Weve Been Testing For Consciousness Wrong A Curious Birb 2026-05-11 | Professor Masanori Kohda has been studying fish for 3 decades. His groundbreaking paper in 2019 showed that fish are capable of passing the famous mirror test. But more importantly, his research shows that how we have tried to test for consciousness over the past half century may be wrong.In this video, we look at how he came to these conclusions.#research #science #nature #fish #animalbehavior #animalintelligence ______________________________________________________________________________________________I post behind the scenes research and additional fun details that didn't make it into each video on my Patreon. This is the best way to support the research, writing and time that goes into the channel.Thank you for watching and enjoying the videos!Patreon: patreon.com/ACuriousBirb_______________________________________________________________________________________________Sources: journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000021 - 2019 study. (Initial evidence of passing mark test)journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001529 - 2022 study (Followup mark test with greater sample size, but also blue/green mark)pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2208420120 - 2023 Study (Photo-recognition study)nature.com/articles/s41598-024-70138-7#author-information - 2024 study (Mirror + Body size study)nature.com/articles/s41598-025-25837-0?error=server_error#additional-information - 2025 Study (Rapid recognition)pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9334443pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6304147sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/002209658690038XLecture from Professor Kohda:youtube.com/watch?v=4DnMwVcdWh0&list=WL&index=15&t=1136s_____________________________________________________________________________________________This video uses images and illustrations from Wikimedia Commons, Flickr, and other Creative Commons sources.Unless otherwise stated, all images have been cropped, zoomed, or otherwise modified for video presentation.Full image credits (including authors, licenses, and source links) are available here:FULL IMAGE CREDITS – https://1drv.ms/w/c/d2863ccf42cb2eac/IQBckAodttTrQIKDupj0jeiEAT7kKOrPnFib7lhin_9yi44?e=kT4DSQ
Scientists Grew An Eye In The Wrong Place. Then Things Got Stranger. A Curious Birb 2026-09-02 | Go to surfshark.com/curiousbirb or use code CURIOUSBIRB at checkout to get 4 extra months of Surfshark VPN!0:00 Intro1:10 Who is Professor Levin?3:14 Picasso Frogs?10:30 Immortal Two Headed Worms15:03 Can We Regrow Limbs?21:13 The Future of Biomedicine_______________________________________________________________________________________________I post behind the scenes research and additional fun details that didn't make it into each video on my Patreon. This is the best way to support the research, writing and time that goes into the channel.Thank you for watching and enjoying the videos!Patreon: patreon.com/ACuriousBirb_______________________________________________________________________________________________Sources: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3243095 - Frog Eyes (2012) - Transmembrane voltage potential controls embryonic eye patterning in Xenopus laevispmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3587383 - Frog Eyes (2013) The eyes can see!pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6234102 - Planarian Worm - Planarian Regeneration as a Model of Anatomical Homeostasis: Recent Progress in Biophysical and Computational Approaches (2018)pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5443973 - Long-Term, Stochastic Editing of Regenerative Anatomy via Targeting Endogenous Bioelectric Gradients (2017)pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4048089 - Endogenous bioelectrical networks store non-genetic patterning information during development and regeneration (2014)pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5753428 Bioelectric Signaling - Bioelectric Signaling in Regeneration: Mechanisms of Ionic Controls of Growth and Form (2019)pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4661923 - Gap Junctional Blockade Stochastically Induces Different Species-Specific Head Anatomies in Genetically Wild-Type Girardia dorotocephala Flatworms (2015)pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6317729 - Frog leg regeneration (2018)pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8791464/#R33 - Acute multidrug delivery via a wearable bioreactor facilitates long-term limb regeneration and functional recovery in adult Xenopus laevis - PMC - Frog leg regeneration (2022)pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1910837117 - Xenobots - A scalable pipeline for designing reconfigurable organisms (2020)pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2112672118 - Xenobots Replicating - Kinematic self-replication in reconfigurable organisms (2021)pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3634644 - Cancer Part 1 (2013)pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4991402 - Cancer Part 2 (2016)pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10478168 - Conceptual Framework - Endogenous Bioelectric Signaling Networks: Exploiting Voltage Gradients for Control of Growth and Form (2017)Interesting Podcasts:podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/michael-levin-regenerative-medicine/id1676100611?i=1000640559908lifespan.io/michael-levin-on-bioelectricity-in-development-and-agingExcellent Interview by 632nm - youtube.com/watch?v=t6EFV2gSSmg&t=3096syoutube.com/@632nmPodcast Professor Levin's Channel!youtube.com/@drmichaellevin_____________________________________________________________________________________________This video uses images and illustrations from Wikimedia Commons, Flickr, and other Creative Commons sources.Unless otherwise stated, all images have been cropped, zoomed, or otherwise modified for video presentation.Full image credits (including authors, licenses, and source links) are available here:FULL IMAGE CREDITS – https://1drv.ms/w/c/d2863ccf42cb2eac/IQBnQD9ynbalTIVFHn3c1zY9AbG2pTLdATbw1nvXx91FzFo?e=ml2PLj
