolve around the Sun.
It's called solar system because the word solar means relating to the sun. Since Sun is the centre most part of this system, it is called solar system.

Objects seem to smaller in size when seen from a great distance but are very huge and large in reality.
Similarly, the moon and stars are very big and huge in size, but appear to be smaller in size to our eyes because they are very very far away from the Earth, where we live. The distance between the objects in the solar system is so large that these numbers would run into millions and billions of kms. Hence they are measured with a specific unit called light year. One light year is exactly 9460730472580800 mts. Sun is 149,600,000 km away from earth. Sun is very far from the Earth. That is the reason why sun looks smaller in size.
Solar system is the family of the sun. Sun is very big compared to the moon, probably around 400 times bigger. Sun is also a star but, remember, it's not the biggest star in the Universe. There are lots of stars present in the universe which are very far away from the sun, some of them about thousands of light years away. That is why stars look like dots in the night sky.
Sun is like a ball of fire. The sunlight from the sun takes about 8.5 minutes to reach the surface of the earth.
Sun is the center of the solar system and all the planets revolve around the sun in orbits. Orbit is a curved path of an object around a point in space. Orbit means moving around in Roman.
Earth is one of the planets in the solar system and takes exactly 365.25 days to revolve around the sun. Earth also rotates around its own axis in 24 hours or 1 day. Just like Earth every planet rotates on its own axis and revolves around the Sun.

Mercury: Mercury is the smallest of all planets, it is every hot as it is the closest to the sun, hence no living being can live on this planet. Mercury was named after a roman god Mercury who is the fast flying messenger. Mercury takes only 88 days to revolve around the sun, which makes it the fastest revolving planet around the sun.
Venus: Venus is the second closest planet to the Sun. Venus is visible in morning and evening as the brightest star from earth. Venus takes about 244.7 days to orbit around the sun and is named after the roman goddess of love and beauty.
Earth: Our planet Earth is the third closest planet to the Sun. It is blue in color as there is lot of water present on the surface of earth. Water constitutes to about 70% of entire surface on the earth. Unlike Earth, moon is not a planet. It is a natural satellite of earth and it revolves around the earth. Satellite is a smaller body which rotates around another rotating body. Earth is the only planet which has animals, trees and human beings.
Mars: Mars is called the red planet because it's red in color. This red color is due to the presence of a chemical called iron oxide. Mars is named after the roman god of war. It two moons that in turn revolve around it.
Jupiter: Jupiter is the biggest and largest planet of the solar system and is named after roman god Jupiter. Jupiter is 317 times the mass of Earth. Jupiter may have all the rocky core of the heavier elements making it the biggest and the heaviest planet. Outer atmosphere of Jupiter is divided into several bands at different latitudes, resulting in storms. Jupiter has around 67 moons revolving around it. These are natural satellites of Jupiter.
Saturn: Saturn is the only planet has rings around it. Saturn is named after the roman god for agriculture. Saturn has just over 95 times mass as compared to the earth. The rings around the Saturn are mostly composed of the ice particles and some rocky debris and some dust. Saturn has around 62 moons revolving around it.
Uranus: Uranus is similar to Neptune and is named after the Greek god of sky Ouranos. It has around 27 natural satellites revolving around it. The Uranus is a unique as compared to the other planets because of the fact that its axis of rotation is tilted sideways unlike the other planets. Its looks bluish-green in color because the atmosphere of Uranus is very cold and cloudy.
Neptune: This is the farthest planet from the sun. It is about 17 times the size of earth. Neptune is light blue in color because it is the coldest of all planets. Neptune is the densest of all planets. It is named after the roman god for sea.
There was another planetary object called Pluto which was the 9th planet but is no more considered a planet because Pluto and its moons are now considered to be a region.This region extends from the orbit of Neptune.

Bed of Nails - Cool Science Experiment with Balloons | Science Experiments for School Kids

Elearnin 2013-08-23 | Bed of Nails - Cool Science Experiment with Balloons | Science Experiments for School Kids

Photosynthesis | Photosynthesis in plants | Photosynthesis - Biology basics for children | elearnin

Elearnin 2013-08-19 | Photosynthesis | Photosynthesis in plants | Photosynthesis - Biology basics for children | Science | elearnin

Photosynthesis

Hello Kids ....

Do you know how plants make their own food? No??

This video elaborates the process of Photosynthesis, by which plants make their own food.

Photosynthesis is the process used by the plants to make their food. In simpler terms, conversion of light energy into chemical energy by plants is called photosynthesis. This chemical energy is used by the plants for growth and nourishment. Photo means light and synthesis means putting together.

Humans need some essential things like fire, water, vegetables etc to cook food.
Similarly, to make their own food, plants also need some essential factors like Light, water, nutrients, soil etc

Plants get light from the sun, water from the ground and carbon dioxide from air. All these factors including air, water, carbondioxide and sunlight together help plants churn out their own food.

Plants have tubes called Xylem located in the stem through which the water from the ground is sucked into the leaves. This system works similar to the humans sucking in liquids through a straw. The Xylem is spread throughout the different parts of plant including stem, branches, all the way upto their leaves, and transports vital nutrients to the entire plant. Xylems in plants are like blood vessels in the human body that act as an important means of transport for water and nutrients.

Leaves on the plants have pores, very similar to pores on the skin of our body. These pores are called stomata. These stomata are responsible for the exchange of gases. The carbon dioxide present in the air, which is responsible for photosynthesis, enters the plant through these stomata. Oxygen also comes out from the same stomata.

Leaf has important cells called Mesophyll cells. These cells contain a green color component called chloroplast. This chloroplast is responsible for the green color of plants and leaves.

Once the carbon dioxide and water reach the chloroplasts, in the presence of sunlight, the process of photosynthesis starts to take place. The following reaction takes places in the leaves of the plant during photosynthesis:

Carbon dioxide + water + [in the presence of light energy] → Oxygen + glucose (or Carbohydrates)

The products formed are glucose and oxygen. Carbohydrates, which are a form of glucose, are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water.
Glucose is used by the plants for the growth. Some of the glucose is used immediately and the extra glucose which is not used is stored in the form of starch, in the leaves. Some amount of glucose is also stored in the roots of the plants. The extra glucose is used to perform photosynthesis when there is no sunlight.

Oxygen is given out into the air through the stomata in the process of photosynthesis. The oxygen that is released is used by human beings to breathe in during their respiration process.

