A Crucial Test For Unity - Greece in WW1 I THE GREAT WAR Special @TheGreatWar

The Great War Greece was officially neutral in World War 1. Surrounded by warring nations and under the influence of the great powers, Greek unity was tested during the war in a time of National Schism.

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You can support us by sharing our videos with your friends and spreading the word about our work.You can also support us financially on Patreon: patreon.com/thegreatwar

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Patreon is a platform for creators like us, that enables us to get monthly financial support from the community in exchange for cool perks.

» WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION ABOUT WORLD WAR I AND WHERE ELSE CAN I FIND YOU?
We’re offering background knowledge, news, a glimpse behind the scenes and much more on:
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Twitter: http://bit.ly/WW1Series
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» CAN I EMBED YOUR VIDEOS ON MY WEBSITE?
Of course, you can embed our videos on your website. We are happy if you show our channel to your friends, fellow students, classmates, professors, teachers or neighbours. Or just share our videos on Facebook, Twitter, Reddit etc.

We are also happy to get your feedback, criticism or ideas in the comments. If you have interesting historical questions, just post them and we will answer in our OUT OF THE TRENCHES videos. You can find a selection of answers to the most frequently asked questions here: http://bit.ly/OOtrenches

» CAN I SHOW YOUR VIDEOS IN CLASS?
Of course! Tell your teachers or professors about our channel and our videos. We’re happy if we can contribute with our videos. If you are a teacher and have questions about our show, you can get in contact with us on one of our social media presences.

» WHAT ARE YOUR SOURCES?
Videos: British Pathé
Pictures: Mostly Picture Alliance
Background Map: http://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car=6030&lang=en
Literature (excerpt):
Gilbert, Martin. The First World War. A Complete History, Holt Paperbacks, 2004.
Hart, Peter. The Great War. A Combat History of the First World War, Oxford University Press, 2013.
Hart, Peter. The Great War. 1914-1918, Profile Books, 2013.
Stone, Norman. World War One. A Short History, Penguin, 2008.
Keegan, John. The First World War, Vintage, 2000.
Hastings, Max. Catastrophe 1914. Europe Goes To War, Knopf, 2013.
Hirschfeld, Gerhard. Enzyklopädie Erster Weltkrieg, Schöningh Paderborn, 2004
Michalka, Wolfgang. Der Erste Weltkrieg. Wirkung, Wahrnehmung, Analyse, Seehamer Verlag GmbH, 2000
Leonhard, Jörn. Die Büchse der Pandora: Geschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges, C.H. Beck, 2014

If you want to buy some of the books we use or recommend during our show, check out our Amazon Store: http://bit.ly/AmazonTGW
NOTE: This store uses affiliate links which grant us a commission if you buy a product there.

» WHAT IS “THE GREAT WAR” PROJECT?
THE GREAT WAR covers the events exactly 100 years ago: The story of World War I in realtime. Featuring: The unique archive material of British Pathé. Indy Neidell takes you on a journey into the past to show you what really happened and how it all could spiral into more than four years of dire war. Subscribe to our channel and don’t miss our new episodes every Thursday.

» WHO IS REPLYING TO MY COMMENTS? AND WHO IS BEHIND THIS PROJECT?
Most of the comments are written by our social media manager Florian. He is posting links, facts and backstage material on our social media channels. But from time to time, Indy reads and answers comments with his personal account, too.

The Team responsible for THE GREAT WAR is even bigger:

- CREDITS -
Presented by : Indiana Neidell
Written by: Indiana Neidell
Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig
Director of Photography: Toni Steller
Sound: Toni Steller
Sound Design: Marc Glücks
Editing: Steven Roberts
Motion Design: Philipp Appelt
Research by: Indiana Neidell
Fact checking: Markus Linke

The Great War Theme composed by Karim Theilgaard: http://bit.ly/karimyt

A Mediakraft Networks Original Channel
Based on a concept by Spartacus Olsson
Author: Indiana Neidell
Visual Concept: Astrid Deinhard-Olsson & David van Stephold
Executive Producer: Spartacus Olsson
Producer: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig
Social Media Manager: Florian Wittig

Contains licenced Material by British Pathé
All rights reserved - © Mediakraft Networks GmbH, 2016

updated 8 years ago

A Crucial Test For Unity - Greece in WW1 I THE GREAT WAR Special

The Great War 2016-08-22 | Greece was officially neutral in World War 1. Surrounded by warring nations and under the influence of the great powers, Greek unity was tested during the war in a time of National Schism.

