Ultimate Predator: How T.rex Broke the Game Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-01-14 | Who let the game devs do this? Cutting-edge paleontological studies explain the biological factors that made T.rex so successful and how it was able to outcompete all rivals. Tyrannosaurus rex was the biggest theropod known to science. T.rex is famous for its bone-crushing bite, incredible senses, and physical power, but it may have also been as intelligent as a primate. T.rex was so OP because of a combination of its keen senses, a bite force that could crush a car, a muscular and powerful body, high agility compared to other theropods, and intelligence that ranged from comparable to crocodiles to primates. Naming T.rex the Tyrant Lizard King was prophetic, as it seems that with every new study released T.rex only becomes more dangerous and majestic. CHAPTERS00:00 Introduction00:16 SENSES01:37 SIZE02:50 BITE FORCE03:27 SPEED AND AGILITY04:38 INTELLIGENCE05:49 CONCLUSIONWORKS CITEDBates KT, Falkingham PL. Estimating maximum bite performance in Tyrannosaurus rex using multi-body dynamics. Biol Lett. 2012 Aug 23;8(4):660-4. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2012.0056.Gignac, P.M., Erickson, G.M. The Biomechanics Behind Extreme Osteophagy in Tyrannosaurus rex . Sci Rep 7, 2012 (2017). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02161-wHerculano-Houzel, S. (2022). Theropod dinosaurs had primate-like numbers of telencephalic neurons. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 00, 1– 13. doi.org/10.1002/cne.25453Hughes, G.M., and Finarelli, J.A. Olfactory receptor repertoire size in dinosaurs. 2019. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 286: 20190909. doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0909Kverkova et al. 2022. The evolution of brain neuron numbers in amniotes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (11): e2121624119. doi:10.1073/pnas.2121624119Sellers et al. 2017. Investigating the running abilities of Tyrannosaurus rex using stress-constrained multibody dynamic analysis. PeerJ. 18;5:e3420. doi: 10.7717/peerj.3420.Snively E, O'Brien H, Henderson DM, Mallison H, Surring LA, Burns ME, Holtz TR Jr, Russell AP, Witmer LM, Currie PJ, Hartman SA, Cotton JR. Lower rotational inertia and larger leg muscles indicate more rapid turns in tyrannosaurids than in other large theropods. PeerJ. 2019 Feb 21;7:e6432. doi: 10.7717/peerj.6432. Stevens, Kent. (2006). Binocular vision in theropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology - J VERTEBRATE PALEONTOL. 26. 10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[321:BVITD]2.0.CO;2. Witmer, L.M. and Ridgley, R.C. 2009. New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda) with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior. The Anatomical Record 292: 1266-1296. doi.org/10.1002/ar.20983 Randomdinos Scotty GDI. deviantart.com/randomdinos/art/Tyrannosaurus-rex-skeletal-reconstructions-759469239 Scott Hartman Sue GDI. skeletaldrawing.com/home/mass-estimates-north-vs-south-redux772013Franoys Sue GDI. deviantart.com/franoys/art/Tyrannosaurus-rex-skeletal-diagram-FMNH-PR-2081-640670460 Polar Bear Size. polarguidebook.com/how-big-is-a-polar-bearChito and Pocho npr.org/2014/02/28/283934611/chito-and-pochoMallon and Hone 2022. allthatsinteresting.com/t-rex-true-sizeTurkey Vultures Smell smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/turkey-vultures-have-keen-sense-smell-and-now-we-know-why-180967599 Tyrannosaurus Color Vision blog.nms.ac.uk/2020/03/04/tyrannosaurus-rex-was-no-senseless-killerHuman Running Speed marathonhandbook.com/how-fast-can-the-average-human-run Vecteezy background www.vecteezy.com/free-vector/sci-fi-background Sci Fi Background Vectors by Vecteezy
Could Spinosaurus Survive In James Camerons Avatar? Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2024-05-05 | How would dinosaurs survive on and adapt to an alien world? Join Vividen and Madly Mesozoic as they analyze Spinosaurus aegyptiacus' chances of survival on James Cameron's Pandora. Would Spinosaurus be able to handle the alien predators and environment? How could it evolve to gain a foothold on the alien moon of Pandora? Thumbnail art by Davide Bonadonna and SkymanPaleo! Checkout SkymanPaleo's Redbubble here: redbubble.com/people/skymanpaleo/shop Subscribe to Madly Mesozoic: youtube.com/@UCmlwC3a02wOeCi52W539XUg Join this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join
The Worlds Biggest Predator Wasnt Fully Grown Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2024-04-19 | Imagine a macropredator the size of a blue whale. The biggest predator was likely a macropredatory icthyosaur! Ichthyotitan severnensis and the Aust Colossus were candidates for predators bigger than a blue whale or close to it. Prehistoric ocean predators existed on a different scale than modern oceans. Ichthyotitan is known from the Lilstock Monster and Blue Anchor specimens, and were likely bigger than most Otodus megalodon. The world's biggest predators weren't fully grown, either! The Aust Colossus very likely would have been bigger than a blue whale when at adult size, and based on morphological comparisons with other relatives could have been the biggest predator ever. In 2018, a team of scientists published an analysis of enormous jaw bones from the Late Triassic of the United Kingdom. These jaw bones were discovered across the UK: the Lilstock Monster specimen was found by Paul de la Salle and is now one of the specimens assigned to the new genus Ichthyotitan severnensis. The Ichthyotitan holotype is another more complete surangular that gives us more clues about the enormous animal’s life and body size. The Aust Cliff material, found decades earlier, had been mistaken for dinosaur limb bones due to its enormous size. The 2018 paper argued that these huge fragments both belonged to shastasaurid ichthyosaurs, which were the largest marine reptiles known. Two new studies expand our knowledge of these animals, confirming the ichthyosaur diagnosis and discovering that none of these whale-sized creatures were fully grown.Ichthyotitan Description: 00:00The Specimens: 00:51Ichthyotitan Size: 02:18Aust Colossus Size: 04:33Histology Analysis: 05:05Ecology Analysis: 06:48The Hypothetical Maxima: 07:30Thumbnail art by Rudolf HimaJoin the Discord server: discord.gg/UMYqfwcmANJoin this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join
This Brazilian Theropod May Have Been The Biggest Ever... If It Was A Theropod At All Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2024-04-17 | It seems like every few years the news cycle explodes with another new giant theropod set on dethroning Tyrannosaurus. The 90s were full of giant carcharodontosaurid hype and the early 2000s had Spinosaurus as their sweetheart. In 2024, Tyrannosaurus appears to be the reigning champion with its biggest representatives at 10-12 tonnes--but a new challenger approaches, this time from the Early Cretaceous of Brazil. Will the tyrant lizard king’s claim to the throne last?Thumbnail art by Camus Altamirano Join the Discord server: discord.gg/9mEw98b4aVJoin this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join
Prehistoric Trauma: Insane Injuries That Dinosaurs Survived Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2024-04-13 | Dinosaurs were built to take punishment, and their injuries ranged from fractured ribs to broken necks. The Mesozoic included the largest terrestrial predators ever, the megatheropods, as well as the sauropods, which were an order of magnitude larger than most elephants. In such a dangerous, titan-filled world, injuries were inevitable. This video analyzes wounds that we know dinosaurs healed from based on bone regrowth and explores what that teaches us about dinosaur immune systems, behavior, and ecology.Thumbnail art by kepyle205500:00 Life Is Pain01:05 Honorable Mentions02:05 The Charlie Bit Me Tier06:16 The Average Hockey Game Tier11:54 The I Should Be Dead Tier Join this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join
A Nightmare of Tyrants: Tyrannosaurus rex Group Behavior Explained Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2024-03-30 | T. rex has been discovered in a group for the first time! One adult, one subadult, and two juveniles were buried together in South Dakota. Was T.rex pack hunting possible? This video explores the evidence for group behavior--including the possibility of pack hunting--in Tyrannosaurus rex by examining modern analogs like crocodiles and birds, closely related tyrannosaurs that have been discovered in groups, and this evidence within T. rex itself. Tyrannosaurus rex group behavior explained for the first time on YouTube with scientific studies and cutting-edge information. How realistic is the idea of Tyrannosaurus rex hunting in groups? This discovery may rewrite our understanding of how megatheropods like T. rex behaved and hunted, especially with recent information of how Triceratops was capable of traveling in herds. A nightmare of Tyrannosaurus vs a herd of Triceratops would be a sight to behold. Tyrannosaurus rex explained! Thumbnail art by Christopher Lenin. Join this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join