Ever wondered why this process is called photosynthesis? The word photosynthesis is a combination of two words: Photo and Synthesis. Photo means light in Greek and Synthesis means putting together or combining. Hence, photosynthesis literally means combining water and carbon dioxide in the presence of light.

So, the essential factors for photosynthesis to take place include:

• Sunlight

• Water

• Carbon dioxide

Underwater photosynthesis takes place at a slower pace than the normal photosynthesis. This is because energy from the sun is absorbed by the water layers and only some amount of the energy reaches the plant.

There are some plants which don't need the process of photosynthesis to grow. Such plants include Mushroom, Venus flytrap etc. Mushroom gets the food from the ground and its surrounding areas. Venus flytrap traps and catches small insects which come near the leaves and eat them.

Knee anatomy | Knee joint anatomy | Human Anatomy and Physiology video 3D animation | elearnin

Elearnin 2013-08-08 | Knee anatomy | Knee joint anatomy | Human Anatomy and Physiology video 3D animation | elearnin

Understand the anatomy and physiology of Knee - one of the most important joint of human anatomy, its bones, joints, different muscles and the anterior/posterior working and movement of the joint.

Arm Anatomy | Arm bones muscles joints | Human Anatomy and Physiology video 3D animation | elearnin

Elearnin 2013-07-20 | Understand the anatomy and physiology of Arm - the upper limb of human anatomy, its bones, joints, different arm muscles and their working.

Liver anatomy and function | Human Anatomy and Physiology video 3D animation | elearnin

Elearnin 2013-07-03 | Liver anatomy and function | Human Anatomy and Physiology video 3D animation | elearnin

Diffusion and Osmosis | Iodine starch experiment with bag | Science Experiments | elearnin

Elearnin 2013-06-26 | Osmosis and Diffusion demonstration | Iodine starch experiment with bag | Science Experiments | elearnin | Chemistry demo | Diffusion and osmosis in plants explanation | Diffusion and osmosis in cells explained | Diffusion and Osmosis definitions | Diffusion and Osmosis though a semi permeable membrane

This experiment shows the movement of particles through a membrane
For this experiment you will need:
• Water
• Starch solution
• Iodine
• Dropper
• Zipper plastic bag
PROCEDURE:
• Mix the starch solution in the water in a beaker.
• With the help of the dropper put some iodine solution in the zipper bag.
• Zip the plastic bag.
• Now turn up side down to check whether there is any leak.
• Submerge the plastic bag into the beaker with starch solution.
• Leave the arrangement for half an hour.
• A layer of deep purple-black color layer is formed on the membrane of the plastic bag and the color slowly diffuses into the starch water.
EXPLANATION:
Iodine is used to test for the presence of starch. When Iodine reacts with starch, it turns deep purple-black.
The iodine molecules are small enough to pass through the membrane of the plastic bag, however starch and water molecules are too big to pass through the membrane.
The movement of the iodine through the plastic membrane is functionally the same as movement of molecules through biological membranes, that is, any cell membrane. The molecules will move from higher concentration to lower concentration. Osmosis is the net movement of solvent molecules (in this case, iodine) through a partially permeable membrane (like a plastic bag) into a region of higher solute (water) concentration, in order to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.
Here, by partially permeable membrane or semi-permeable membrane, we mean a permeable to the solvent, but not the solute.
Diffusion is that physical process in which any solvent moves, without input of energy, across a semi permeable membrane separating two solutions of different concentrations.

Spine or Vertebral column | Spine bones joints | Human Spine Anatomy 3D animation | Elearnin

Elearnin 2013-06-24 | Spine or Vertebral column | Spine bones joints | Human Spine Anatomy 3D animation | Elearnin

This video illustrates one of the main parts of human body, the spinal cord or the vertebral column. Understand the intricacies of the movements of vertebral column by getting familiar with the joints and bones, and the set of complex muscles which make up the spinal cord.
The vertebral column in the mammals is known as the back bone or the spine. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord and even supports the head. The spinal cord serves as a joint for the ribs and musculature of the back. The spine is a cord like bony structure in the human body and other vertebrates.
Human vertebral column is formed by serially arranged units called the vertebrae and are inward placed. This vertebral column extends from the base of the skull and constitutes the main framework of the trunk. These vertebras have a central hollow potion which is called the neural canal. The spinal cord passes through this neural canal. The first vertebra is called the atlas and this atlas articulates the occipital condyle, which is a kidney-shaped convex surface found in the lower back part of the skull. The entire vertebral column is differentiated into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal region starting from the skull.
The human body consists of about 24 articulating (or the joint) vertebrae that comprise these three sections. However, in reality, it consists of 33 vertebrae where the other five are fused to form the sacrum.
Broadly, the three main sections of the spine include: cervical spine, thoracic spine and the lumbar spine.
The cervical spine begins at the base of the skull. Seven vertebrae make up the cervical spine, which are small and delicate, with eight pair of cervical nerves. It is these vertebrae that help in the movement of the head and the neck.
The thoracic spine is located in the chest area and it contains 12 vertebrae. These are connected to the ribs which limits the flexibility of these vertebrae. The ribs aid in the protection of many vital organs in the human body. There is another float bone on the ventral midline of the thorax which is called the sternum.
The vertebrae in the lumbar spine in most people are five in number. They are larger than the thoracic or the cervical spine. They carry most of the body's weight and support easy flexibility and extension.
Each of the vertebrae is supported by fibrous discs, known as the intervertebral discs that act like cushions between the bones. The body of the vertebrae provide a resting place for these fibrous discs. The vertebra increase in size from the neck, downwards, that is from the second cervical to the first thoracic. There is a slight decrease in the next three vertebrae and then again there is a gradual increase in size till the sacrum vertebrae.
Each fibrous disc is made up of two parts. The annulus is the hard outer layer of the vertebra. It surrounds a sponge-like centre called the nucleus. There are four facet joints in each vertebra, one pair faces upwards.
Stability to the spine is provided by interlocking with the adjacent vertebrae. A bone called the sacrum lies just below the lumbar spine. The sacrum is uniquely shaped. The lamina covers the spinal canal. It is a large hole in the centre of the vertebra. The spinal nerves pass through them.
Part of the spine bones seem to be projecting outside the spine, and these can be felt while running hands down the backbone. This part of the bone that projects outside is known as the spinous process. The spinous process is paired with two transverse processes, which are oriented 90 degrees to the spinous process, one on each side. They provide attachment to the back muscles.
Hope this gives you a fair understanding of spine. By the way, if you haven't yet, pls go ahead and Subscribe to our channel, elearnin, for latest update on high-end 3D Anatomy videos here.