» HOW CAN I SUPPORT YOUR CHANNEL?
You can support us by sharing our videos with your friends and spreading the word about our work.You can also support us financially on Patreon: patreon.com/thegreatwar

You can also buy our merchandise in our online shop: http://shop.spreadshirt.de/thegreatwar/

Patreon is a platform for creators like us, that enables us to get monthly financial support from the community in exchange for cool perks.

» WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION ABOUT WORLD WAR I AND WHERE ELSE CAN I FIND YOU?
We’re offering background knowledge, news, a glimpse behind the scenes and much more on:
reddit: http://bit.ly/TheGreatSubReddit
Facebook: http://bit.ly/WW1FB
Twitter: http://bit.ly/WW1Series
Instagram: http://bit.ly/ZpMYPL

» CAN I EMBED YOUR VIDEOS ON MY WEBSITE?
Of course, you can embed our videos on your website. We are happy if you show our channel to your friends, fellow students, classmates, professors, teachers or neighbours. Or just share our videos on Facebook, Twitter, Reddit etc.

We are also happy to get your feedback, criticism or ideas in the comments. If you have interesting historical questions, just post them and we will answer in our OUT OF THE TRENCHES videos. You can find a selection of answers to the most frequently asked questions here: http://bit.ly/OOtrenches

» CAN I SHOW YOUR VIDEOS IN CLASS?
Of course! Tell your teachers or professors about our channel and our videos. We’re happy if we can contribute with our videos. If you are a teacher and have questions about our show, you can get in contact with us on one of our social media presences.

» WHAT ARE YOUR SOURCES?
Videos: British Pathé
Pictures: Mostly Picture Alliance
Background Map: http://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car=6030&lang=en
Literature (excerpt):
Gilbert, Martin. The First World War. A Complete History, Holt Paperbacks, 2004.
Hart, Peter. The Great War. A Combat History of the First World War, Oxford University Press, 2013.
Hart, Peter. The Great War. 1914-1918, Profile Books, 2013.
Stone, Norman. World War One. A Short History, Penguin, 2008.
Keegan, John. The First World War, Vintage, 2000.
Hastings, Max. Catastrophe 1914. Europe Goes To War, Knopf, 2013.
Hirschfeld, Gerhard. Enzyklopädie Erster Weltkrieg, Schöningh Paderborn, 2004
Michalka, Wolfgang. Der Erste Weltkrieg. Wirkung, Wahrnehmung, Analyse, Seehamer Verlag GmbH, 2000
Leonhard, Jörn. Die Büchse der Pandora: Geschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges, C.H. Beck, 2014

If you want to buy some of the books we use or recommend during our show, check out our Amazon Store: http://bit.ly/AmazonTGW
NOTE: This store uses affiliate links which grant us a commission if you buy a product there.

» WHAT IS “THE GREAT WAR” PROJECT?
THE GREAT WAR covers the events exactly 100 years ago: The story of World War I in realtime. Featuring: The unique archive material of British Pathé. Indy Neidell takes you on a journey into the past to show you what really happened and how it all could spiral into more than four years of dire war. Subscribe to our channel and don’t miss our new episodes every Thursday.

» WHO IS REPLYING TO MY COMMENTS? AND WHO IS BEHIND THIS PROJECT?
Most of the comments are written by our social media manager Florian. He is posting links, facts and backstage material on our social media channels. But from time to time, Indy reads and answers comments with his personal account, too.

The Team responsible for THE GREAT WAR is even bigger:

- CREDITS -
Presented by : Indiana Neidell
Written by: Indiana Neidell
Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig
Director of Photography: Toni Steller
Sound: Toni Steller
Sound Design: Marc Glücks
Editing: Steven Roberts
Motion Design: Philipp Appelt
Research by: Indiana Neidell
Fact checking: Markus Linke

The Great War Theme composed by Karim Theilgaard: http://bit.ly/karimyt

A Mediakraft Networks Original Channel
Based on a concept by Spartacus Olsson
Author: Indiana Neidell
Visual Concept: Astrid Deinhard-Olsson & David van Stephold
Executive Producer: Spartacus Olsson
Producer: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig
Social Media Manager: Florian Wittig

Contains licenced Material by British Pathé
All rights reserved - © Mediakraft Networks GmbH, 2016

The Mexican Revolution - Bandits Turned Heroes (Documentary)

The Great War 2024-10-11 | Get 40% off Ground News' Vantage Plan: https://ground.news/greatwar

The Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 was a conflict of shifting alliances and assassinations, peasant revolutionaries, an attack on US soil, and US intervention in Mexico. The decade of struggle cost hundreds of thousands of lives, resulted in new constitutions and governments, and — for some at least — turned bandits into heroes.