Could Honey Badgers Survive the Mesozoic? Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2024-03-15 | Honey badger don't care, but can it go toe to toe with dinosaurs? This speculative ecology video analyzes how the honey badger, Mellivora capensis, would fare in the Hell Creek Formation of Cretaceous North America. Its diet, competitors, and potential threats are all taken into account to see where it stacks up on the Thrive or Eaten Alive Scale. Where will it rank out of 10? Is it doomed to extinction, or will it trample over the ancient ecosystem?Join this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join
Could T.rex Survive The Ice Age? Megatheropods in Cenozoic North America Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2024-03-07 | Could T.rex and other megatheropods survive the Ice Age? How would megatheropods like Tyrannosaurus and Saurophaganax adapt to new giant herbivores like mammoths, mastodons, and ground sloths? This video analyzes how theropods from North America would adapt to survive in the strange new world of the Cenozoic, ranging from the Paleocene all the way to the end of the Pleistocene. It includes smaller Aggro theropods like Deinonychus and Utahraptor, Midrange theropods like Allosaurus and Lythronax, and Battlecruiser theropods like Tyrannosaurus, Acrocanthosaurus, and Saurophaganax. They’ll encounter threats like rats raiding their nests, the intelligence and herd behavior of mammoths, the bitter cold of glaciation, and the advent of Homo sapiens into North America. This is the second episode in the Megatheropod Speculative Ecology series, and includes input from paleontologists Thomas Holtz and Evan Johnson-Ransom. Could T.rex survive living with mammoths in a cold world? Megatheropods in a Mammal-Dominated World 00:00The Megatheropod Team 00:39Paleocene 01:59Eocene 04:05Oligocene 06:28Miocene 07:50American Mastodon vs Tyrannosaurus 14:15Pliocene 20:08Pleistocene (includes Ice Age): 21:31Humans vs Megatheropods 22:35Thumbnail art by Balazs Petheo and Herschel-HoffmeyerMusic from #Uppbeat (free for Creators!):uppbeat.io/t/kevin-macleod/accralateLicense code: BQIYCRNJ6VWXSGSSOxygen Garden by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 I Am Running Down the Long Hallway of Viewmont Elementary by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Could Giant Mammals Survive the Mesozoic? The Jurassic Period Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2024-02-20 | Could giant mammals survive in the Jurassic Period? The macropredatory whale Livyatan and the other mammalian all-stars of the Cenozoic are dropped into the Jurassic Period, and we analyze how they'd survive. This speculative ecology video analyzes ten giant mammals and their diets, sizes, competitors, and threats if they were placed in the Jurassic Period. Smilodon, Megatherium, Livyatan, and others are ranked on a scale of 1 to 10 based on how they would adapt to their new ecosystem and reptilian rivals. Will these mammals thrive...or be eaten alive? Check out the Triassic episode here: youtu.be/i5OqtoKS63Q?si=AgSAt4ybpDEwzREU Thumbnail art by Andrew Shiva, Justin McKee, and Beth ZaikenMusic from #Uppbeat (free for Creators!):uppbeat.io/t/danijel-zambo/beyond-timeLicense code: BWDP5I0G88GFHJBJFast Talkin by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0Firebrand by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Air Prelude by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Join this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join
Megasauropods Could Get Way Bigger Than We Thought Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2024-02-16 | What are the limits of terrestrial animal size, and did sauropod dinosaurs reach those limits? was the biggest land animal ever? While it was likely a sauropod dinosaur, is there a way to determine how big it was? This video combines months of research and assistance from sauropod paleontologists and biophysicists to calculate the size limits of sauropod dinosaurs, the biggest land animals in the history of the world. The biggest living thing, when it comes to land animals, would have been a sauropod dinosaur as big as a whale. Giant sauropods like Patagotitan, Argentinosaurus, Brachiosaurus, and the lost giants Fangorn and Maraapunisaurus are analyzed. Thank you to Arianna Harrington, Brian Curtice, Ray Wilhite, Mike Taylor, Matt Wedel, Brooks Britt, Rod Scheetz, Carrie Leavitt-Bussian, and Justin McKee for helping out with this months-long project. The SV-POW post that prompted it all: svpow.com/2023/02/06/the-ludicrous-sizes-of-world-record-individuals Wilson, I. & Wilson, B. 2024. The Megasauropods: Using Intraquarry Size Variation and Histological Analogs to Predict Maximum Sauropod Body Sizes. Utah Conference for Undergraduate Research 2024 Program. Utah Valley University. Supplementary Information Link: drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/1zWYCsKBVNw6ljhdA_pWbCvD3_P2gG7-g Background Image by rawpixel.com on FreepikThumbnail art by Nobu TamuraMusic from #Uppbeat (free for Creators!):uppbeat.io/t/zimpzon/meditationLicense code: XSY4C83POJ84NMSH Join this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join
This New Tyrannosaurus Species Was A Monster | Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2024-01-11 | Tyrannosaurus mcraensis has been described and published, and if it's a valid species it will turn the megatheropod hierarchy on its head. A southern variant of Tyrannosaurus that was bigger than nearly every other theropod, it coexisted with huge hadrosaurs and ceratopsians every bit as menacing as those that thrived in Hell Creek millions of years later. Tyrannosaurus mcraensis would be bigger than the Giganotosaurus holotype and represents a slimmer, less derived Tyrannosaurus species from southern Laramidia. Thumbnail Art by Sergey Krasovskiynature.com/articles/s41598-023-47011-0#Fig1Join this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join
Dinosaur Mammal Combat Preserved In Lava? Paleo Rewind 2023: July Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-12-26 | 2023 was a spectacular year for paleontology. At EDGE's invitation, I'm covering the paleontological highlights from July as part of Paleo Rewind 2023. They include analysis of dinosaur molting, how the world's first apex predator hunted, gorgonopsid morphology implying ambush predation, how archosaurs evolved contact incubation, a new species of alligator from Quaternary Thailand, dinosaur and mammal combat preserved in lava, and two new species of sabertooth cat from Pliocene Africa. Make sure to check out all of the participants' videos as part of Paleo Rewind 2023!Thumbnail art by playerdngPhoto by Silas Baisch on Unsplash Image by Greg Montani on Pixabay Photo by Tetiana Grypachevska on Unsplash Join this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join
Saurophaganax: The Predatory Leviathan of the Jurassic Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-12-16 | Play World of Warships here: wo.ws/49SboGiThank you World of Warships for sponsoring this video.During registration use the code HPPYNWYR2024 to receive a huge starter pack including a free ship, 300 Doubloons, 1 million Credits, 7 days of Premium Account time, 3 Santa's Gift containers, the New Year Constellation flag, and 10 New Year Sky camouflages. Applicable to new users only.00:00 Introduction00:24 What Was Saurophaganax?02:51 Why Saurophaganax Is Not Allosaurus04:50 Saurophaganax Ecology In The Morrison Formation07:00 Was Saurophaganax A Pack Hunter?08:00 Leviathan (The Jurassic's Biggest Theropod)Saurophaganax maximus was the biggest theropod in the Jurassic Period, but remains relatively obscure despite being the biggest apex predator in North America besides Tyrannosaurus. New data indicates that not only was it a beast in the same league as the biggest megatheropods, but it was a sauropod-hunting grappler with powerful arms, claws, and other adaptations for taking down the giants of the Morrison Formation. This video analyzes Saurophaganax's life, ecology, and size in order to create the new authoritative guide to the animal. Saurophaganax may be a dark horse in the megatheropod race, but it might be bigger than popular giants like Carcharodontosaurus and Spinosaurus when it comes to the largest specimens of each species. Is Saurophaganax different from Allosaurus? Saurophaganax coexisted with other large predators like Torvosaurus and Allosaurus, and may have hunted huge sauropods like the Kenton Giants, Barosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Apatosaurus, and Diplodocus. Including the gigantic specimen Leviathan, Saurophaganax was the second-largest North American theropod, only behind Tyrannosaurus itself in terms of overall mass. The source for the Saurophaganax specimens and measurements is DJ Sandy aka 7 Shots, who has been working with the animal for years and will be publishing a formal redescription soon. Measurements are not reproduced in this video in order to respect the Sam Noble Collection's social media guidelines.Kenton Climate and Stratigraphy Analysis: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/712368#rf128Music from #Uppbeat (free for Creators!):uppbeat.io/t/a-path-untold/procession-of-titansLicense code: PB1FMNJPMIVQ4TEWMyuu: Final BossEthan Meixsell: Thor’s Hammer Join this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join