Interference of Waves | Superposition and Interference in light and water waves | Physics

Elearnin 2013-06-19 | Interference of Waves | Interference and superposition explained in light and water waves with animation | Interference of waves in two dimensions | Physics

The phenomena of the light which undergoes refraction and reflection by be explained by the 2 theories of light. They are corpuscular and wave theory of light. But some of the other phenomena such as interference and diffraction can only be explained by wave theory of light.
We know that 2 or more wave, motions travel in space at the same time. Sometimes these 2 wave motions combine to and some physical effects take place. Inference is once such physical effect.
When 2 or more waves cross each other in the same medium, they both interfere and accident takes. This accident is known as interference of waves. Interference is the combine effect of the disturbance caused by the each individual wave at the same place and at same time. This effect can be understood from the principle of superposition of waves.
Principle Of superposition of waves:
To understand this concept of the superposition, let's understand some of the examples. When we drop a pin in a tank, we see some circular waves. When other another pin is dropped, we see some more waves. These waves travel in the same tank and some or the other time these superimpose on each other. The resultant wave would have amplitude which is the sum of the displacement due to the individual waves.
" The principle of superposition of waves states that when two or more waves travel through the same medium simultaneously, the resultant displacement at any point is the vector sum if the displacement due to the individual waves."
In our case the pin is dropped in a ripple tank with 2 pins. If Y1 is the displacement caused at a point due to the first source and Y2 is the displace cause by the 2nd source, then the over displacement R at the point of interference would given by
R=Y1+Y2
When both the sources have the same amplitude which then Y1,Y 2 would be equal to Y. When Y1 is due the crest or trough and Y2 is also due a crest or trough the resultant would be the maximum and when Y1 is due to a crest and Y2 is due to a trough or vice versa, the displacement would be minimum.
When maximum displacement takes place it's called constructive superposition and when minimum displacement takes place it's called the destructive superposition. In constructive displacement, a maximum displacement curve is produced. Thus, when constructive displacement occurs then the phase difference between the waves would be ZERO or a multiple of 2π.
When minimum displacement occurs, wave super impose destructively, the phase difference of the waves would be π or an odd integral multiple of the π.
Interference of waves:
When superposition of waves occurs, they could be constructive or destructive. This physical effort observed as a result of the superposition of waves is called interference.
"The physical effect of the superposition of waves from the sources vibrating with the same frequency and amplitude is called the interference of waves. The physical effect is in the form of vibrations in the amplitude of resultant wave in a given potion of the medium"
Interference is a special case of superposition of waves which originate from different sources but have the same amplitude, same frequency.

Foot Bones explained | Foot joints and ankle movements | Human Anatomy in 3D | elearnin

Elearnin 2013-06-17 | Foot Bones explained | Foot joints and ankle movements | Human Anatomy in 3D | elearnin

This video illustrates one of the most used parts of human body, the foot. Understand the intricacies of the movements of the feet by getting familiar with the joints and bones which make the feet, and the set of complex muscles which make it so easy for humans to move their body.
The foot, the plural of which is feet, is a structure found in many vertebrates, typically associated with the hind limbs, is responsible for the movement of the mammals. Foot is the last portion of a leg in most mammals, as it bears weight.
The human foot and ankle combination is the strongest complex structure with 26 bones, 33 joints and number of ligaments and tendons.
The foot lies below the ankle joint. The foot is a five toed organ which supports the body in the standing and moving forward and backwards. The skeleton of the foot begins with the ankle bone. The bones of the lower leg join together at the ankle joint.
At this joint, the feet form a stable structure that holding them in a firm position. The bones that are in the back part of the foot are called the heel bones. Calcaneus, also known as heel bone, is the large bone that forms the foundation of the rear part of the foot. This heel bone connects the ankle bone, also known as the talus, with the cuboid bones. The connection between the talus and calcaneus forms the sub talar joint. This sub talar joint is very crucial for the normal foot function and allows the foot to move sideways.
The tarsal bones are set of five bones that work together as a group. These bones fit uniquely with other, especially, the way they lock and unlock themselves when the foot moves from one direction to the other.
The ankle joint acts as the pivotal joint for the movement of the foot and helps the foot to bend up and down. There are ligaments in the leg which are soft tissues that attach one bone to another and are very similar to tendons. The only difference between them is that the tendons attach muscles to bones.
The Achilles tendon is the most important tendon in the foot which is essential for walking, running and jumping. This tendon helps us stand and rise up and down on toes. Most of the muscles of the foot are arranged in the layers on the sole of the foot. There are also tendons that provide padding underneath the sole.
The main nerve to the foot is the tibial nerve. It supplies sensation to the toes and sole of the foot and controls their muscles.
The main blood supply to the foot runs right beside the posterior larger nerve. Several less important arteries enter the foot from the other directions
By the way, if you haven't yet, do Subscribe to our channel, elearnin, for latest update on high-end 3D Anatomy videos.

Refraction of Light Experiment | Dispersion of Light through Prism | Science Experiments for kids

Elearnin 2013-06-15 | Refraction of Light through prism | Dispersion of Light explained | Science Experiments for kids

Light Dispersion and refraction through prism.