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» THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS
Erik Ritter, Cardboard, Ken Brownfield, David Garfinkle, Raymond Martin, Konstantin Bredyuk, Lisa Anderson, Brad Durbin, Jeremy K Jones, Murray Godfrey, John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje

» SOURCES
Beezley, William H. and Maclachlan, Colin M. “Mexicans in Revolution 1910-1948: An Introduction.” University of Nebraska Press, 2009.

Gilly, Adolfo. “The Mexican Revolution.” El Caballito, 1971.

Holden, Robert and Eric Zolov, eds. Latin America and the United States: A Documentary History. Oxford University Press, 2011.

Hurst, James W. “Pancho Villa and Black Jack Pershing.” Praeger, 2008.

McLynn, Frank. ”Villa and Zapata: A Biography of the Mexican Revolution.” Random House, 2000.

Pershing, John. Punitive Expedition Report. 1916.

Scheuzger, Stephan. “Mexican Revolution.” In 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel et al. Freie Universität Berlin, 2016.

Vera-Estañol, Jorge. “Carranza and his Bolshevik Regime.” UMI, 1992.

Womack, John. “Zapata and the Mexican Revolution.” Alfred A. Knopf, Inc, 1969.

Zapata, Emiliano. “Plan de Ayala” (1911). (https://library.brown.edu/create/modernlatinamerica/chapters/chapter-3-mexico/primary-documents-with-accompanying-discussion-questions/document-6-plan-de-ayala-emilio-zapata-1911/)

»CREDITS
Presented by: Jesse Alexander
Written by: Jesse Alexander
Director: Toni Steller
Editing: Toni Steller
Motion Design: Toni Steller
Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com
Research by: Jesse Alexander, Mark Newton
Fact checking: Jesse Alexander, Florian Wittig
Executive Producer: Florian Wittig
Channel Design: Yves Thimian

Contains licensed material by getty images, AP and Reuters
Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3
All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2024

Was WW1 Pointless? - War Goals Of Every Major Nation

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The First World War is often seen as futile and pointless. Millions of men fought and died for years, but no one was satisfied with the outcome, which did not bring a lasting peace. But that is not how governments and many people saw the war as it was being fought. So what did the countries fighting actually want to achieve? In other words, what was the purpose of the First World War?

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» THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS
Erik Ritter, Cardboard, Ken Brownfield, David Garfinkle, Raymond Martin, Konstantin Bredyuk, Lisa Anderson, Brad Durbin, Jeremy K Jones, Murray Godfrey, John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje

» SOURCES
Afflerbach, Holger. ‘What Was the Great War about? War Aims, Military Strategies and Political Justifications during the First World War,’ in The Purpose of the First World War: War Aims and Military Strategies, ed. Holger Afflerbach. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2015.
Baravelli, Andrea. ‘War Aims and War Aims Discussions (Italy)’ in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel et al.
Chickering, Roger. ‘Strategy, Politics, and the Quest for a Negotiated Peace: The German Case, 1914-1918,’ in The Purpose of the First World War: War Aims and Military Strategies, ed. Holger Afflerbach. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2015.
Jeffrey, Keith. ‘British Strategy and War Aims in the First World War,’ in The Purpose of the First World War: War Aims and Military Strategies, edited by Holger Afflerbach. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2015.
Kolonitskii, Boris. ‘War as Legitimisation of Revolution, Revolution as Justification of War. Political Mobilisations in Russia, 1914-1917,’ in The Purpose of the First World War: War Aims and Military Strategies, edited by Holger Afflerbach. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2015.
Le Naour, Jean-Yves. 1914. La grande illusion. Perrin, 2012.
McMeekin, Sean. The Ottoman Endgame. Penguin, 2015.
Macmillan, Margaret. The Peacemakers: Six Months that Changed the World. John Murray, 2001.