We Taught Bees To Use Tools. Then Things Got Strange. A Curious Birb 2026-07-24 | Take back your personal data with Incogni! Use code CURIOUSBIRB at the link below and get 60% off annual plans: incogni.com/curiousbirb. 0:00 Intro1:10 Who is Professor Loukola?2:28 Bees Can Use Tools?9:19 Just How Smart Are Bees?13:29 Complex Tool Use19:40 The Future of Bee Research21:23 A Final Word From Olli_______________________________________________________________________________________________Check out the full interview with Olli on Patreon. I also post behind the scenes research and additional fun details that didn't make it into each video on my Patreon. This is the best way to support the research, writing and time that goes into the channel.Thank you for watching and enjoying the videos!Patreon: patreon.com/ACuriousBirb_______________________________________________________________________________________________Sources: journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002564 - (2016) Associative Mechanisms Allow for Social Learning and Cultural Transmission of String Pulling in an Insect science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aag2360 - (2017) Bumblebees show cognitive flexibility by improving on an observed complex behavior cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01738-2?uuid=uuid%3A9ef014d4-3680-41a0-828a-3e37251be4f8 - (2022) Prior associations affect bumblebees’ generalization performance in a tool-selection task pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11061644 - (2022) Evidence for socially influenced and potentially actively coordinated cooperation by bumblebees science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.ady1618 - (2026) Spontaneous problem-solving in bumble bees _____________________________________________________________________________________________This video uses images and illustrations from Wikimedia Commons, Flickr, and other Creative Commons sources.Unless otherwise stated, all images have been cropped, zoomed, or otherwise modified for video presentation.Full image credits (including authors, licenses, and source links) are available here:FULL IMAGE CREDITS – https://1drv.ms/w/c/d2863ccf42cb2eac/IQD7LJ5rnTP-SrDXqfz1e9RsAcppfOkqu5TqBrDejmjrbTs?e=BHVVMP
12 Year Olds School Project Gets Published As Scientific Paper A Curious Birb 2026-06-25 | Ryo Shibata is a 12 year old elementary school student and his research was published in Ecology, one of the most prestigious scientific journals. This is his story :)#research #science #nature #animalbehavior 0:00 Intro0:46 How It All Began4:49 Ryo's Research8:51 Why Are Rhino Beetles On Ash Trees?11:44 Where is Ryo Now?_______________________________________________________________________________________________I post behind the scenes research and additional fun details that didn't make it into each video on my Patreon. This is the best way to support the research, writing and time that goes into the channel.Thank you for watching and enjoying the videos!Patreon: patreon.com/ACuriousBirb_______________________________________________________________________________________________Sources: researchgate.net/publication/352908759_Host-Dependent_Variation_in_the_Circadian_Activity_Patterns_of_a_Rhinoceros_Beetlebiorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.25.573284v1.full.pdfhugkum.sho.jp/392148researchgate.net/publication/352908759_Host-Dependent_Variation_in_the_Circadian_Activity_Patterns_of_a_Rhinoceros_Beetle?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19_____________________________________________________________________________________________This video uses images and illustrations from Wikimedia Commons, Flickr, and other Creative Commons sources.Unless otherwise stated, all images have been cropped, zoomed, or otherwise modified for video presentation.Full image credits (including authors, licenses, and source links) are available here:FULL IMAGE CREDITS – https://1drv.ms/w/c/d2863ccf42cb2eac/IQChAqYqBM3fRruvd37rL1dlAd06brfW9B6tqxrzw8OMpcE?e=Eh2gcN
Scientists Made Movies For Chimpanzees (They LOVED It) A Curious Birb 2026-06-03 | Check out "The Book" here: mdsh.io/curiousowlUse code BIRB for 10% off. The Book: The Ultimate Guide to Rebuilding a Civilization by Hungry Minds is a luxury coffee table book packed with handmade illustrations and mind-expanding ideas.If you’re into unique gifts, premium books, or just love going down rabbit holes - this one’s for you.@HungryMindsArt#thebook #hungrymindsbooks #hungryminds #hungrymindsthebook______________________________________________________________________________________________Kano's spent 10 years researching intelligence in great apes - Chimpanzees, bonobos, orangutans, and he found that they seem to have the capacity to understand how we think.#research #science #nature #animalbehavior #animalintelligence 0:00 Intro1:09 Who is Professor Kano?2:52 What are Chimpanzees Thinking?3:43 Sponsor - Hungry Minds4:44 Sponsor - End9:27 Let's Make a Movie for Chimpanzees!14:48 Can Chimpanzees Understand Our Mind?18:16 How Do Chimpanzees Understand?22:08 Future Research_______________________________________________________________________________________________I post behind the scenes research and additional fun details that didn't make it into each video on my Patreon. This is the best way to support the research, writing and time that goes into the channel.Thank you for watching and enjoying the videos!Patreon: patreon.com/ACuriousBirb_______________________________________________________________________________________________Sources: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2936142 - Graduate study. https://www.eva.mpg.de/documents/Sage/Kano_Great_PsychScience_2014_2067463.pdfcell.com/fulltext/S0960-9822(15)00946-X science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaf8110pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1910095116_____________________________________________________________________________________________This video uses images and illustrations from Wikimedia Commons, Flickr, and other Creative Commons sources.Unless otherwise stated, all images have been cropped, zoomed, or otherwise modified for video presentation.Full image credits (including authors, licenses, and source links) are available here:FULL IMAGE CREDITS – https://1drv.ms/w/c/d2863ccf42cb2eac/IQBLhYvYs_IkS5SXUDZCUzNqAQcRiDwkd8kd_dYi0LFm9wA?e=0tRq6S