Have you ever noticed that diamonds sparkle in sunlight? Ever wondered why?
They sparkle and give seem to be giving out different colors.
Just like oil spilt on any surface showcases different colors.
The reason behind these phenomena is the diffraction of light.
Before we understand what refraction is let us conduct this easy and cool experiment of extracting a rainbow from white light 
For this experiment, you'll need
• Prism
• White light
• And a dark room where the refraction can be clearly seen.
Procedure:
• Take the prism and keep it on the table.
• Ensure that the room is considerable dark for this light to be obvious.
• When light travels through the prism, it splits the white light in to 7 colors. These are Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green Yellow Orange and Red. They appear in the same order , just like in the rainbow.
• Observe the light ray carefully inside the prism. Notice that the light ray bends at two different points - one when the light is entering the prism and another when it leaves the prism.
Question is -why is the light being dispersed into the rainbow colors?
Explanation:
Prism is made up of glass. The seven different colors coming out of the prism constitute seven different wavelengths. Each color represents a different wavelength of light. These different wavelengths travel at different speeds in glass. This is the main reason for the formation of rainbow or spectrum when the light travels through the prism. Another point to be noted here is that the angle of refraction is different for these colors as they have different wavelength.
When light touches the surface of the prism, refraction takes place at the boundary of the prism i.e. boundary between air and glass. Then e white light is separated into its component colors - red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet.
Refraction is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in its medium.
When these wavelengths reach the other side of the prism at different angles, refraction takes place at the surface of the prism i.e. at the boundary of the glass and prism and the angle of refraction is greater when they leave the prism.
This separation of visible light into its different colors is known as dispersion. All these colors constitute the spectrum.
The angle of refraction which a light undergoes when it travels from one medium to another medium is determined by the refractive index of the given medium.
This is the reason why the diamond sparkles in broad daylight and makes it shiny.
Thank you for watching and don't forget to subscribe 

Making Magnetic FerroFluid | How To Make Ferrofluid at home | Science Experiment for kids | elearnin

Elearnin 2013-06-12 | Making Magnetic FerroFluid | Science Experiment for kids | elearnin

Making of magnetic Ferrofluids at home:
It's a commonly known fact that small iron objects get attracted to magnets due to magnetic power. But, ever heard of liquids getting attracted to magnets?
Now, watch this!
For this experiment, you'll need:
• A neodymium magnet or rare earth magnet (usually available in Walmart)
• Cooking oil
• A cup
• A stick
• Laser printer toner powder

Procedure:
• Take half a cup of laser printer toner powder.
• Add some oil to this powder and stir. Don't dilute the powder to much with oil as this mixture needs to be a little viscous.
• Mix this mixture with a stick.
• Pour this fluid on any surface, like a glass plate.
• Place the magnet under this glass plate.
• Observe that the magnet is pulled towards plate, right beneath the fluid and gets stuck to the surface.
• Now take the magnet and just hold it right above the liquid. Notice how this liquid rises and crawls over the magnet.

Explanation:
The toner powder used in laser printers contains 40% fine iron dust at nano scale, diameter usually 10 nanometers or less. In other words, these nanoscale particles of magnetite, hematite or some other compound contain iron. So when this powder is mixed in oil, it acts as liquid magnet.
Liquid magnet is also known as Ferro fluid. Ferro fluids are colloidal liquids made of ferromagnetic/ferrimagnetic particles in fluids that are usually organic solvents, like oil or water. This is phenomenon behind the mysterious raising and crawling of this ferro fluid over the magnet.

Plasma ball light bulb experiment | Fluorescent lamp | Science experiments for kids playlist

Elearnin 2013-06-07 | Plasma ball light bulb experiment | Fluorescent lamp experiment | Science experiments for kids playlist | Elearnin

For this experiment, you'll need
• Plasma Lamp
• Fluorescent Bulb.

Procedure
• Firstly, switch on the plasma light.
• Take a fluorescent Lamp.
• Bring it near the glowing plasma light.
• Now, observe what happens.
• Notice that as the fluorescent bulb is brought nearer to the plasma lamp, it glows.
Explanation:
A plasma lamp is a clear glass filled with a mixture of various noble gases with a high-voltage electrode in the center of the sphere. Plasma filament extends from the inner electrode to the outer glass insulator, giving the appearance of multiple constant beams of colored light.
The plasma lamp emits high frequency current and hence you can see lot of magic sparks in it.
A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite Mercury vapor in it.
When the fluorescent bulb is bought near the glowing plasma lamp, the high frequency current reacts with the Mercury present in the fluorescent lamp. The excited Mercury atoms produce short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor to fluoresce, producing visible light. A fluorescent lamp converts electrical power into useful light much more efficiently than incandescent lamps.

Diffraction of waves | Ripple tank waves demonstration video | Physics Playlist | Elearnin

Elearnin 2013-06-06 | Diffraction of waves | Ripple tank waves demonstration video | Physics Playlist | Elearnin

Adding two digit numbers | Addition 2 | Adding with Carry over | Kindergarten video playlist

Elearnin 2013-06-05 | Adding numbers for children | Addition - Part 2 | Add numbers to 10 | Kindergarten maths video playlist
This is a video to help kids, kindergarten children learn how to add numbers to 10.
Adding numbers is one of the most important steps in developing early analysis in children.

Ear Anatomy | Inside the ear | 3D Human Ear animation video | Biology | Elearnin

Elearnin 2013-06-04 | Ear Anatomy | Inside the ear | 3D Human Ear animation video | Biology | Elearnin
Ear is that part of the human body that detects sound from the environment and delivers it to the brain.
With the help of a ear, humans have the ability to locate the sources of sound.
Apart from just being a receiver of sound, it also plays a major role in maintaining a proper balance and position of the body.
So as per the laws of science, sound is actually caused when the air molecules are set into vibration and one can hear the sound when the ear picks up or feels these vibrations or sound waves.
There are nine main parts of the ear that include the pinna, the ear canal, the ear drum, the hammer, anvil, stirrup, cochlea , Eustachian tube and the auditory nerve.
The pinna, also known as the auricle, is the visible portion of the ear that is externally seen. This helps in locating sound sources and directs the sound into it. This does not play any role in maintaining the balance of sound that is heard.
The ear canal is a tube like pipeline, that connects the outside of the ear to the ear drum.
The ear drum is in the middle ear, which vibrates on receiving sound waves.
The hammer on receiving the vibrations from the eardrum, sends them to the anvil that inturn passes them to the stirrup and these are then passed to the inner ear.
The inner ear consists of the cochlea and a liquid.
The cochlea is a shell-like structure.
The Eustachian tube controls the amount of pressure in the ear.
The auditory nerve carries the sound to the brain and it is the brain that interprets the sound.
The ear together with the brain , controls the balance of the body. All the movements are controlled by this balance and also with the help of muscles.
The liquid in the inner ear that we mentioned earlier, is actually responsible for the balance. The liquid in the ear moves along in sync with the physical movement of the body and thus, sending information to the brain on how the body is actually moving at any given instance.
The earlobe is the soft lower part of the external ear and this does not have any firmness nor any elasticity.
It contains a cartilage and has a large amount of blood supply that provides warmth to the ears and hence aids in the overall balance process.