Peeling, Siobhan. “Decree on Peace” in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel et al.
Schattenberg, Susanne. “Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of” in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel et al.
Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David. “War Aims and War Aims Discussions (Russian Empire)” in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel et al.
Soutou, Georges-Henri. “French War Aims and Strategy,” in The Purpose of the First World War: War Aims and Military Strategies, edited by Holger Afflerbach. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2015.
Soutou, Georges-Henri. “War Aims and War Aims Discussions” in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel et al.
Strachan, Hew. The First World War. Vol I: To Arms. Oxford UP, 2001.
Strachan, Hew. “Military Operations and National Policies, 1914-1918” in The Purpose of the First World War: War Aims and Military Strategies, ed. Holger Afflerbach. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2015.
Tison, Stéphane. “War Aims and War Aims Discussions (France)” in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel et al.
Williamson, Jr., Samuel R. “War Aims and War Aims Discussions (Austria-Hungary)” in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel et al.
Yasamee, Feroze. “War Aims and War Aims Discussions (Ottoman Empire)” in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel et al.

»CREDITS
Presented by: Jesse Alexander
Written by: Jesse Alexander
Director: Toni Steller
Editing: Toni Steller
Motion Design: Toni Steller
Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com
Research by: Jesse Alexander, Sophie Soulière
Fact checking: Jesse Alexander, Florian Wittig
Executive Producer: Florian Wittig
Channel Design: Yves Thimian

Contains licensed material by getty images, AP and Reuters
Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3
All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2024

What Happened During the Russian Revolution 1917? (Documentary)

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The Russian February Revolution of 1917 saw the dramatic end of the Romanov dynasty and the creation of a new provisional government. But before 1917 had passed, Russia was gripped by a second revolution - that some have also called a coup. What happened?

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» THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS
Erik Ritter, Cardboard, Ken Brownfield, David Garfinkle, Raymond Martin, Konstantin Bredyuk, Lisa Anderson, Brad Durbin, Jeremy K Jones, Murray Godfrey, John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje

» SOURCES
Badcock, Sarah, “1917: The Weeks When Decades Happened” in Rogatchevskaia, Ekaterina, Russian Revolution: Hope, Tragedy, Myths, (London : British Library, 2017)
Engelstein, Laura, Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War 1914-1921, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2018)
Fitzpatrick, Sheila, The Russian Revolution, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2017)
Kowalski, Ronald, The Russian Revolution: 1917-1921, (London : Routledge, 1997)
Lieven, Dominic, Towards the Flame: Empire, War, and the End of Tsarist Russia, (London : Penguin Ltd, 2015)
McMeekin, Sean, The Russian Revolution: A New History, (New York : Basic Books, 2017)
Sukhanov, N.N. The Russian Revolution 1917: A Personal Record, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1955)

» OUR SISTER CHANNEL
youtube.com/realtimehistory

»CREDITS
Presented by: Jesse Alexander
Written by: Mark Newton, Jesse Alexander
Director: Toni Steller
Editing: Toni Steller
Motion Design: Toni Steller
Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com
Research by: Mark Newton
Fact checking: Jesse Alexander
Executive Producer: Florian Wittig
Channel Design: Yves Thimian

Contains licensed material by getty images, AP and Reuters
Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3
All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2024

Why The First World War Failed to End in 1914 (WW1 Documentary)

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In the summer of 1914, following the assassination of archduke Franz Ferdinand the July Crisis, the Great Powers of Europe went to war. Everyone expected a short war "over by Christmas" but instead the war turned into a colossal struggle on multiple fronts and trench warfare set in.