Scientists Dropped This Plant 1000 Times A Curious Birb 2026-04-18 | Professor Stefano Mancuso has studied plant intelligence and consciousness for over 3 decades. His research found that plants are able to sense their surroundings, learn new things and even seem to have some form of consciousness. He has pioneered the field of plant neurobiology.In this video, we look at how he came to these conclusions and what his work might reveal about intelligence itself.#research #science #nature #plants #plantintelligence ______________________________________________________________________________________________I post behind the scenes research and additional fun details that didn't make it into each video on my Patreon. This is the best way to support the research, writing and time that goes into the channel.Thank you for watching and enjoying the videos!Patreon: patreon.com/ACuriousBirb_______________________________________________________________________________________________Sources: journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0037382 - Communication in plants.pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6215046/#sec24 Anaesthesiapmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7934911journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0037382pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41051515pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31902571Stefano Mancuso: The roots of plant intelligencepmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2634240/#:~:text=pentagona%20seedlings%20may%20find%20tomato,1131371.researchgate.net/publication/259587596_Experience_teaches_plants_to_learn_faster_and_forget_slower_in_environments_where_it_matters#:~:text=In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20conducted,rapidly%20fold%20its%20leaves - Learningpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2634240/#:~:text=pentagona%20seedlings%20may%20find%20tomato,1131371.researchgate.net/publication/368920098_Decision-making_underlying_support-searching_in_pea_plantspubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17008532pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3574382/#:~:text=The%20ability%20to%20recognize%20kin,animals%20%5B1%E2%80%933%5D.Interviews: youtube.com/watch?v=uAX01Qqh1Mgyoutube.com/watch?v=a_rkC6O-GyMted.com/talks/stefano_mancuso_the_roots_of_plant_intelligenceyoutube.com/watch?v=gBGt5OeAQFk&t=3s_____________________________________________________________________________________________This video uses images and illustrations from Wikimedia Commons, Flickr, and other Creative Commons sources.Unless otherwise stated, all images have been cropped, zoomed, or otherwise modified for video presentation.Full image credits (including authors, licenses, and source links) are available here:FULL IMAGE CREDITS – https://1drv.ms/w/c/d2863ccf42cb2eac/IQCIQZoIV1naS4hyuX5oyAkVAdB2damW0JLZIFrVv4bhLcI?e=ntN8AA
Animals Are Giving Us Weird Names! A Curious Birb 2026-03-30 | For over 3 decades, Dr Con. Slobodchikoff has studied animal communication. His research found that prairie dogs don't just make simple alarm calls, but are instead able to identify specific predators and even describe details like their size and colour. Through years of careful observation and experiments, his work represents some of the most sophisticated research we have to date about the topic of animal communication.In this video, we look at how he came to these conclusions and what his work might reveal about animal language itself.#research #science #nature #animals #animalbehavior #prairiedog #animalcommunication ______________________________________________________________________________________________I post behind the scenes research and additional fun details that didn't make it into each video on my Patreon. This is the best way to support the research, writing and time that goes into the channel.Thank you for watching and enjoying the videos!Patreon: patreon.com/ACuriousBirb_______________________________________________________________________________________________Sources: acoustics.org/pressroom/httpdocs/157th/slobodchikoff.htmllink.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10071-008-0203-ysciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376635706000659?via%3Dihubwellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/acwp_vsm/article/1057/&path_info=Acoustic_Structures_in_the_Alarm_Calls_of_Gunnison.pdfhttps://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-edited-volume/2392/chapter/625492/Cognition-and-Communication-in-Prairie-Dogsresearchgate.net/publication/23713932_Prairie_dog_alarm_calls_encode_labels_about_predator_colors/link/545d447d0cf2c1a63bfa625b/download?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-edited-volume/2392/chapter/625492/Cognition-and-Communication-in-Prairie-Dogshttps://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~shuster/shustercourses/BIO%20666/Documents/Slobochikoff/KiriazisSlobodchikoff2006.pdfhttps://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~shuster/shustercourses/BIO%20666/Documents/Slobochikoff/KiriazisSlobodchikoff2006.pdfsciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376635706000659?via%3Dihubwellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/acwp_vsm/article/1057/&path_info=Acoustic_Structures_in_the_Alarm_Calls_of_Gunnison.pdfresearchgate.net/publication/344302405_Dialects_In_The_Alarm_Calls_Of_Black-Tailed_Prairie_Dogs_Cynomys_ludovicianus_A_Case_Of_Cultural_Diffusionradiolab.org/podcast/98611-wild-talk/transcriptlatterdaysaintmag.com/article-1-5413/#fn11sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003347219300284?via%3Dihubresearchgate.net/profile/Jennifer-Verdolin/publication/23713932_Prairie_dog_alarm_calls_encode_labels_about_predator_colors/links/545d447d0cf2c1a63bfa625b/Prairie-dog-alarm-calls-encode-labels-about-predator-colors.pdf?origin=publication_detail&_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uRG93bmxvYWQiLCJwcmV2aW91c1BhZ2UiOiJwdWJsaWNhdGlvbiJ9fQ&__cf_chl_tk=R52N79DbbWoYqyAGdlaz0qhYxDUTOqPZBH1mfpP0sC8-1774871866-1.0.1.1-q4q3qYW.ymAxGmZeRkadPf4jnRXzIVNIigMqxdWv5Dcsciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376635706000659?via%3Dihubwellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=habamanCon's Website - conslobodchikoff.comCon's Own Channel! - youtube.com/@prairiedogchatterAdditional sources can be found in the image credit document below._____________________________________________________________________________________________This video uses images and illustrations from Wikimedia Commons, Flickr, and other Creative Commons sources.Unless otherwise stated, all images have been cropped, zoomed, or otherwise modified for video presentation.Full image credits (including authors, licenses, and source links) are available here:FULL IMAGE CREDITS – https://1drv.ms/w/c/d2863ccf42cb2eac/IQC7ouwE9UmVToO6KWJFx2YWAd0d9GwuJxswURZ--UA04v0?e=ds8NGC