Colored flowers | Color changing flower experiment | Science experiments for kids | Elearnin

Elearnin 2013-06-03 | Colored flowers | Color changing flower experiment | Science experiments for kids | elearnin

Ever worried when you dint find the flower in your favorite color?
What will you do when you don't find a green flower to gift your girl friend?
Don't worry!!! :) We have a cool trick to make the flowers change their own color.
Here is the answer to all those questions.
In this video let's learn how the flowers change the color.
For this experiment you'll need
• 3-4 flowers (White in Color)
• Jar of water
• Some food coloring. For this experiment we have taken Green and Orange
Let's begin the experiment
• Take a jar of water
• Mix some food color (Orange) and stir it well. Make sure that that the entire color is dissolved in the water.
• Dip the white flowers and leave it in a well lit room for 4-6 hrs.
• Check now. The flowers have changed the color.
Now let's do it another color. Take some water in a conical flask and mix it with green color. And dip and leave the flower. Did you see that the color of the flower has changed?
Why is this color change occurring?
When we dip the flowers in the colored water, the flowers drink up the water from the bottom the stem all the way to the petals of the flower. After few hrs we will the colors of the petals changing the color. Look at the edges of the petals. We can see the change.
Let's see the actual reason for this color change.
We know that there is water present in the stem and flowers. This water is evaporated from the leaves and flowers through the openings. These opening are called as stomata. This process is called transpiration.
The transpiration rate is dependent on many factors like Size of the flower, Number of the stomata on the petals, sun light etc.
As the water evaporates from the flowers and leaves, the stem drinks some water from the jar. This process is similar to the process of drinking from a straw. The stem draws water from the little tubes present in it. These little tubes are called as xylem. These act like the vein like structures which are spread out along the leave.
In our case the white flower draws water through the xylem and dyes the flower petal.
So under stood the concept how to change the color of the flowers???
Why don't you people try with multi color? But when trying with multi color make sure you have some adult supervision on you. For the multi color, split the stem carefully and place each stem into different color of water. In this way we can try with 3 colors too!!!

Now since you know the procedure go and buy the flowers and conduct the experiment and amaze your loved ones :D

Thank you and Subscribe to our channel ... !

Charles law demo | Ping Pong ball experiment | Simple Science Experiments video

Elearnin 2013-05-27 | Charles law demo | Ping Pong ball experiment | Science Experiments video

What would you do to a ping pong ball which is out of shape or crushed?
Trash it??
No, don't!
Here's a cool science trick to bring it back in to shape.
For this experiment, you'll need:
Stove, or a burner
Bowl of water
Crushed Ping pong ball
Procedure
Boil the water for about 3-5 minutes.
Place the crushed ping pong ball in the boiling water.
After some time, notice that ping pong magically comes back to shape.
Don't forget to play with it... YAY!!

Explanation:
Ping pong balls are made up of plastic material called celluloid. Celluloid's are compounds which are made from nitrocellulose and camphor.
The camphor is a special substance called sublimatory substance. These sublimatory substances convert directly into gas when heated up.
The Camphor present in the ping pong ball also gets heated up and converts itself into gas and this gas expands on heating. This is because volume increases with temperature. This is known as the Charles law.
Charles law states that "the volume of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to the temperature."
Charles law can mathematically represented with the equation
V ∝ T
Where V is the Volume of the body and
T is the Temparature.

The increase in temperature will increase the volume of the gas which in turn increases the volume of the ball to the maximum extent possible. This increase in volume of gas pushes the crushed part out getting the ball back into shape.
Since you know the trick now, look out for the crushed Ping-Pong balls and turn them into brand new balls.
Thanks for watching and don't forget to subscribe.

Bending of light | Laser bending demonstration | Science Experiment video

Elearnin 2013-05-23 | BENDING THE LIGHT USING WATER-- COOL SCIENCE EXPERIMENT WITH LASER

All our school life, we've been taught that light travels in straight lines. Here's a cool experiment that'll prove that light can also bend. Or so you can make people think ;)
For this experiment, you'll need:
• Empty bottle
• Water
• A screw driver or any pointed thing
• A laser
• A bowl
Procedure:
• Take an empty bottle and punch a hole on the surface of the bottle.
• Make sure that the hole is made in or around the midway of the bottle.
• Put the bottle into the bowl and fill the bottle with water.
• The water starts flowing out of the bottle through the hole.
• Using the laser project the beam horizontal to the hole from the other side of the bottle.
• Notice that the laser beam follows the laminar flow of water stream.
• And the beam crashes down along with water into the bowl.
Explanation:
First things first, in this experiment, technically, the light does not bend. Observe the laminar flow water stream coming out of the bottle. When the water is in laminar flow the water stream acts just like fiber optic and carries the light. When the light beam hits the water stream, the laser light gets reflected inside the stream. Remember the surface of water is reflective both on its surface and below the surface. This underside reflection of water is usually seen in darkly lit environments like a fish tank).
When light leaves a denser material, in this case water, due to the change in speed it will change directions. However, when a certain angle, called critical angle, is reached, it reflects back.
Critical angle is the smallest angle of incidence for which light is totally reflected.
Total internal reflection is a phenomenon that happens when a propagating wave strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger than a particular critical angle with respect to the normal to the surface.
Critical angle of water is 48.8 degrees. When the angle of the beam crosses the critical angle the light does not go out of the stream and total internal reflection takes place. At the end of the stream, there is a lot of turbulence, so the continuous reflection chain breaks or scatters down and the laser light gets scattered.
Because of this phenomenon called total internal reflection, the light appears to be traveling along with the water stream.