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» THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS
Erik Ritter, Cardboard, Ken Brownfield, David Garfinkle, Raymond Martin, Konstantin Bredyuk, Lisa Anderson, Brad Durbin, Jeremy K Jones, Murray Godfrey, John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje

» SOURCES
Afflerbach, Holger. Auf Messers Schneide. Wie das Deutsche Reich den Ersten Weltkrieg Verlor. CH Beck, 2022.
Clark, Alan. The Eastern Front 1914-1918. Suicide of the Empires. Windrush, 1999 (1971).
Hart, Peter. The Great War 1914-1918. Profile Book, 2013.
Holzer, Anton. Das Lächeln der Henker. Der unbekannte Krieg gegen die Zivilbevölkerung 1914-1918. Primus, 2008.
Le Naour, Jean-Yves. 1914. La grande illusion. Perrin, 2016.
Lloyd, Nick. The Eastern Front. Penguin, 2024.
Palmer, Svetlana and Sarah Willis. A War in Words. Pocket Books, 2003.
Watson, Alexander. Ring of Steel. Germany and Austria-Hungary at War, 1914-1918. Penguin, 2014.
Addington, Larry. The Patterns of War since the Eighteenth Century. 2nd ed. Bloomington, 1994.
Ashworth, T. Trench warfare, 1914-18 : The Live And Let Live System. 2000.
Doyle, Peter and Robin Schaefer. Fritz and Tommy: Across the Barbed Wire. 2016.
Griffith, P. and Dennis, P. Fortifications of the Western Front 1914–18. 2013.
Ferro, Marc. La Grande guerre : 1914-1918. 1968.
Hart, Peter. The Great War 1914-1918. 2014.
Imperial General Staff. Field entrenchments : spadework for riflemen, hasty fire-cover, fire-trenches, communications, concealment, obstruction, shelters. 1916.
Kendall, P. Aisne 1914: The Dawn of Trench Warfare. 2012.
Linnenkohl, Hans. Vom Einzelschuss zum Feuerhagel. Die Entwicklung der Artillerie- und Infanteriebewaffnung im Ersten Weltkrieg. 1990.
Legrand-Girarde, E. and H. Plessis. Manuel complet de fortification. 1909. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5675591g
Loez, André (ed.). Mondes en guerre. Tome III : Guerres mondiales et impériales 1870-1945. 2020.
Palmer, Svetlana and Sarah Wallis. A War in Words. 2003.
Saunders, A. Trench Warfare, 1850–1950. 2010.
Strachan, Hew. The First World War. Vol 1: To Arms. 2003.
Zabecki, D. “Military Developments of World War I” in 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/military_developments_of_world_war_i
Stevenson, David. 1914-1918: the History of the First World War. 2004.
Albertini, Luigi, The Origins of the War of 1914: Volume II, (Westport, CT : Greenwood Press, Publishers 1980)
Becker, Jean-Jacques & Krumeich, Gerd, “Outbreak” in Winter, Jay (ed), The Cambridge History of the First World War: Volume I, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2013)
Berghahn, Volker R., “Origins” in Winter, Jay (ed), The Cambridge History of the First World War: Volume I, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2013)
Bischof, Günter & Karlhofer, Ferdinand (eds), 1914: Austria-Hungary, the Origins, and the First Year of World War I, (Innsbruck : Innsbruck University Press, 2014)
Clark, Christopher, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914, (London : Penguin Books, 2013)
Hamilton, Richard F. & Herwig, Holger H. (eds), The Origins of World War I, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2012)

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»CREDITS
Presented by: Jesse Alexander
Written by: Jesse Alexander
Director: Toni Steller
Editing: Philipp Appelt, Toni Steller
Motion Design: Philipp Appelt, Toni Steller
Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com
Research by: Jesse Alexander
Fact checking: Mark Newton, Florian Wittig
Executive Producer: Florian Wittig
Channel Design: Yves Thimian

Contains licensed material by getty images, AP and Reuters
Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3
All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2024

The Battle of the Somme (WW1 Documentary)

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The Battle of the Somme was one of the bloodiest of the First World War. From July to November 1916, millions of men struggled to fight in mud, under crushing shellfire, or in a hail of machine gun bullets. The Somme has been a synonym for the futility of trench warfare, but also the subject of fierce debate – who really won the battle of the Somme?