Genius 10 Year Olds Research Shocks Scientists Around the World A Curious Birb 2026-03-09 | At just 10 years old, Jo Nagai conducted an experiment that would surprise scientists around the world. By raising and training swallowtail caterpillars at home, Jo demonstrated that butterflies can retain memories formed during their larval stage, even after undergoing complete metamorphosis. But what he discovered next was even more unexpected: those learned responses appeared to persist to the next generation.This video explores Jo’s experiment, the scientific ideas behind it, and the simple question that started it all.#research #science #nature #animals #animalbehavior #discovery #butterfly ______________________________________________________________________________________________I post behind the scenes research and additional fun details that didn't make it into each video on my Patreon. This is the best way to support the research, writing and time that goes into the channel.Thank you for watching and enjoying the videos!Patreon: patreon.com/ACuriousBirb_______________________________________________________________________________________________Sources: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2248710Martha's 2025 Presentation - ufl.zoom.us/rec/play/RPN3Hcaal9k62flVa9e3JwRsGFj0DTKybTAQGaGTgbLGGVf3wSg5or79A7WrUq2bBZBb-lInPds0uas_.xluzY59CGdd8m5UL?eagerLoadZvaPages=&accessLevel=&canPlayFromShare=true&from=share_recording_detail&startTime=1738084069000&componentName=rec-play&originRequestUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fufl.zoom.us%2Frec%2Fshare%2FXBIZqs2Hp7HEKC81yqKhy5nOs-DIQF9jj1hbpDM0MsJAahbT7zwCol5k7XxENGfE.14TxRnyhHnjVKK1e%3FstartTime%3D1738084069000storage.ghost.io/c/16/19/1619a79c-38d2-4e0c-8276-10c5572e1e6a/content/files/2025/02/Caterpillar-Roadshow.pdf_____________________________________________________________________________________________This video uses images and illustrations from Wikimedia Commons, Flickr, and other Creative Commons sources.Unless otherwise stated, all images have been cropped, zoomed, or otherwise modified for video presentation.Full image credits (including authors, licenses, and source links) are available here:FULL IMAGE CREDITS – https://1drv.ms/w/c/d2863ccf42cb2eac/IQAzoQ-lFxX0Qq4Ml6_bbnNYASYoMQ1caMkeopGsqf0IoOo?e=NDbFRg
We Actually Have a Third Eye A Curious Birb 2026-02-20 | Researchers studying 500 million-year-old Cambrian fossils have uncovered evidence suggesting that some of the earliest known vertebrates possessed four eyes.This video explores:• How melanosomes were used to identify fossilised retinas• The decade-long research process behind the discovery• What the pineal complex reveals about eye evolution• And what this means for vertebrate evolutionary history#paleontology #science #nature #animals #animalbehavior #discovery ______________________________________________________________________________________________I post behind the scenes research and additional fun detail that doesn't make it into each video on my Patreon. This is the best way to support the research, writing and time that goes into the channel.Thank you for watching and enjoying the videos!Patreon: patreon.com/ACuriousBirb?utm_medium=unknown&utm_source=join_link&utm_campaign=creatorshare_creator&utm_content=copyLink_______________________________________________________________________________________________Sources: nanoscience.com/blogs/how-does-coating-thickness-affect-sem-imagingnature.com/articles/s41598-023-31089-7#rightslinknature.com/articles/nature01264nature.com/articles/d41586-025-04096-znature.com/articles/s41586-025-09966-0.epdf?sharing_token=mzZhV8KgSeaHFF4ksNH5_tRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0PcrPAX16Vw9N4DyaF57_gF20Qd2_rJQK2gWNYI0A6x41YZBaGGINRXFzx_IkYmvfQ9eNO8bhpdqgcpBtfeD7iNezl8tGhZhu75Ey2nB8iYtpxZDfFMU9e5yPPyXx8CgZwZDa9BuFxjxicnQDGAQOoA34ZsdAEwiYsRvaa01zhkOVKHvcKm6gwr21BxwFqgDHRhEpDDyw7HNAXQn3soti8a4JPugWA8luUc0_ksKSPBReMW4MFzH6B0tl2BvCWMfsW_YhjLEwocnC59Ap1cD1lJP5XvuKv1QS2zhEwZpelp8IBuL_ZWFnLa3vgxOq7jo29HU16m1yAANMIjkqG9OnB8DilTLfk5ezCKmfBEhNCqaHSdjEUgIe-G-Q4VfChDvOw%3D&tracking_referrer=www.smithsonianmag.comresearchgate.net/figure/Chengjiangocaris-kunmingensis-from-the-early-Cambrian-Canglangpuan-Hongjingshao_fig3_235749893science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm2708_____________________________________________________________________________________________This video uses images and illustrations from Wikimedia Commons, Flickr, and other Creative Commons sources.Unless otherwise stated, all images have been cropped, zoomed, or otherwise modified for video presentation.Full image credits (including authors, licenses, and source links) are available here:FULL IMAGE CREDITS – https://1drv.ms/w/c/d2863ccf42cb2eac/IQBQmPCQzRERR4G5bCAOMqITARU4ddgNhfFkxK2cWENt55w?e=B8Qm9aAll Music Credits are Listed Below:Savfk — “The Travelling Symphony” Licensed under CC BY 4.0 youtube.com/savfkmusic creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Music powered by BreakingCopyright: breakingcopyright.comSong: FilamentsComposer: Scott BuckleyWebsite: youtube.com/user/musicbyscottbLicense: Creative Commons (BY 4.0) creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0Music powered by BreakingCopyright: breakingcopyright.com