The Worlds Biggest Dinosaur Isnt What You Think Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-12-08 | While Bruhathkayosaurus matleyi is often seen as an enormous titanosaur sauropod, the truth is far stranger. This video analyzes what Bruhathkayosaurus actually was. How big was Bruhathkayosaurus? Was it the biggest sauropod, or something else entirely? And what is the gigantic Fangorn?Pal S. and Ayyasami K. 2022. The lost titan of Cauvery. Geology Today doi.org/10.1111/gto.12390Paul, G.S. and Larramendi, A. 2023. Body mass estimate of Bruhathkayosaurus and other fragmentary sauropod remains suggest the largest land animals were about as big as the greatest whales. Lethaia 56:2 1-11. doi.org/10.18261/let.56.2.5 deviantart.com/paleonerd01/art/Probably-a-Tree-Bruhathkayosaurus-matleyi-762699678 Image by Skarlet Motion on Pixabay pixabay.com//?utm_source=link-attribution&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=image&utm_content=6297148 Join this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join
Could Megatheropods Survive the Cenozoic? Africa Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-12-02 | If you’re struggling, consider therapy with our sponsor BetterHelp. Clickbetterhelp.com/vividen for a 10% discount on your first month of therapy with a licensed professional specific to your needs. Could early humans and elephants take down giant predatory dinosaurs? Could dinosaurs survive in ancient mammal times? Could dinosaurs survive in the Ice Age? What would happen if dinosaurs returned? This video analyzes what would happen if some of the biggest theropod dinosaurs from Africa returned to each Cenozoic time period, including the Ice Age when early humans roamed the globe. Would the giant elephant relatives like Deinotherium be enough to stop the theropod dinosaurs? Would humans with Ice Age technology like spears prevent a new Age of Reptiles?00:00 What If Giant Theropods Returned To Africa?01:20 The Paleocene02:28 The Eocene05:20 The Oligocene06:14 The Miocene09:49 The Pliocene11:50 The Pleistocene13:23 Homo habilis14:02 Homo erectus16:17 Homo sapiensThumbnail art by Mauricio Anton and Fred Wierum. SOURCESHansen, J.; Sato, M.; Russell, G.; Kharecha, P. (2013). "Climate sensitivity, sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 371 (2001): 20120294Anthony Romilio, Steven W. Salisbury & Andréas Jannel (2021) Footprints of large theropod dinosaurs in the Middle–UpperJurassic (lower Callovian–lower Tithonian) Walloon Coal Measures of southern Queensland, Australia, Historical Biology, 33:10, 2135-2146, DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2020.1772252Jacobs et al. 2010. A Review of the Cenozoic Vegetation History of Africa. https://www.researchgate.net/publicat... O’Brien et al. 2020 https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas... Miocene temperature: Climate.gov https://www.climate.gov/news-features.... Pliocene temperature https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas... Pterosaurs as part of a spinosaur’s diet nature.com/articles/430033a Happy Boy End Theme by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Join this channel to get access to perks:
Does Paleontology Matter? Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-11-25 | Is paleontology a science worth studying? I asked paleontologists and students of paleontology why they study paleontology and what impact it has on human society. Is it a science that is relevant to modern society? If not, why are we fascinated with it?Huge thanks to the following contributors:Brian CurticeRay WilhiteDave KrauseEvan Johnson-RansomKyle Atkins-WeltmanMatt WedelJack BlackburnMike TaylorSauroniops in thumbnail by PaleonerdJoin this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join
How Triceratops VS Tyrannosaurus Actually Happened Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-11-13 | Triceratops was a gigantic chasmosaurine, a group of ceratopsians with long frills and brow horns. It lived in Late Cretaceous North America and was one of the most formidable herbivores in its ecosystem at 5 to 8 tonnes as an adult. It lived alongside Tyrannosaurus rex, the most powerful theropod known to science. Media often portrays the battle between Triceratops and Tyrannosaurus as very one-sided, whether that be Triceratops easily repulsing the predator or Tyrannosaurus casually taking down the tank of an herbivore. What does the fossil record indicate about the combat that happened between Triceratops and Tyrannosaurus, and what do paleontologists have to say about it? This video includes a sneak peek at groundbreaking research on ceratopsian agility being done by graduate student Kyle Atkins-Weltman, along with input from theropod biomechanics expert Eric J. Snively.Background Image from VecteezyMusic from #Uppbeat (free for Creators!):uppbeat.io/t/roo-walker/awakeningLicense code: ATDT6U6AUEVXVG5XSOURCESHorner et al. 2011 found that Triceratops made up 40% of the dinosaur fauna in Hell Creek. journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0016574 First Triceratops bonebedjstor.org/stable/20491089?seq=2 Tyrannosaurus feeding on a Triceratops pelvis, postmortem tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.1996.10011297 We know Tyrannosaurus actively hunted hadrosaurs pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1216534110 Trikes likely used horns for intraspecific combat (Farke et al. 2009; D’Anastasio 2022)journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0004252 nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08033-2 Adapted for hearing low frequencies; not adapted for rapid posture stabilization or side-to-side head movement (Sakagami and Kawabe 2020)ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7505063 Likely a solitary animal with very rare group formations. Not known from bone beds like other ceratopsiansdinomuseum.ca/2019/01/a-day-in-the-life-of-triceratops#:~:text=The%20differences%20between%20the%20two,and%20a%20shorter%2C%20deeper%20snout. Triceratops survived getting bitten on the horns by a T.rex myfossil.org/featured-fossil-triceratops-vs-tyrannosaurusJoin this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join
The Size Limit of Tyrannosaurus rex Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-10-28 | The true size of Tyrannosaurus rex is hotly debated. Tyrannosaurus rex is the megatheropod with the largest sample size, which may lead to finding the biggest specimens. The gigantic Tyrannosaurus rex specimen E.D. Cope, “Copium rex,” may be the biggest Tyrannosaurus rex specimen yet described in the literature. This video takes measurements from paleontologists and uses them to calculate how big was the biggest Tyrannosaurus. E.D. Cope was likely bigger than Scotty, Sue, Trix, and almost any other theropod. With new estimates placing it at approximately 1500 kilograms heavier than even the dentary Giganotosaurus specimen. A special acknowledgement goes to Ivano Borghi for creating the fantastic 3D models of Cope featured in this video. Check out his ArtStation here: artstation.com/infestedivyThanks also goes to Peter Larson, Scott Hartman, and Asier Larramendi for providing their various perspectives on Cope’s measurements and overall size. Music from #Uppbeat (free for Creators!):https://uppbeat.io/t/little-planet/vo...License code: TMIC8K7OX88JVMG4Eyes of Glory by Aakash GandhiJoin this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join
Madagascar Paleontology with Dr. David Krause! Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-10-28 | Dr. Krause has been working in the Madagascar paleontology world for years, and has discovered fan-favorite animals like Majungasaurus, Simosuchus, and Beelzebufo.