Pepper and Water | Science Experiments for kids | Pepper and soap trick

Elearnin 2013-05-17 | Pepper and Water | Science Experiments for kids | Pepper and soap trick

Ever tried a magic trick at home??
This is a magic trick that you can easily master if you understand the concept of surface tension.
For this
You'll need:
• Liquid dish washer gel
• Water
• Bowl
• Grounded black pepper
Procedure:
• Take the bowl and fill it with water
• Sprinkle some pepper over the water
• Dip your finger into it and observe. Nothing will happen to the pepper present in the bowl.
• Now, put some liquid dish washer gel on to your finger
• Now slowly dip the finger with the gel into the bowl in the center
• You'll notice that the pepper which is sprinkled over the water moves away from the finger and rushes back to the outer edge of the bowl.
Explanation:
The pepper floats on the top of water due to surface tension of the water. The surface tension pulls the top of the water together like a skin, so the water bulges up a bit.
Surface tension is the result of the strong attraction between molecules in a liquid. Water has an unusually high surface tension compared with most other liquids because water molecules are very strongly attracted to each other. This strong attraction allows the water to bulge up a bit and makes some insects to skate on its surface.
When the dish washer gel is put into water the surface tension of the water gets ruptured and the bulged part of the water spreads out. So water molecules on the surface are pulled towards the ends of the bowl when the detergent comes in contact with water.
When the surface tension of water breaks, the top most molecules of water spread out and in the process they take the pepper particles away thus making it look as if they are running away from the liquid soap.
Don't forget to like this video and do subscribe for more videos!

Egg in a bottle | Eggs sucked into a jar | Cool Science experiment video for kids

Elearnin 2013-05-14 | Egg in a bottle | Eggs sucked into a jar | Cool Science experiment for kids

Here's an egg and here's a bottle. Imagine if the bottle was hungry, and wanted to eat the egg??
How would it??
Can you feed the bottle with an egg??
Lemme try to push it in...haha it won't go in!!
Ouch...it might even break..oops...lesson 1 never try this trick with a raw egg!!

Ok...here's the trick of getting the egg into the bottle without breaking it!!
You'll learn some fundamentals about heat and pressure with this simple experiment.

For this experiment You'll need
• A Hard Boiled Egg
• Bottle (with a small mouth)
• Wire (fine)
• A Candle
Some Matches

Procedure
• Boil an egg. I'm sure you guys know how to ;)
• Peel off the egg shell carefully.
• Now, light a candle using a matchstick.
• Place the candle in the bottle with the help of a wire. This would need a lot of patience. Do it, slowly and steadily.
• Keep the egg on the mouth of the jar.
• Now, observe the bottle carefully.
• In some time, egg gets sucked into the bottle.

Explanation

The burning candle inside the bottle heats the air molecules in the bottle and causes the molecules to move far away from each other.
Some of these molecules actually escape out of the bottle, past the egg which is resting on the mouth of the bottle.

Once these air molecules escape out of the bottle, the candle flame goes out, because of the lack of oxygen. The volume of air in the bottle decreases and this causes the molecules to cool down and they move closer to each other, thereby creating a temporary vacuum in the bottle.

And so this vacuum in the bottle starts sucking in the egg inside and the egg slowly gets pulled inside the bottle.

You can try doing this experiment with multiple candles inside the bottle.

Or you also use a piece of paper instead of the candle. Just burn the paper and put it into the glass. Remember to use a glass when trying this experiment with a paper instead of a plastic bottle.
Throw the burning paper and place the egg softly on the mouth of the glass jar. And observe how the glass jar sucks the egg inside.

Now the challenge is to bring the egg out of the bottle!
Let us know if you could manage this one!!

Coin jump up | Jumping coin trick revealed | Science experiment for kids

Elearnin 2013-05-07 | Coin jump up trick revealed | Science experiment

In this video, let's learn about the concept of thermal expansion by doing this simple experiment.

For this experiment you'll need

• Bowl of really really cold water
• Bottle
• Coin bigger than the bottle opening

PROCEDURE

• Keep the bottle neck and coin in the bowl of water which really as cold as ice.
• After some time take them out.
• Place the coin on the top of the bottle.
• Wrap your hands around the bottle and wait for several seconds.
• You will see the coin jumping on the mouth of the bottle .
• Remove your hands from the bottle.
• Observe now.
• Coin dances again on the mouth of the bottle.

Reason

At the beginning of the experiment the air and the bottle are cold because of the cold water. As soon as you place your hands around the body of the bottle, the air present in the bottle gets heated up. This causes the thermal expansion of the molecules of air. As the air molecules start to expand, these molecules want to come out of the bottle. Once there is more temperature in the bottle, there would more pressure. This is the ideal gas law.
Ideal gas law states that for homogeneous mixture of GASES, or a SINGLE GAS Pressure is directly related to the temperature.
Since the air molecules are heated up, they try to push the coin on the mouth of the bottle with the pressure created inside the bottle. This pressure makes the coin to jump on the mouth of the bottle.
Once you release the hands from the bottle, the air inside the cools down and hot air present outside wants to enter the bottle thereby making the coin to jump one last time and it stops when the air inside is eventually cool down.
.

Nuclear Fusion | Fusion energy explained with Hydrogen atom example | Physics animation video

Elearnin 2013-05-06 | Nuclear Fusion | Fusion energy explained with Hydrogen atom example | Physics animation video

In this video we will understand how to or more nucleons merge or fuse together to create something more powerful and meaningful.
Let us first understand the meaning of the word NUCLEAR FUSION, Nuclear meaning the process which involves Nucleus and Fusion in English means two or more entities coming together or merging together to form one single entity.
So, nuclear fusion can be simply defined as the fusion or Combination of Nuclei. Scientifically, Nuclear Fusion can be defined as a nuclear reaction, in which lighter nuclei are combined together to form heavier product nuclei with the release of enormous amount of energy.
Lighter Nuclei such as Lithium and Helium when combined together form a Heavier Nucleus. The mass of heavier nucleus is less than the initial reacting nuclei. The word 'heavier' here is phrased in terms of energy released, which is usually enormous, rather than mass. Therefore the law of conservation of energy is satisfied.
Consider the example of two hydrogen nuclei combining to form a deuterium.
The chemical equation for this reaction is1 1H + 1 1H → 2 1H + 0 +1e + 00 v.
Here, one Hydrogen atom combines with another Hydrogen atom giving Deuterium, one Positron and one Neutrino. This Deuterium in turn combines with another Hydrogen nucleus to form a Helium isotope.
That is, 21H + 1 1H → 3 2He(Helium Isotope)
If two such Helium isotopes are fused together, formation of heavier helium takes place.
In other words, 3 2He + 3 2He → 4 2He + 21 1H
These 3steps of nuclear process, where four protons are fused together to form a heavier 4 2He nucleus and enormous amount of energy is a nuclear fusion reaction.
The chemical equation for this nuclear fusion is:
41 1H → 4 2He + 2 0+1e + 2 00v + Q which is the Energy emitted in the Fusion reaction.
(4 protons when fused together give rise to 2 heavier nucleus, 2 positrons, 2 neutrinos and enormous energy.)
But how is this enormous amount of energy being liberated from such a seemingly simple nuclear reaction. To understand this, let us first calculate the loss of mass in the process.
The starting mass is that of four protons, that is 4 X 1.0078 = 4.0312amu, but the final mass of Helium nucleus is 2me= 4.001506amu.
Therefore the loss of mass is 4.0312 - 4.001506 = 0.0297 amu.
This is equivalent to an energy given by Q = (0.0297amu) X 931,5 Mev/amu =27.67 Mev.
Wow......That is a significant energy release coming from the fusion of 4 protons.
However, in spite of such substantial amounts of energy being released in nuclear fusion reactions, there are no full-time nuclear reactors built so far for fusion reaction as it is very hard to control such enormous energy released.