I Found Out How Much Of The Ocean Weve Actually Explored A Curious Birb 2026-01-30 | How much of our oceans have we actually explored?This question has bugged me my whole life and for the last 20 years, I've heard the same statistic repeated over and over again. 5%. But is that really true? We've made scientific advancements unlike anything before and space exploration seems to be progressing so much more quickly, so why aren't we exploring our oceans more?Frustrated with that question, I began my research. And before long, I quickly found very VERY different from what I was expecting. In this video, we talk about where the 5% statistic originally came from and why it's not an accurate representation of how much of our oceans we have truly explored to this day.All of this information is based on government papers and data and I hope to provide you all with an answer that I'm sure many of us have been wondering our entire lives.#ocean #science #exploration #nature #animals #oceanlife ______________________________________________________________________________________________I post behind the scenes research and additional fun detail that doesn't make it into each video on my Patreon. This is the best way to support the research, writing and time that goes into the channel.Thank you for watching and enjoying the videos!Patreon: patreon.com/ACuriousBirb_______________________________________________________________________________________________Sources: oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/history/timeline-the-age-or-electronics-2-1946-1970 oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/presidents-panel-on-ocean-exploration-report.pdf#:~:text=The%20Panel%20advocates%20a%20new%20national%20Ocean,%E2%80%9Ceyes%2C%E2%80%9D%20and%20record%20these%20journeys%20for%20posterity. - Original 5% statistic. mbari.org/team/midwater-ecology/#:~:text=The%20largest%20living%20space%20on,%2C%20turtles%2C%20and%20giant%20squid. https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/surprising-elegance-midwater-sea-life#:~:text=As%20in%20all%20habitats%2C%20most,call%20the%20midwater%20their%20home. oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/ocean-fact/dsl https://ocean.si.edu/ecosystems/coral-reefs/deep-sea-corals pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3160336 unesco.org/en/articles/ocean-life-marine-age-discovery marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=stats researchgate.net/publication/233536964_The_Magnitude_of_Global_Marine_Species_Diversity seabed2030.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/seabed_2030_roadmap_v11_2020-2.pdf archive.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/2016-overview/welcome.html archive.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/2015-overview/welcome.html archive.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/explorations-by-year.html oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/satellites-ocean.html#:~:text=Some%20of%20the%20ways%20satellites%20can%20help,in%20the%20water%2C%20such%20as%20coral%20reefs. tos.org/oceanography/assets/docs/20-4_kelley.pdf science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adp8602 oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/noef-2015-report.pdf - Ninety-five percent of the world’s oceans remain unexplored; statements like this need to become a thing of the past https://phe.rockefeller.edu/noef/links/2012_Report_Ocean-Explorations-Second-Decade.pdf gebco.net/data-products/gridded-bathymetry-data seabed2030.org I typically try to include all my sources, but please note this does not include all the sources for this video. There would simply be too many to note down, with over hundreds of pages on NOAA, Seabed 2030, Gebco, and other related sources. So I have generalised as above and also included key papers. _____________________________________________________________________________________________This video uses images and illustrations from Wikimedia Commons, Flickr, and other Creative Commons sources.Unless otherwise stated, all images have been cropped, zoomed, or otherwise modified for video presentation.Full image credits (including authors, licenses, and source links) are available here:FULL IMAGE CREDITS – https://1drv.ms/w/c/d2863ccf42cb2eac/IQDkFNkuVHtUSIIGk4WqgcbmAa3ix_9thvxLqXLTrSJfZ_g?e=OnbWDzAll Music Credits are Listed Below:Music:'The Exodus' by Scott Buckley Licensed under CC-BY 4.0. www.scottbuckley.com.au'The Spaces Between' by Scott Buckley Licensed under CC-BY 4.0. https://www.scottbuckley.com.auSong: FilamentsComposer: Scott BuckleyWebsite: youtube.com/user/musicbyscottbLicense: Creative Commons (BY 4.0) creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0Music powered by BreakingCopyright: breakingcopyright.com
Genius Scientist Proved Birds Can Talk and Use Grammar (Part 2) A Curious Birb 2026-01-15 | For over 20 years, Professor Toshitaka Suzuki dedicated his life to show that birds don't just make noise, but rather, combine sounds in structured ways that resemble complex language. Through years of careful observation and creative experiments, he discovered something incredible: these birds have specific words for objects much like we do and can combine these words to form sentences.We explore this in detail in Part 1: youtu.be/jmys2abx4co?si=iYj4E5pFWiRPwIqvWhere we look at how he proves that birds can in fact talk and use grammar in detail.In this video, we go beyond grammar and into communication itself. Looking at how early birds seem to learn language in their life, whether different species can understand one another, and even whether birds can lie. Together, these findings challenge the idea that language is uniquely human and suggest that communication, meaning and understanding may have evolved far earlier than we once believed. #birds #science #linguistics #nature #animalcommunication ______________________________________________________________________________________________I post behind the scenes research and additional fun detail that doesn't make it into each video on my Patreon. This is the best way to support the research, writing and time that goes into the channel.Thank you for watching and enjoying the videos!Patreon: patreon.com/ACuriousBirb_______________________________________________________________________________________________Research Sources and Other Useful Links:scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=wi9UUksAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdatelink.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11284-016-1339-xlink.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11284-016-1339-xnature.com/articles/srep10239researchgate.net/profile/Toshitaka-Suzuki/publication/262097880_Mobbing_Calls_of_Japanese_Tits_Signal_Predator_Type_Field_Observations_of_Natural_Predator_Encounters/links/5481cc720cf2941f830a0138/Mobbing-Calls-of-Japanese-Tits-Signal-Predator-Type-Field-Observations-of-Natural-Predator-Encounters.pdflink.