New Tyrannosaurus Species? Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-10-26 | What dinosaurs were king before T.rex? New research suggests that Tyrannosaurus rex may have had a giant southern ancestor, which has been referred to as Tyrannosaurus mcraensis. This huge tyrannosaur lived in the southern United States 6-7 million years before T.rex, and if it's a new species would weigh over 8 tonnes. Research on the southern population of Tyrannosaurus goes back to the 1980s and has just been added to with a new abstract from SVP 2023, discussing a new giant tyrannosaur species from New Mexico. Is Tyrannosaurus mcraensis valid, or is it just another specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex? Comment and subscribe to join the discussion! Before T.rex, was there another giant theropod that lived in North America?Thumbnail art by Mark Witton.Join this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join
When Raptors Ruled Over Tyrannosaurs: The Bissekty Giant Fragment Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-10-21 | The biggest dromaeosaur (raptor) dinosaur may have been a fragmentary giant from the Bissekty Formation in Uzbekistan. This gigantic relative of Achillobator and Utahraptor is known from a pedal phalanx and a maxilla, and would have weighed between 900 and 1200 kilograms. While Velociraptor was smaller in real life than its depiction in Jurassic Park, Utahraptor was bigger than the JP raptors and the Bissekty Giant was much, much bigger. Sues, Hans-Dieter & Averianov, Alexander & Britt, Brooks. (2022). A giant dromaeosaurid theropod from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan and the status of Ulughbegsaurus uzbekistanensis. Geological Magazine. 160. 1-6. 10.1017/S0016756822000954. A new carcharodontosaurian theropod dinosaur occupies apex predator niche in the early Late Cretaceous of UzbekistanKohei Tanaka, Otabek Ulugbek Ogli Anvarov, Darla K. Zelenitsky, Akhmadjon Shayakubovich Ahmedshaev and Yoshitsugu KobayashiRoyal Society Open ScienceVolume 8, Issue 9Published:08 September 2021Join the channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join
Lamborlobator: A Warning From The Future Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-10-10 | Can Lamborlobator take on Razor? Can you feel the Kenergy?
Why Were Megatheropods Bigger Than Modern Predators? Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-10-09 | Theropod dinosaurs, especially the megatheropods, were the most massive terrestrial predators in Earth's history. The biggest megatheropods, the carcharodontosaurids and tyrannosaurs, surpassed ten tonnes, making them predatory animals twice the size of African elephants. This video analyzes why theropod dinosaurs became the biggest land predators ever, diving into ecological factors and potential hypotheses including temperature, reproductive success, and predator-prey arms races. SOURCESPolar Bear: PNGImgGiganotosaurus: Herschel-Hoffmeyer Wallpaper: rmb8 wallpapers.com/background/all-black-background-vxqyzaac4tdb83gr.html nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Mammals/Polar-Bear reuters.com/lifestyle/science/bone-study-transforms-understanding-dinosaur-growth-2023-02-23 https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2015-06-29-explainer-the-evolutionary-arms-race-between-bats-and-moths#:~:text=The%20interaction%20between%20bats%20and,such%20an%20evolutionary%20arms%20race. academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/49/7/557/236798 cambridge.org/core/journals/the-paleontological-society-papers/article/abs/fossil-record-of-predatorprey-arms-races-coevolution-and-escalation-hypotheses/5967ADC32E5AA23E1A4731A9AC3B15F0 Rose, Peter J. (2007). "A new titanosauriform sauropod (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Early Cretaceous of central Texas and its phylogenetic relationships". Palaeontologia Electronica. 10 (2): 65pp. [published online] Wedel, Matthew J.; Cifelli, Richard L.; Kent Sanders, R. (2000). "Sauroposeidon proteles, a new sauropod from the Early Cretaceous of Oklahoma" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20 (1): 109–114. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0109:SPANSF]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 55987496evolution-outreach.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12052-009-0191-7
Could Giant Mammals Survive the Mesozoic? The Triassic Period Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-10-07 | Would mammals survive in dinosaur times? Giant mammals like mammoths, ground sloths, and saber-toothed cats are analyzed in the Mesozoic, calculating their chances of survival. Could mammalian megafauna survive in the Triassic Period? This paleontology video uses scientific studies to calculate the likelihood of success for ten Cenozoic mammal species in the Triassic Period. If you've ever wondered if a mammoth could beat dinosaurs, this video answers that paleontology question. Could a mammoth beat a T.rex? Could a Columbian mammoth survive in the Triassic Period? This series explores questions about how prehistoric mammals would do in the Mesozoic era. Mammals vs Dinosaurs covers the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods. Big Archosaur is watching. Protect your data and get AtlasVPN 85% off using this link! get.atlasvpn.com/VividenIntro: 00:00Smilodon populator: 02:39Megatherium americanum: 05:19Paraceratherium asiaticum: 08:20Hyaenodon gigas: 10:12Perucetus colossus: 11:52Megaloceros giganteus: 13:59Mammuthus columbi: 15:44Livyatan melvillei: 17:29Doedicurus clavicaudatus: 19:38Daeodon shoshonensis: 21:40Check out Ian Webster's Ancient Earth Globe here: dinosaurpictures.org/ancient-earth#240Would giant mammals survive in dinosaur times? Would mammals survive in the Triassic Period? This paleontology video uses scientific studies to calculate the likelihood of success for ten Cenozoic mammal species in the Triassic Period. If you've ever wondered if a mammoth could beat dinosaurs, this video answers that paleontology question. Could a mammoth beat a T.rex? Could a Columbian mammoth survive in the Triassic Period? This series explores questions about how prehistoric mammals would do in the Mesozoic era. Mammals vs Dinosaurs covers the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods. Thumbnail Art: Postosuchus art piece by kepyle2055Smilodon populator by Charles Knight Music from #Uppbeat (free for Creators!):uppbeat.io/t/zimpzon/calmLicense code: 988TSM5FCCAAD97ECandlepower by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0Happy Boy End Theme by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Join this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/joinCheck out the source papers here: docs.google.com/document/d/1rjhHXSSETLB5j9qDcDOg2S_ip7fhvTxJK0k8b53dhAg/edit?usp=sharingYouTube's Fair Use policy permits use of third-party copyrighted content without written permission for education, parody, or commentary.