Spinning Eggs | Inertia Demo | Science Experiment

Elearnin 2013-05-03 | Cool Spinning Eggs Science Experiment | Inertia Demo

Here's a cool trick..Ask your friends to tell the difference between a hard-boiled egg and a raw egg, obviously ..without cracking them!
Sounds pretty easy...trust me it is not.
Unless you know the trick and you understand the concept of inertia!!
For this experiment you'll need:
• Two plates
• Hard-boiled egg
• Uncooked or a raw egg
Before you start this experiment, see if you can decide which egg is the raw one and which egg is the hard boiled one.
Hard to find?? Now try this:
• Place these two eggs on the different two plates.
• Start them spinning at the same time.
• Notice that one egg would spin perfectly, while the other one wobbles slightly.
• Now try touching these eggs while they are spinning.
• Observe that one of them would completely stop spinning while the other would stop temporarily, but then continue spinning again.
• The egg that spins longer is the raw egg.
EXPLANATION:
The raw eggs continues to spin because when the egg is stopped with fingers, the fact is that only the egg shell stops spinning but the liquid contents inside the egg keep spinning thereby making the egg spin again. This force that makes the egg contents which are already spinning to continue spinning is called inertia.
Inertia is the tendency of body to remain at rest or continue to be in motion unless it is acted upon by a greater external force.
This is the reason why you need to just touch the egg to stop it. If you literally hold it, it might stop completely as that would mean that you are applying a greater external force on it when it is spinning.

Just touching the raw egg to stop it would not be a force great enough to stop it completely.
When you touch the spinning boiled egg, it stops almost immediately because the contents inside it are solid, that is, the egg white and yolk fused together. Hence it cannot continue to spin.

Bouncing egg experiment or naked egg science trick | Egg in Vinegar

Elearnin 2013-05-02 | Bouncing egg experiment or naked egg science trick | Egg in Vinegar

You will need
• A raw egg
• Vinegar
• A glass
Procedure
• Place the raw egg in the glass.
• Now pour some vinegar so that the egg is completely in it.
• Leave it for 2 days.
• Take out the egg from vinegar.
• Remove the shell.
• Bounce it on the table.
• We see that egg bounces on the table.
Explanation
Egg shell contains calcium carbonate and Vinegar contains acetic acid. When calcium carbonate and acetic acid react, carbon dioxide is released. This process takes for 2 days as the complete carbon in the shell should be used. When you take the egg out of the vinegar it's soft because all of the carbon floated out of the egg and it bounces.
Chemical reaction taking place here is
2CH3COOH + CaCO3 gives rise to Ca(CH3COO)2 + H2O + CO2
Aceticacid Calcium Carbonate water carbon dioxide

Neurons or nerve cells - Structure function and types of neurons | Human Anatomy | 3D Biology

Elearnin 2013-04-27 | Neurons or nerve cells - Structure and function | Human Anatomy | Biology

The nervous system is an essential part of the human body that helps in the transmission of signals across the various parts of the body, that is, it releases messages back and forth from the brain to the different parts of the body, and also helps in the coordination of voluntary and involuntary actions of the body.
At the cellular level, the nervous system consists of a special type of cell, called the neuron, also known as a "nerve cell". The neurons connect to each other using a synapse (which is a structure that acts like a pathway connection that transmits the signals to the other cells) to form the nervous system.
Neurons have special structures that allow them to send signals rapidly and precisely to other cells by providing a common pathway for the passage of these electrochemical nerve impulses.
Neurons are responsive in nature, by which we imply that Neurons response to feelings and communicate the presence of that feeling to the central nervous system which in-turn is processed and is sent to the other parts of the body for action.
The neurons are the basic constituents of the brain, vertebral spinal cord, the ventral nerve cord and the peripheral ganglia( which is a mass of nerve cell bodies). Nervous system
Neurons can be categorized into three types: sensory neurons, motor neurons and inter neurons.
Sensory neurons allow us to receive information from the outside world through our senses. The sensory neurons evoke the sensation of touch, pain, vision, hearing and taste. These are usually present in the sensory organs, like the eyes, inner ear and so on, which send these signals to the spinal cord and the brain.
Inter neurons communicate and connect with each other, and represent the majority of the neurons in our brain. They allow us to think see and perceive our surroundings.
Motor neurons are neurons that receive impulses from the spinal cord or the brain and send them to the muscles causing muscular contraction, and these also affect the gland secretion.
A typical neuron has a "soma" in its centre, which contains the nucleus of the cell. And hence this is where the protein synthesis occurs.
The neural function is based on the synaptic signalling (the pathway that helps in the transmission of signals) process, which is partly electrical and partly chemical. The electrical aspect depends on properties of the neuron's membrane. Every neuron is surrounded by a plasma membrane, which is a bilayer of lipid molecules that comprise of various protein structures. A lipid bilayer is a powerful electrical insulator, but in neurons, many of the protein structures embedded in the membrane are electrically active.
Cell division cannot take place in neurons as they lack one of the two cylindrical cellular structures that aid in cell division. This is consistent with a simple cell division nature of the cell.
Dendrites are extensions of the cell with many branches, whose structure can be called as a "dendritic tree" . They project from the cell body and are sometimes referred to as fibres. They are also called as afferent processes because they transmit impulses to the neuron cell body .
There is only one axon that projects from each cell body, which is a finer cable-like projector. It is usually elongated and it carries impulses away from the cell body, that is, away from the 'soma'. It is an efferent process.
many axons are surrounded by a segmented white fatty substance called myelin sheaths.