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13420-019-00374-9https://www.academia.edu/25269600/Referential_mobbing_calls_elicit_different_predator_searching_behaviours_in_Japanese_great_titssciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982210014521Videos of Professor Suzuki:鈴木 俊貴/ 受賞者プレゼンテーション World OMOSIROI Award 10th.Animal Linguistics: Origins and Evolution of Language - Toshitaka Suzuki, The University of TokyoFinnish Program - https://areena.yle.fi/1-3405613Professor Suzuki's profile and homepage:rcast.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/research/people/staff-suzuki_toshitaka.html_____________________________________________________________________________________________This video uses images and illustrations from Wikimedia Commons, Flickr, and other Creative Commons sources.Unless otherwise stated, all images have been cropped, zoomed, or otherwise modified for video presentation.Full image credits (including authors, licenses, and source links) are available here:FULL IMAGE CREDITS – https://1drv.ms/w/c/d2863ccf42cb2eac/IQBvUOFD6t96SIowqJlWHoRAAVs7DJ07-TFAcJCMObQOnb4?e=NXZNwlAll Music Credits are Listed Below:Music:Song: FilamentsComposer: Scott BuckleyWebsite: youtube.com/user/musicbyscottbLicense: Creative Commons (BY 4.0) creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0Music powered by BreakingCopyright: breakingcopyright.com
Octopuses Are Doing Something Very Weird A Curious Birb 2026-01-05 | Octopuses, squid and cuttlefish evolved in a way that looks like no other animal on Earth. They evolved the ability to edit their own RNA while they are still alive. This gives them unique attributes and flexibility, but it also comes with harsh restrictions.In this video, we explore how cephalopods evolved minds that seem to break the standard evolutionary playbook and what their biology reveals about how flexible biology really is. In this video:- Brief Summary of DNA, RNA, Proteins Genetic Adaptation.- What RNA editing allows cephalopods to do that most can't.- Deep dive into research on RNA editing.- What Cephalopods reveal about evolution, cognition and constraints.#nature #evolution #animals #science #animalbehavior #octopus #squid #cuttlefish ____________________________________________________________________________________________I post behind the scenes research and additional fun detail that doesn't make it into each video on my Patreon. This is the best way to support the research, writing and time that goes into the channel.Thank you for watching and enjoying the videos!Patreon: patreon.com/ACuriousBirb?utm_medium=unknown&utm_source=join_link&utm_campaign=creatorshare_creator&utm_content=copyLink__________________________________________________________________________________________Research Sources and Other Useful Links:sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009286742300466X?royalsocietypublishing.org/rsbl/article/13/8/20170314/50545/Nuclear-and-mitochondrial-RNA-editing-systems-havejbc.org/article/S0021-9258(20)50297-4/fulltextsciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867417303446academic.oup.com/mbe/article/38/9/3775/6281225?imrpress.com/journal/FBL/28/10/10.31083/j.fbl2810256academic.oup.com/nar/article/48/8/3999/5809668?login=falsepmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10445230caister.com/cimb/v/v17/23.pdfcaister.com/cimb/abstracts/v17/23.htmlhttps://eic.ec.europa.eu/document/download/0cfc970b-0d8b-4127-8d77-55c2fbe73ab8_en?filename=Stafforst_0.pdfLink to Dr Rosenthal's page! https://www.mbl.edu/research/faculty-directory/Joshua%20Rosenthalhttps://www.mbl.edu/research/research-centers/eugene-bell-center/bell-center-faculty-and-staff/rosenthal-labVideos/Lectures by Dr Rosenthal on the topic!youtube.com/watch?v=He9eQH-U5ygyoutube.com/watch?v=-djeL2NhRtA&t=3045s_____________________________________________________________________________________________This video uses images and illustrations from Wikimedia Commons, Flickr, and other Creative Commons sources.Unless otherwise stated, all images have been cropped, zoomed, or otherwise modified for video presentation.Full image credits (including authors, licenses, and source links) are available here:FULL IMAGE CREDITS – https://1drv.ms/w/c/d2863ccf42cb2eac/IQDsQp9ndZ8mQLzIWr_WsNpwAXTDK98Jl67c-r4TXM5WINw?e=6QjBxmAll Music Credits are Listed Below:Music:Scott Buckley - "The Exodus" Licensed under CC-BY 4.0. www.scottbuckley.com.auScott Buckley — “The Spaces Between” Licensed under CC-BY 4.0 https://www.scottbuckley.com.auSong: FilamentsComposer: Scott BuckleyWebsite: youtube.com/user/musicbyscottbLicense: Creative Commons (BY 4.0) creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0Music powered by BreakingCopyright: breakingcopyright.comSavfk — “The Travelling Symphony” Licensed under CC BY 4.0 youtube.com/savfkmusic creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Music powered by BreakingCopyright: breakingcopyright.com
Why Nature Abandoned Armour A Curious Birb 2025-12-22 | For hundreds of millions of years, armour was one of evolution’s most powerful ideas. From ancient armoured fish, to powerful dinosaurs, the prehistoric world was full of armour.And then… almost all of it disappeared.So what happened?In this video, we follow the rise and fall of armour across Earth’s history. From ancient oceans, to the age of dinosaurs, to the few strange animals that still carry it today. Along the way, we uncover the hidden trade-offs that decide when armour thrives… and when it vanishes.This isn’t just a story about extinct creatures.It’s about energy, environment, predators, and the quiet rules that shape how life survives.#nature #evolution #animals #science #pangolin #armadillos #animalbehavior __________________________________________________________________________Armour has evolved independently many times — in placoderm fish, stegosaurs, ankylosaurs, glyptodonts, armadillos, pangolins, turtles, and more. Yet despite its obvious advantages, most animals today rely on speed, stealth, or cooperation instead.Why?By comparing ancient ecosystems with the modern world, this video explores why armour only works under very specific conditions and why we don't see more large terrestrial animals today have armour.