The Marine Reptile Bigger Than A Blue Whale #paleontology #seamonster Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-10-05 | In 2018, Dean Lomax and colleagues described two massive ichthyosaurs from the Late Triassic. Paper link: journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0194742Art: Gabriel Ugueto; Hodaru Nundu; Julian Johnson-Mortimer; Rudolf Hima; Darius Nau Shastasaurus: twitter.com/darius_nau/status/1688951203395252225?s=20In 2020, Lomax stated that the animal the Aust bone belonged to would be at least thirty meters long. His coauthor, Paul de la Salle, clarified that to 35 meters in 2022.2020 statement: cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/344675187750469642/1159195097817165865/image.png?ex=65302390&is=651dae90&hm=9683c9002eca92c9b910253684c90dd484227c0db0fa6cd189ab19a8a7945ea4&2022 statement: cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/344675187750469642/1159195098106560533/image.png?ex=65302390&is=651dae90&hm=fd695b1d8446254d01e602006b133f3dfd902b8177769ba7a929311f0e548524&
The Biggest Land Animals In History: The Megasauropods Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-09-11 | Megasauropod dinosaurs were the largest animals to ever walk on land, which some even rivalling the biggest whale species in terms of body mass. When it comes to terrestrial animals, sauropods are far and away the most massive. This video explains the biggest sauropod dinosaurs' size as well as their ecology and physiological adaptations that allowed them to grow so big.Mega sauropods are the biggest dinosaurs ever by far. So out of the biggest sauropods ever, which mega sauropod claims the title of king? This ranking sorts giant sauropods by size and class within the Megakingdom, and Vividen explains the reasoning for each mass estimate. You may be surprised at the true winner in this contest of the largest sauropod dinosaurs.Size Estimate Source Document: docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1XsHCd5EgNyyU6vhcvjFwa3520872REhOqqIOnPEpSMQ/edit?usp=sharingMusic from #Uppbeat (free for Creators!):uppbeat.io/t/apex-music/final-thoughtsLicense code: ZDZIILBZCRHGCQGCMusic from #Uppbeat (free for Creators!):uppbeat.io/t/danijel-zambo/stardustLicense code: Q8BEFZKKVCQJ1JGJMusic from #Uppbeat (free for Creators!):uppbeat.io/t/little-planet/voyagerLicense code: TMIC8K7OX88JVMG4Eyes of Glory by Aakash Gandhi The Battle of 1066 by Patrick PatrikiosHow big were dinosaurs? Were they bigger than blue whales? The biggest dinosaur may have been Bruhathkayosaurus matleyi, a huge titanosaur from India, according to a new study by Gregory S. Paul and Asier Larramendi. The two paleontologists analyzed dinosaur size limits to find out the answer to the question: how big were dinosaurs? When it comes to the comparison of “Dinosaurs vs blue whale” and “Dinosaurs vs mammals,” it can go either way. Blue whales are often cited as the biggest animals ever, but with this recent discovery about giant sauropods like Bruhathkayosaurus and Amphicoelias (now Maraapunisaurus) that may not be true. Dinosaurs the size of a blue whale could be more common than previously thought, with multiple sauropod species weighing well over 100 tonnes. But was it really possible that there were dinosaurs the size of a blue whale? Find out here on The Vividen!Join this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join
Sauropods, Sauropods, Sauropods with Brian Curtice! Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-09-09 | Sauropod paleontologist Brian Curtice, the man who killed Ultrasauros, joins The Vividen for a discussion on the biggest terrestrial animals to live on Earth. Prepare your questions!
Goku Transforms Into Copium Rex #paleontology #copiumrex #tyrannosaurusrex Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-09-08 | Original edit by Karlito: youtube.com/watch?v=URsfd-5955cSong: My Head Is Spinning Like A Screw (Lucky Luke Remix)Copium rex video: youtube.com/watch?v=uOf4dWoMN7s&t=156s
DINOSAUR EGGS DISCOVERED ON THE MOON! CRAZY NEW STUDY! Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-09-08 | #pseudoscience #astronomy #paleontology #aliens Check out the study here: researchgate.net/publication/373708840_Dinosaur_eggs_with_fossilized_embryos_on_the_Moon
A Massive T.rex Bigger Than Scotty! E.D. Cope: The New King Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-09-02 | How big was T.rex? New data shows that the T.rex E.D. Cope, the "Copium rex," was the biggest theropod ever found, increasing theropod size limits to new heights. T.rex was a powerful predatory megatheropod. While Sue and Scotty are currently cited as the biggest T.rex specimens, new measurements of E.D. Cope, from the Black Hills Institute in South Dakota, form a challenge for the title of the megatheropod king. Measurements of this new T.rex femur indicate that Cope may be between 10.6 and 12.4 tonnes, making it the biggest theropod by up to 2 tonnes. T.rex size is a hot debate in paleontology, and Cope just turned it into a bonfire. Copium rex!Check out the original Reddit conversation here: reddit.com/r/Dinosaurs/comments/15y0wu4/what_makes_me_feel_strange_is_that_no_one_hereJoin The Vividen Discord Server: discord.gg/ecTk3wK8ptFair Use permits usage of third-party copyrighted content for educational and research purposes.Join this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/joinAtlantis by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Campione, N.E., Evans, D.C., Brown, C.M. and Carrano, M.T. (2014), Body mass estimation in non-avian bipeds using a theoretical conversion to quadruped stylopodial proportions. Methods Ecol Evol, 5: 913-923. doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12226 Carr, T.D., Napoli, J.G., Brusatte, S.L. et al. Insufficient Evidence for Multiple Species of Tyrannosaurus in the Latest Cretaceous of North America: A Comment on “The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus”. Evol Biol 49, 327–341 (2022). doi.org/10.1007/s11692-022-09573-1Hurlburt, Grant. (1999). Hurlburt, G. R. 1999. Comparison of body mass estimation techniques, using recent reptiles and the pelycosaur Edaphosaurus boanerges. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19 (2):338-350.. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19. 338-350. Paul, G.S., Persons, W.S. & Van Raalte, J. The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus. Evol Biol 49, 156–179 (2022). doi.org/10.1007/s11692-022-09561-5Persons, W.S., IV, Currie, P.J. and Erickson, G.M. (2020), An Older and Exceptionally Large Adult Specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex. Anat Rec, 303: 656-672. doi.org/10.1002/ar.24118
Theropod Feeding Strategies with Evan Johnson-Ransom Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-08-26 | Doctorate student Evan Johnson-Ransom is an expert in theropod feeding strategies, particularly tyrannosaurus and spinosaurs. Join us and discuss!