Human Lungs | Parts of Respiratory system | Human anatomy | 3D animation videos

Elearnin 2013-04-24 | Lungs - Part of Respiratory system | Human anatomy | 3D animation videos

Humans for respiration need a continuous supply of oxygen.
Humans take in oxygen and leave out carbon dioxide, which is the poisonous waste product in the process of respiration.
The lungs are essential respiratory organs in the human body.
The human anatomy consists of two lungs. They can be called as the left and the right lung, respectively.
The left lung has two lobes while the right lung has three lobes.
The lungs contain approximately 1500 miles of airways and about 300 to 500 million alveoli.
The total surface area is an approximate of 70m^2 (m-square) in a fully grown human body, (roughly the size of a badminton court).
An alveoli , also known as "little cavity", is derived from the Latin word "alveolus", and these are the terminal ends of a respiratory tree and are shaped like a hollow-cavity.
The average respiratory rates of a resting adult is about 10-20 breaths per minute.
We spend about 1/3rd of a minute in inhaling.
The total breathing capacity, however depends on the individual, that is, it varies on factors depending on age, height, weight and sex.
It is observed that females tend to have a 20-25% lower breathing capacity than males, while tall people tend to have a larger lung capacity than shorter people. And people living in low-lined areas, that is, at the sea-level, tend to have a smaller lung capacity than those people living at a higher altitude.
People who smoke have a lower lung capacity than non-smokers.
Lungs function similar to that of bellows, which is a mechanical device that blows strong current of air.
**Lungs convert the hormones that cause the narrowing of blood vessels and drives the blood pressure up and also remove the waste products in the blood.**
A lung is measured to be between 10-12 inches long. The two lungs are separated by a structure called "media sternum".
The lungs are covered by a structure known as the "pulmonary pleura".
The lung is an important organ that performs various functions that happen every second of our lives, out of which breathing is considered to be the most essential.
As previously mentioned, the lungs take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide.
The air that we breathe in, enters the human body and reaches to the lungs through a windpipe , called trachea, which branches further into two main tubes which distributes the air supply to both the left and the right lung , respectively.
These tubes further divide themselves into 22 times the number of branches resulting in the formation of more than 100,000 smaller tubes, called bronchioles, and about 300 million air sacs( or alveoli), which are only about a 0.3 mm in diameter.
Since the walls of the alveoli are 1/50th the thickness of a tissue paper and are also covered up with millions of tiny blood vessels, called capillaries, there is a free-flow exchange of both, oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the body and the environment.
The lungs play an important role in the body's defense against infection and other harmful environmental factors.
Air that is inhaled either through the nose or the mouth may consist of various dust particles or infectious agents, and ended up getting stored in the lungs.
Mucus, which is a sticky liquid that is produced by the lungs, may trap the inhaled particles while the lung's white blood cells , that serve as protective agents, aid in the engulfment and destruction of such harmful matter and bacteria.
Hence one good alternative is to cough. Coughing helps clear the mucus and other materials from the lungs.

Nuclear Reactor - Understanding how it works | Physics Elearnin

Elearnin 2013-04-23 | Nuclear Reactor - Understanding how it works | Physics Elearnin video

Nuclear reactors are the modern day devices extensively used for power generation as the traditional fossil fuels, like coal, are at the breach of extinction. A nuclear reactor is the source of intense heat which is in turn used for generation of power in nuclear power station. Its mechanism is similar to that of a furnace in a steam generator; the steam is used to drive the turbines of the electric generator system.
A nuclear reactor consists of three crucial components: Fuel elements, moderator and control rods.
Fuel elements come usually in the shape of thin rods of about 1cm in diameter and contain fissionable nuclei, like Uranium (235 92U or 238 92U). These rods vary in number according to the size of the reactor, in large power reactor thousands of fuel elements are placed close to each other. This region where these fuel elements are placed is called the reactor core. These fuel elements are normally immersed in water which acts as a moderator.
The objective of a moderator is to slow down the energy neutrons in a nuclear reactor which are produced during the nuclear fission process by the fuel elements. Thermal neutrons, which are neutrons with energy of about 0.04 electron volts, are capable of producing fission reaction with 235 92U. During the fission reaction process, new neutrons are given out which have energies of about 1 MeV. These neutrons of typically escape from participating in another fission process as they are accompanied by enormous energy release. In f -ct, the probability of these neutrons produce another fission reaction is 500 times less than as compared to that of a thermal neutron. This is where moderator is extremely useful. Moderator has the capability to slow down, or in other words moderate, the speed of these high-energy neutrons, so that they can in turn be used for a chain reaction to trigger multiple fission reactions of other 235 92U nucleus.
Commonly, ordinary or heavy water is used as moderator in nuclear reactors because of the deuterons present in them which are capable of slowing the neutron speed. Water molecules in the moderator are useful in slowing down the high-energy neutrons which leave the fuel-element after nuclear fission. These high-energy neutrons collide with water molecules thereby losing out on some energy with every collision and therefore slow down substantially. A new fission reaction can now be triggered using this slow neutron by striking it with the fuel element.
The third and of the most prominent part of a nuclear reactor are the control rods. In order to get a steady output of energy from the nuclear reactor, every single nuclear fission reaction should trigger another fission reaction and ensure the availability of a spare neutron released to trigger the chain reaction. By controlling the number of spare neutrons available at any given time, the rate of the nuclear fission chain reaction can be controlled. This control on the fission reaction can be maintained using the control rods.
The main function of the control rods is to absorb any excess or spare neutron in the moderator in order to prevent any further fission reaction. Usually such control rods are made of Boron or Cadmium. To increase the rate of fission reactions, these rods can be removed from the moderator. A steady output of energy can be thus maintained by inserting or removing the control rods in the nuclear reactor.
Now that we know the components of a nuclear reactor, let us understand the working of a nuclear reactor. It is usually enclosed in a shield made of thick concrete walls. It consists of a reactor core, pump and heat exchanger. The reactor core and pump are in placed in contact with the water, which is usually the heat exchanger used in reactors. Due to the enormous amount of heat released dusing nuclear fission reaction, this surrounding water gets heated up and changes to steam, which is in turn used to turn the turbines. Thus huge heat energy gets converted into electrical energy. Water is continuously flown in and out of the nuclear reactor using the pump.
Thus a nuclear reactor successfully generates nuclear energy from fission reaction.