__________________________________________________________________________A few people have asked if I have a Patreon, so I've set one up.I want to be clear there's absolutely no obligation. All videos will continue to be free. This is just a simple way to support the research, writing and time that goes into the channel.Thank you for watching and enjoying the videos.Patreon: patreon.com/ACuriousBirb?utm_medium=unknown&utm_source=join_link&utm_campaign=creatorshare_creator&utm_content=copyLink____________________________________________________________________________This video uses images and illustrations from Wikimedia Commons, Flickr, DeviantArt, and other Creative Commons sources.Unless otherwise stated, all images have been cropped, zoomed, or otherwise modified for video presentation.Zhixin Sun, Fangchen Zhao, Han Zeng, Cui Luo, Heyo Van Iten, Maoyan Zhu, CC BY 4.0 creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Life_on_the_platform_margin_of_the_Miaolingian_sea,_North_China.png"Timeline in haptohyte evolution" Jorijntje Henderiks, Daniela Sturm, Luka Šupraha, and Gerald Langer, CC BY-SA 4.0 creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Timeline_in_haptohyte_evolution.webp"Stethacanthus, Dunkleosteus, Bothriolepis," By ABelov2014. Licensed under CC BY 3.0. Source: DeviantArtdeviantart.com/abelov2014/art/Stethacanthus-Dunkleosteus-Bothriolepis-526710813"A sketch of the Jurassic landscape.," By ABelov2014. Licensed under CC BY 3.0. Source: DeviantArtdeviantart.com/abelov2014/art/A-sketch-of-the-Jurassic-landscape-580810720Full image credits (including authors, licenses, and source links) are available here:FULL IMAGE CREDITS – https://1drv.ms/w/c/d2863ccf42cb2eac/IQBHK6i2wNcwSLgrEtGk2P1FASU_VmXMS47fGHg4pKBqrOY?e=kxtzJcAll music credits are listed below.Music: Song: FilamentsComposer: Scott BuckleyWebsite: youtube.com/user/musicbyscottbLicense: Creative Commons (BY 4.0) creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0Music powered by BreakingCopyright: breakingcopyright.comSong: The Travelling SymphonyComposer: Savfk Licensed under CC BY 4.0 youtube.com/savfkmusic creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Music powered by BreakingCopyright: breakingcopyright.comSong: Journey To The StarsComposer: SavfkWebsite: youtube.com/savfkmusicLicense: Free To Use YouTube license youtube-freeMusic powered by BreakingCopyright: breakingcopyright.comSong: The Spaces BetweenComposer: Scott BuckleyLicensed under CC BY 4.0https://www.scottbuckley.com.au
This Silly Bird Will Make Your Day Better A Curious Birb 2025-12-07 | The potoo looks like a broken branch, a ghostly owl, and a meme creature all at once, but behind its strange appearance is one of evolution’s most unique and fascinating designs.In this video, we explore how the potoo perfected camouflage and how despite its unassuming look, is actually one of the most successful designs in nature.What this video covers:• Why the potoo evolved one of the most effective camouflages in the bird world• How it disguises itself as a broken branch during the day• How it hunts at night with almost no movement• The strange anatomy of its eyes, beak, and posture• How potoos detect predators without looking• Their evolutionary lineage and why their design has lasted for tens of millions of years• The difference between common potoos, great potoos, and long-tailed potoos#animals #animalbehavior #nature #science #evolution #potoo __________________________________________________________________________A few people have asked if I have a Patreon, so I've set one up.I want to be clear there's absolutely no obligation. All videos will continue to be free. This is just a simple way to support the research, writing and time that goes into the channel.Thank you for watching and enjoying the videos.Patreon: patreon.com/ACuriousBirb?utm_medium=unknown&utm_source=join_link&utm_campaign=creatorshare_creator&utm_content=copyLink__________________________________________________________________________________________Image Credits (Wikimedia Commons & Flickr)Wikimedia Commons — CC BY-SA / CC BY / Public DomainCharles J. Sharp — Own work — CC BY-SA 4.0 — modified by A Curious Birb commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=129836256 Ghedoghedo — Own work — CC BY-SA 3.0 — modified by A Curious Birb commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11330243 Duncan Wright — Own work — CC BY-SA 3.0 — modified by A Curious Birb commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4556488 Chiswick Chap — Own work — CC BY-SA 3.0 — modified by A Curious Birb commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30810962 A full list of Creative Commons attributions for this video can be found here: https://1drv.ms/w/c/d2863ccf42cb2eac/IQBF4x0ztYXqQ7a9vN6AgwmJAa02qnCy3bPLrUtPM_Pm_g8?e=rEkthT(Some images in this video have been cropped, adjusted, or lightly modified for clarity and pacing. Full attribution and licensing information (including modification notices) can be found in the linked credits document.)__________________________________________________________________________Music CreditsScott Buckley — “The Spaces Between” Licensed under CC BY 4.0 https://www.scottbuckley.com.auSavfk — “The Travelling Symphony” Licensed under CC BY 4.0 youtube.com/savfkmusic creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0Music powered by Breaking Copyright: breakingcopyright.comPortions of the footage in this video are used with attribution to:James Wolfe — Conservation, Adventure & Wildlife FilmmakerYouTube Channel: youtube.com/@jameswolfenatureOriginal Video Used (short clips):youtube.com/watch?v=b59ZM7fXOSs