Tyrannosaurus rex vs Giganotosaurus: Battle of Kings Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-08-19 | Tyrannosaurus rex vs Giganotosaurus is the ultimate megatheropod rivalry. After Tyrannosaurus rex fought Giganotosaurus in Jurassic World, science explains the true victor of a hypothetical fight in Tyrannosaurus rex vs Giganotosaurus: Battle of Kings. Tyrannosaurus rex size is an important factor, and this video about Tyrannosaurus rex vs Giganotosaurus includes a Tyrannosaurus rex size comparison as well as an in-depth analysis of each animal’s ecology, agility, intelligence, and experience in fighting other megatheropods. New science, including new mass estimations and biomechanical studies, reveal each competitor’s unique evolutionary abilities in this fight to the death: Tyrannosaurus vs Giganotosaurus. This is an educational scientific-reporting take on the Tyrannosaurus rex vs Giganotosaurus battle.Join this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/joinJoin the Vividen Discord Server: discord.gg/Ss27pNSJoin the Vividen Subreddit: reddit.com/r/VividenFanRedditSTUDIES CITEDCoria, R. A.; Currie, P. J. (2002). "The braincase of Giganotosaurus carolinii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (4): 802–811. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0802:TBOGCD]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85678725. Giga brain researchgate.net/figure/Braincase-of-the-carcharodontosaurid-theropod-Giganotosaurus-carolinii-MUCPv-CH-1-Museo_fig1_340367784 Ankylosaurus mass Arbour, V.M.; Mallon, J.C. (2017). "Unusual cranial and postcranial anatomy in the archetypal ankylosaur Ankylosaurus magniventris". FACETS. 2 (2): 764–794. doi:10.1139/facets-2017-0063. Tyrannosaur interfacial biting. Brown, C., Currie, P., & Therrien, F. (2022). Intraspecific facial bite marks in tyrannosaurids provide insight into sexual maturity and evolution of bird-like intersexual display. Paleobiology, 48(1), 12-43. doi:10.1017/pab.2021.29Snively et al. 2019. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6387760 Triceratops size deviantart.com/spinoinwonderland/journal/Some-GDI-s-for-a-few-folks-648811067 Sellers et al. 2017 ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5518979 Giganotosaurus braincase tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1671/0272-4634%282002%29022%5B0802%3ATBOGCD%5D2.0.CO%3B2 Therrien et al. 2020: cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjes-2020-0177 Nieto & Paulina-Carabajal 2020: researchgate.net/figure/Braincase-of-the-carcharodontosaurid-theropod-Giganotosaurus-carolinii-MUCPv-CH-1-Museo_fig1_340367784 Dan Folkes blog thecodontia.com/blog/the-largest-theropod-dinosaur-known-to-science Thumbnail ArtGiganotosaurus: Gabriel UguetoTyrannosaurus: Mark WittonHuman: Linda Salzman Sagan South America Map: Simoes et al. 2017 North America Map: Dr. Ron Blakely Intro Sound Effect by GatorBeast youtube.com/watch?v=h8QkzD4iVco Hitman by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 All other music by PixabayJoin this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join
A Paleontologists Thoughts On Tyrannosaurus rex vs Giganotosaurus #dinofacts #paleontology Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-08-16 | Dr. Scott Hartman weighs in on the Giganotosaurus vs Tyrannosaurus debate. Watch the full Battle of Kings video on The Vividen and join the channel for early access to videos as well as loyalty badges and emojis.Tyrannosaurus rex vs Giganotosaurus: Battle of Kings Video: youtube.com/watch?v=AzLlH08gl7o Join this channel to get access to perks:youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join
Why Tyrannosaurus Was The Ultimate Theropod Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-08-09 | Full video: youtube.com/watch?v=uSBThEf31aA&t=12s IMAGE CREDITS AND STUDY SOURCES1. Herschel-Hoffmeyer2. Ashley Morhardt; earthtouchnews.com/discoveries/fossils/theres-a-lot-to-learn-about-dinosaur-brains 3. Mark Witton; Herculano-Houzel 2023 phys.org/news/2023-01-phylogenetic-bracketing-dinosaurs-neuron-density.html4. Damir G Martin; Stevens, K.A. 2006 Binocular vision in theropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26(2):321-330.5. National Geographic; Sakamoto et al. 2022 ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC92855436. RJ Palmer: Snively et al. 2019 ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6387760Fair use allows individuals to use a copyrighted work without obtaining permission when the use is considered commentary, criticism, teaching, news reporting, scholarship, or research.
Meet the Nanotheropods! 10 Smallest Nonavian Dinosaurs Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-08-09 | Don't leave out the little guy! The nanotheropods storm the channel to take the limelight away from recent giant discoveries. Here we cover the ten smallest nonavian dinosaurs discovered as of 2023.Thumbnail Anchiornis art by Matt Martyniuk. Thumbnail Yi qi by Rebecca Groom. Thumbnail Mahakala by Sauriazoicillus. Fair use allows individuals to use a copyrighted work without obtaining permission when the use is considered commentary, criticism, teaching, news reporting, scholarship, or research.
180 Ton Carnivorous Whale! Perucetus colossus Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-08-02 | Perucetus colossus is the new giant of paleontology. The enormous basilosaurid whale had some of the most dense bones of any mammal, and its close relation to the giant predator Basilosaurus allows for skeletal scaling. Perucetus weighed between 85 and 340 metric tonnes, making it potentially the largest animal known to science. Perucetus was not only the size of a blue whale, but it may have been even bigger than a blue whale. It may also have been carnivorous, which would make it the largest predator in Earth's history. Disclaimer: This video only addresses the original Bianucci et al. 2023 study, not any third-party responses or extra reconstructions made in response to the paper. Those will be addressed in a separate video. Bianucci et al 2023: A heavyweight early whale pushes the boundaries of vertebrate morphology. nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06381-1 Article summary: nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02408-9.epdf?no_publisher_access=1&r3_referer=natureFair use allows individuals to use a copyrighted work without obtaining permission when the use is considered commentary, criticism, teaching, news reporting, scholarship, or research. (The Saltiel Law Group)
A Dinosaur The Size of a Blue Whale? Bruhathkayosaurus matleyi Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-08-01 | How big were dinosaurs? Were they bigger than blue whales? The biggest dinosaur may have been Bruhathkayosaurus matleyi, a huge titanosaur from India, according to a new study by Gregory S. Paul and Asier Larramendi. The two paleontologists analyzed dinosaur size limits to find out the answer to the question: how big were dinosaurs? When it comes to the comparison of “Dinosaurs vs blue whale” and “Dinosaurs vs mammals,” it can go either way. Blue whales are often cited as the biggest animals ever, but with this recent discovery about giant sauropods like Bruhathkayosaurus and Amphicoelias (now Maraapunisaurus) that may not be true. Dinosaurs the size of a blue whale could be more common than previously thought, with multiple sauropod species weighing well over 100 tonnes. But was it really possible that there were dinosaurs the size of a blue whale? Find out here on The Vividen!Paul & Larramendi 2023: https://www.idunn.no/doi/10.18261/let.56.2.5 Pal & Ayyasami 2022: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gto.12390 Bruhathkayosaurus art in thumbnail by Ansh SaxenaFair use allows individuals to use a copyrighted work without obtaining permission when the use is considered commentary, criticism, teaching, news reporting, scholarship, or research. (The Saltiel Law Group)
New Marine Superpredator! Analysis Of The Swiss Tyrant and Other Giant Predatory Ichthyosaurs Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-07-30 | A new giant predatory ichthyosaur has been discovered! Paleontology presents us with the Swiss Tyrant, a giant sea monster that may be bigger than Livyatan and nearly as big as Otodus megalodon. This oceanic superpredator rivaled Livyatan and O. megalodon as one of the biggest underwater monsters in natural history. In this video we analyze the Swiss Tyrant Ichthyosaur in addition to other gigantic macropredatory sea monsters like Shonisaurus, Shastasaurus, Temnodontosaurus, Cymbospondylus, the Lilstock Monster, and the Aust Colossus. Ichthyosaurs were the largest marine reptiles known to science, with the largest (such as the Aust Colossus) surpassing even the biggest sauropods in size. Such record animals are rare in paleontology, making this discovery of the Swiss Tyrant ichthyosaur even more valuable. It would have been a terrifying raptorial predator ten times the size of an elephant. Was it bigger than Livyatan? Was it bigger than O. megalodon? What other marine superpredators were bigger than Livyatan or bigger than O. megalodon? Was the Aust Colossus really a mythical 100+ ton giant predator? Find out here in one of the most comprehensive video analyses of macropredatory ichthyosaurs to ever be published! Become a Patron! patreon.com/thevividen00:00 Intro02:11 Shonisaurus Predatory Behavior06:45 Temnodontosaurus11:04 Himalayasaurus tibetensis12:50 The Swiss Tyrant18:40 Macropredatory Behavior in Ichthyosaurs21:19 Giant Ichthyosaur Combat Strategies23:58 Cymbospondylus youngorum26:01 Shonisaurus, Lilstock Monster, and Aust Colossus31:27 Other Giant Fragmentary Ichthyosaurs32:45 Marine Reptile Cinematic UniverseJoin the Discord server here: discord.gg/Ss27pNS Join the Vividen subreddit: reddit.com/r/VividenFanReddit Image/Video/Audio Credit Google Doc: docs.google.com/document/d/19xnEdbE6Ncy9MTB90IjcO703Pec2wZr1Op1wI0vhrFs/edit?usp=sharingMusic Credit: Music Credit: Savfk ‘Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)’ Music: The Travelling Symphony by Savfk (copyright and royalty free soundtrack music) Link: youtube.com/watch?v=TqhNwEtZVcw Music Credit: Savfk - Music Music: The Dark Side Of The Sun by Savfk (copyright and royalty free hybrid epic cinematic trailer music) Link: youtube.com/watch?v=6FdN8tlohp4 Music Credit: Savfk - Music Ultra by Savfk (copyright and royalty free sci-fi electronic cinematic epic soundtrack music) Link: youtube.com/watch?v=8A4Jak73Lao Music Credit: Savfk - Music Music: The Power by Savfk (copyright and royalty free music) Link: youtube.com/watch?v=oI_k61dQMHgMusic Credit:Savfk - Music Music: The Principle of Inner Necessity by Savfk (copyright and royalty free music) Link: youtube.com/watch?v=NRx7hjaHvVQ Music Credit:Savfk - Music Music: The Hunt by Savfk (copyright and royalty free soundtrack music) youtube.com/watch?v=EXOeFWpFlgY Music Credit:Savfk - Music Music Title: Odyssey by Savfk (copyright and royalty free dramatic, orchestral, intense, epic soundtrack music) Link: youtube.com/watch?v=XF8mFWPilPg Music Credit:Savfk - Music Music Title: The Impossible by Savfk (copyright and royalty free soundtrack music) Link: youtube.com/watch?v=KrUs9y2-mzgFair use allows individuals to use a copyrighted work without obtaining permission when the use is considered commentary, criticism, teaching, news reporting, scholarship, or research. (The Saltiel Law Group)
6 Most Terrifying Versions of Tyrannosaurus rex Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-07-28 | Tyrannosaurus rex may be the most powerful terrestrial predator in history, but which artistic depictions of Tyrannosaurus rex are the most terrifying?Prehistoric PlanetFred WierumRJ PalmerMark WittonHerschel-Hoffmeyer #tyrannosaurusrex #paleontology #dinosaurs #dinofacts#science #evolution #paleoart Fair use allows individuals to use a copyrighted work without obtaining permission when the use is considered commentary, criticism, teaching, news reporting, scholarship, or research. (The Saltiel Law Group)
Was T.rex A Better Swimmer Than Spinosaurus? Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-05-13 | Spinosaurus and Tyrannosaurus are two of the most famous and culturally influential megatheropods, with a fanboy rivalry dating back to 2001. One was a huge water-based predator from North Africa that feasted on fish the size of cars, and the other was an even bigger North American tyrant that took on living tanks. Our understanding of both species has changed dramatically since they were discovered, but Spinosaurus in particular has been the subject of back-and-forth drama regarding its ecological role. Was it a bipedal monster that took on other theropods? Was it a knee-deep wader? Or was it an aquatic pursuit predator that used its powerful tail to dive under the surface and hunt prey in the water column? A new study indicates that, at least in this respect, Spinosaurus and Tyrannosaurus had something in common: the way that they used water to hunt.The idea that Spinosaurus and Tyrannosaurus both hunted in water may be a strange one, but ecological modeling and morphology based on biophysics seems to indicate that it may have happened. All artists with material in this video are referenced within the video itself. If a piece of art has been misidentified, please let me know.Fabbri et al. 2022: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35322229Myrhvold et al. 2023 Preprint: biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539484v1.full.pdf Blanco 2023: academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/198/1/202/7153107
Megatheropods: Natures Biggest Terrestrial Carnivores Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-04-29 | Theropod dinosaurs are the most charismatic terrestrial predators in Earth’s history, with complex ecologies, physiologies, and evolutionary relationships. From movies to books to video games, theropods have left a cultural footprint unlike any other group of extinct vertebrates. And even these terrifying and majestic animals have an elite group within them: the megatheropods. If all theropods formed the ranks of a military, then these are the officers, the generals, the supreme commanders. There are a few definitions floating around the internet about what exactly a megatheropod is, so here’s a modified version of mine from 2017. A megatheropod is any theropod dinosaur that consistently attains an average adult mass of 5000 kilograms or higher. This definition is more exclusionary than my old video, and that’s because while researching this I put an emphasis on consistency and utilizing multiple mass estimates per species from different sources, which I’ve linked here. Become a Patron! patreon.com/thevividen00:00: What Is A Megatheropod?00:58: The Tier List01:31: The Cimmerian Giant01:53: Saurophaganax02:27: Edmarka rex02:51: NHMG 850003:23: Oxalaia quilombensis03:42: Acrocanthosaurus atokensis04:12: Deinocheirus mirificus04:48: Therizinosaurus cheloniformis05:12: Megalosaurus/Torvosaurus ingens05:37: Carcharodontosaurus saharicus06:07: The South African Titan06:33: Tyrannotitan07:08: Mapusaurus roseae07:32: Spinosaurinae indet.07:52: Spinosaurus aegyptiacus08:27: The Destroyer Tier08:37: Giganotosaurus carolinii09:28: Tyrannosaurus rexMegatheropod Data 2023: docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1okCeHS0CvNmnKjkeJn28LOvZJAYzRUJadv_LumuzAwM/edit?usp=sharing Megatheropod Sources 2023: docs.google.com/presentation/d/11k6OKunxG_PmgFLcCKNO3bBeWv0DTbpwij9FzpxPfwc/edit#slide=id.p Tyrannotitan Image Source: Brett BoothAcrocanthosaurus Image Source: ApsaravisAcrocanthosaurus Hook Claw Study: Senter, Phil; Robins, James H. (2005). "Range of motion in the forelimb of the theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, and implications for predatory behaviour". Journal of Zoology. 266 (3): 307–318. doi:10.1017/S0952836905006989.Average Bull African Bush Elephant Mass Source: academic.oup.com/mspecies/article/doi/10.2307/3503889/2600894?login=true Black Vortex - Scoring Action by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 If you see your art in this video and haven't yet been credited, email me at thevividen@gmail.com. Fair use allows individuals to use a copyrighted work without obtaining permission when the use is considered commentary, criticism, teaching, news reporting, scholarship, or research. (The Saltiel Law Group)
Youve Created A Monster Broly [AMV] Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-04-14 | Broly AMV Dragon Ball Super: Song "You've Created A Monster" by Bohnes. Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for 'fair use' for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use'
Giant Growth: Mapusaurus Was The Fastest-Growing Megatheropod? Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-02-28 | Finally, a new livestream! Joined by special guest Vercingetorix, we'll discuss theropod growth series, probably Greek mythology at some point, and superheroes.