This Bird Doesnt Make Any Sense A Curious Birb 2025-11-29 | Arctic Terns travel farther than any animal on Earth, migrating across the globe twice each year and they're able to do this while sleeping! This video is a deep dive into the life of the Arctic Tern, breaking down their unbelievable migration, how they navigate the planet, raise their young and the science behind how they're able to continue flying while asleep.Chapters0:00 Intro1:01 Their Habitat and Features2:27 Leaving the Arctic3:30 Crossing the Atlantic4:15 Wind Patterns across the Equator5:01 Sleeping While Flying6.18 Approaching Antarctica6:55 Antarctica8:30 Returning to the Arctic9:42 Raising Their YoungWhat this video covers:• The Arctic Tern's migration every year• How they eat, drink, navigate and rest without landing• The science of unihemispheric sleep (sleeping while flying)• How they use Earth’s wind systems to travel across the globe• How they reproduce and raise their young#migration #arctictern #animals #animalbehavior #nature #science ____________________________________________________________________________________________A few people have asked if I have a Patreon, so I've set one up.I want to be clear there's absolutely no obligation. All videos will continue to be free. This is just a simple way to support the research, writing and time that goes into the channel.Thank you for watching and enjoying the videos.Patreon: patreon.com/ACuriousBirb?utm_medium=unknown&utm_source=join_link&utm_campaign=creatorshare_creator&utm_content=copyLink__________________________________________________________________________________________Credits:Image Credits:“Arctic Tern on Farne” by Lindsay Robinson, CC BY-SA 2.0, - — modified by A Curious Birb flickr.com/photos/lindsayrobinson1/4046716211Song: Journey To The StarsComposer: SavfkWebsite: youtube.com/savfkmusicLicense: Free To Use YouTube license youtube-freeMusic powered by BreakingCopyright: breakingcopyright.comSong: Fire And ThunderComposer: CjbeardsWebsite: youtube.com/channel/UCarvKz1XSCON68oeSZ1mlkgLicense: Creative Commons (BY 3.0) creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0Music powered by BreakingCopyright: breakingcopyright.comSong: The Travelling SymphonyComposer: SavfkWebsite: youtube.com/savfkmusicLicense: Creative Commons (BY 4.0) creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0Music powered by BreakingCopyright: breakingcopyright.comPortions of the footage in this video are used with attribution to:Richard Sidey - Conservation, Adventure & Wildlife Filmmaker.YouTube Channel: youtube.com/@richardsideyOriginal Videos (Used for short clips): - This is Antarctica - youtu.be/iZN5taTQMKQ?si=XD8OcmienMPXYrWm- Arctic Terns - youtu.be/sGQwg2X_GxI?si=fozJIflDnaWcnlNY
Bird Communication is More Complex Than You Think #animalcommunication #linguistics #birds #nature A Curious Birb 2025-11-04 | Curious on how birds talk? Watch the Full Video Here - youtu.be/jmys2abx4co
Why Do Animals Play Dead? A Curious Birb 2025-11-03 | Why do animals play dead? From birds to snakes to opossums, many creatures in the animal kingdom use a bizarre trick called Thanatosis to survive. This video looks at the various reasons animals play dead from a means of survival to even a predation tactic.This video covers:- What is Thanatosis?- Why do animals play dead?- Unique examples of animals that play dead - Playing dead as a predation tacticHave you ever seen an animal play dead in real life? Let me know in the comments!#animals #science #nature #animalbehavior #biology ____________________________________________________________________________________________A few people have asked if I have a Patreon, so I've set one up.I want to be clear there's absolutely no obligation. All videos will continue to be free. This is just a simple way to support the research, writing and time that goes into the channel.Thank you for watching and enjoying the videos.Patreon: patreon.com/ACuriousBirb?utm_medium=unknown&utm_source=join_link&utm_campaign=creatorshare_creator&utm_content=copyLink
After 20 Years, This Scientist Proved Birds Can Talk and Use Grammar A Curious Birb 2025-10-30 | Part 2 - youtu.be/doj_wt9ER_QFor over two decades, Professor Toshitaka Suzuki dedicated his life to studying the Japanese tit, a small songbird native to Japan’s forests. Through years of careful observation and experiments, he discovered something incredible: these birds use grammar-like rules and combine sounds to form meaning, much like how humans use language.In this video, we explore how his groundbreaking research challenges what we thought we knew about animal communication, and what it might mean for the way we understand intelligence in the natural world.#birds #science #linguistics #nature #animalcommunication ______________________________________________________________________________________________I post behind the scenes research and additional fun information that doesn't make it into each video on my Patreon. This is the best way to support the research, writing and time that goes into the channel.Thank you for watching and enjoying the videos.Patreon: patreon.com/ACuriousBirb______________________________________________________________________________________________Link to Professor Suzuki discussing the topic:youtube.com/watch?v=a-7xz2HlHk4&t=31svimeo.com/871808034youtube.com/watch?v=gi-HQtOt34QResearch Sources and Other Useful Links:scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=wi9UUksAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdatelink.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11284-016-1339-xlink.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11284-016-1339-xnature.com/articles/srep10239researchgate.net/profile/Toshitaka-Suzuki/publication/262097880_Mobbing_Calls_of_Japanese_Tits_Signal_Predator_Type_Field_Observations_of_Natural_Predator_Encounters/links/5481cc720cf2941f830a0138/Mobbing-Calls-of-Japanese-Tits-Signal-Predator-Type-Field-Observations-of-Natural-Predator-Encounters.pdflink.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13420-019-00374-9https://www.academia.edu/25269600/Referential_mobbing_calls_elicit_different_predator_searching_behaviours_in_Japanese_great_titssciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982210014521Professor Suzuki's profile and homepage:rcast.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/research/people/staff-suzuki_toshitaka.html____________________________________________________________________________________________This video uses images and illustrations from Wikimedia Commons, Flickr, and other Creative Commons sources.Unless otherwise stated, all images have been cropped, zoomed, or otherwise modified for video presentation.Full image credits (including authors, licenses, and source links) are available here:FULL IMAGE CREDITS – https://1drv.ms/w/c/d2863ccf42cb2eac/IQBvUOFD6t96SIowqJlWHoRAAVs7DJ07-TFAcJCMObQOnb4?e=NXZNwl
These Pokémon Are Based on a Real Sea Creature A Curious Birb 2025-10-09 | Pokémon designs often come from nature and Shellos and Gastrodon are a perfect example. Meet the real creature that inspired them: the Nudibranch.