Paleontology News: Dinosaurs Sounded Like Birds! Advanced Dinosaur Larynx Discovered Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-02-16 | A specimen of Pinacosaurus has revolutionized the way paleontologists think about how dinosaurs sounded and communicated. 3-D laser scanning revealed a complex, advanced larynx inside of the ankylosaur's hyobranchial apparatus, revealing that they were likely able to produce birdlike sounds. Since ankylosaurs are so distantly related to birds, this may mean that other dinosaurs, like T.rex and Spinosaurus, were able to do the same. This study lends credence to the idea that some dinosaurs were able to develop biological culture, as complex communication strategies would make it easier for individuals to cooperate and develop mutually-beneficial intraspecific relationships.Check out Skyman paleoart here! redbubble.com/people/SkymanPaleo/shop Dhiman H, Verma V, Singh LR, Miglani V, Jha DK, Sanyal P, et al. (2023) New Late Cretaceous titanosaur sauropod dinosaur egg clutches from lower Narmada valley, India: Palaeobiology and taphonomy. PLoS ONE 18(1): e0278242. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278242Herculano-Houzel, S. (2022). Theropod dinosaurs had primate-like numbers of telencephalic neurons. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 00, 1– 13. doi.org/10.1002/cne.25453 Maidment SCR, Linton DH, Upchurch P, Barrett PM (2012) Limb-Bone Scaling Indicates Diverse Stance and Gait in Quadrupedal OrnithischianDinosaurs. PLoS ONE 7(5): e36904. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036904Yoshida, J., Kobayashi, Y. & Norell, M.A. An ankylosaur larynx provides insights for bird-like vocalization in non-avian dinosaurs. Commun Biol 6, 152 (2023). doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-04513-x (7) (PDF) Limb-Bone Scaling Indicates Diverse Stance and Gait in Quadrupedal Ornithischian Dinosaurs. Available from: researchgate.net/publication/225187224_Limb-Bone_Scaling_Indicates_Diverse_Stance_and_Gait_in_Quadrupedal_Ornithischian_Dinosaurs [accessed Feb 15 2023].
Paleontology News: Theropods Were As Smart as Primates and Developed Culture Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2023-01-08 | How smart were dinosaurs? Were dinosaurs as smart as primates? The debate over theropod intelligence is a continuing one, with factors like EQ and neuron density competing for respect in the scientific community. With isotropic fractionation, we learned that it's possible for dinosaurs as smart as primates to have existed. Megatheropods may have been among the most intelligent dinosaurs. How smart was T.rex? T.rex, if its neuron density was similar to those of its close avian relatives rather than nonavian reptiles, could be smarter than a baboon.Dinosaur intelligence is a constantly shifting science, but a technique known as isotropic fractionation may hold the key to unlocking the secrets of ancient dinosaur brains. Suzana Herculano-Houzel investigated dinosaur neuron density and discovered that some theropods may have been as intelligent as primates and modern corvids, suggesting complex problem-solving, tool use, and culture building even in the world's largest terrestrial predators. Links to studies:Herculano-Houzel 2023: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.25453Herculano-Houzel and Lent 2005: jneurosci.org/content/25/10/2518 Capuchin Intelligence: link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-4-431-75179-3_1Kverkova et al 2022: pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2121624119Rogers 1998: sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627300805851Image Background: www.vecteezy.com/free-vector/sci-fi-background"
I turned my office into Prehistoric Planet Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2022-12-15 | This is what my coworkers expect from me now
How Powerful is Thor? Unworthy, Base, Odinforce, Rune King Thor, Cosmic King Thor Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2022-10-20 | Thor Odinson is one of the strongest superheroes in Marvel Comics. This video explores his powers and abilities through both feats and scaling throughout Thor's history, including recent Thor powerups and a secret and incredibly powerful version of Thor that you might not have heard about. Thor may be far stronger than you thought! 00:00:00 Introduction00:00:36 UNWORTHY THOR00:03:53 BASE THOR00:07:06 BASE THOR SPEED00:10:03 ODINFORCE THOR00:11:38 RUNE KING THOR00:13:34 SECRET FORM THOR00:14:33 COSMIC KING THORPlease like and leave a comment below with your thoughts. Do you agree with Thor's power level? Do you think he's stronger or weaker? Let us know!Link to speed calculations: character-stats-and-profiles.fandom.com/wiki/User_blog:GoldenMaster7/MFTL%2B_Thor%27s_feats Link to "shaking the universe" calc: vsbattles.fandom.com/wiki/User_blog:Kulf_Boba/Energy_needed_to_shake_planets_at_the_edge_of_the_universeThe Beyonders Theory of Those Who Sit Above In Shadow EXPLAINED: topstrongest.fandom.com/wiki/User_blog:Alonik/Thor,_TWSAIS_and_Yggdrasil_Page_Explanation#Rune_King_Thor_and_TSWAIS
Paleontology News: The Size Limit of Giganotosaurus Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 2021-12-11 | How big could Giganotosaurus get? Using mass-population dynamics, we calculate the maximum size of Giganotosaurus carolinii. Giganotosaurus, featured in Jurassic World: Dominion, was one of the largest predatory dinosaurs. Giganotosaurus lived in Argentina during the Cenomanian Stage of the Late Cretaceous Period. It was more than 41 feet long and on average weighed nearly 8 tons. Giganotosaurus never lived in the same time or place as T.rex, but was depicted battling a T.rex in the prologue to Jurassic World: Dominion. The Giganotosaurus in the video was extremely large. Was that gigantic theropod realistically depicted? Morphology and anachronism aside, here we explore the potential of a Giganotosaurus actually growing to such a massive size. Based on genomic studies done by Romanov et al (2014), the domestic chicken is the closest living relative to nonavian dinosaurs. That makes it the best comparison for population dynamic studies. If we treat the Giganotosaurus population as having similar extremes as those of chickens, we arrive at an individual that weighed over ten metric tons.Fair use principles in U.S. copyright laws support the implementation of copyrighted material with educational, parodic, or transformative intent. The usage of any copyrighted material in this video is for noncommercial educational purposes, and is asserted permissible under the aforementioned copyright rulings.REFERENCESFolkes, Dan. Giganotosaurus carolinii (2021). twitter.com/DanPalaeon1/status/1465371994032156675/photo/1. Accessed December 2021. Franoys. A mathematical analysis on Giganotosaurus mass (2017). deviantart.com/franoys/journal/A-mathematical-analysis-on-Giganotosaurus-mass-659861738. Accessed December 2021. Larramendi, A., Paul, G.S., Hsu, S. A review and reappraisal of the specific gravities of present and past multicellular organisms, with an emphasis on tetrapods. Anat Rec. 2021; 304: 1833– 1888. doi.org/10.1002/ar.24574Romanov, M.N., Farré, M., Lithgow, P.E. et al. Reconstruction of gross avian genome structure, organization and evolution suggests that the chicken lineage most closely resembles the dinosaur avian ancestor. BMC Genomics 15, 1060 (2014). doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-15-1060