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» THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS
Erik Ritter, Cardboard, Ken Brownfield, David Garfinkle, Raymond Martin, Konstantin Bredyuk, Lisa Anderson, Brad Durbin, Jeremy K Jones, Murray Godfrey, John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje

» SOURCES
Afflerbach, Holger. Auf Messers Schneide. Wie das Deutsche Reich den Ersten Weltkrieg Verlor. CH Beck, 2022.
Ferguson, Niall. The Pity of War. Basic Books, 2009.
Haig, Douglas. “Despatch to the Secretary of State for War.” Supplement to London Gazette, December 29, 1916.
Hart, Peter. The Great War 1914-1918. Profile Book, 2013.
Keegan, John. The First World War. Vintage Canada, 1998.
Palmer, Svetlana and Sarah Willis. A War in Words. Pocket Books, 2003.
Stevenson, David. 1914 1918. The History of the First World War. Penguin, 2013.
Le Naour, Jean-Yves. 1916: l’enfer. Perrin, 2014.
Maufrais, Louis, et Martine Veillet. J’étais médecin dans les tranchées. Robert Laffond, 2008.
Watson, Alexander. Ring of Steel. Germany and Austria-Hungary at War, 1914-1918. Penguin, 2014.

» OUR SISTER CHANNEL
youtube.com/realtimehistory

»CREDITS
Presented by: Jesse Alexander
Written by: Jesse Alexander
Director: Toni Steller
Editing: Toni Steller
Motion Design: Toni Steller, Philipp Appelt
Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com
Research by: Jesse Alexander
Fact checking: Florian Wittig
Executive Producer: Florian Wittig
Channel Design: Yves Thimian

Contains licensed material by getty images, AP and Reuters
Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3
All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2024

Why Britain Lost The Irish War of Independence (4K Documentary)

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Great Britain had emerged victorious from the First World War, and ruled over an even larger empire than before . But many in Ireland were unhappy with British rule, and over the next two years, Irish republicans won their independence – so how did the mighty British empire lose the Anglo-Irish War?

» THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS
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» SOURCES
Cottrell, Peter, The Irish Civil War 1922-23, (Oxford : Osprey Publishing, 2015)
De Valera, Eamon & Moynihan, Maurice, Speeches and Statements by Eamon de Valera, 1917-73, (Dublin : Gill and Macmillan, 1980)
Gibbons, Ivan, Partition: How and Why Ireland Was Divided, (London : Haus Publishing, 2021)
Bowen, Tom, “The Irish Underground and the War of Independence 1919-21” Journal of Contemporary History Vol. 8, No. 2 (Apr., 1973), pp. 3-23
Hopkinson, Michael, The Irish War of Independence, (Montreal & Kingston : McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2002)
Knirck, Jason. Imagining Ireland's Independence: The Debates Over the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921. Rowman & Littlefield, 2006.
Leeson, David, The Black and Tans: British Police and Auxiliaries in the Irish War of Independence, 1920-1921, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2011)
Lowe, W.J., “Who Were the Black-and-Tans”, History Ireland (Autumn 2004)
Townshend, Charles, The Republic: The Fight for Irish Independence 1918-1923, (London : Penguin Books, 2013)
Hawkings, F. M. A. “Defence and the Role of Erskine Childers in the Treaty Negotiations of 1921”, Irish Historical Studies, Vol. 22, No. 87 (Mar., 1981)
Hart, Peter: “The IRA and Its Enemies” (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998)
Harvey, A.D: “Who Were the Auxiliaries?” The Historical Journal, Vol. 35, No. 3 (Sep. 1992)
Hopkinson, Michael: “The Irish War of Independence” (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2002)
Leeson, David: “The Black and Tans: British Police and Auxiliaries in the Irish War of Independence, 1920-1921” (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011)
McMahon, Sean: “The War of Independence” (Cork: Mercier Press, 2019)
O’Brien, Paul: “Havoc: The Auxiliaries in Ireland’s War of Independence” (Cork: Collins Press, 2017)
Riddell, George: “Lord Riddell’s Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and After: 1918-1923” (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1933)
Roxbourgh, Ian: “The Military: The Mutual Determination of Strategy in Ireland, 1912-1921” in Duyvendak, Jan Willem & Jasper, James M. (eds) “Breaking Down the State: Protesters Engaged” (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2015)
Townshend, Charles: “The Republic: The Fight for Irish Independence 1918-1923” (London: Penguin Books, 2014)
“Tubbercurry" Manchester Guardian, 4 October 1920.
Hugh Martin: "'Black and Tan' Force a Failure" Daily News 4 October 1920.
Dolan, Anne. “Killing the Bloody Sunday: November 1920” The Historical Journal
Vol. 49, No. 3 (Sep., 2006)
Hopkinson, Michael. “The Irish War of Independence” (Montreal & Kingston : McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2002)
“The Macroom Ambush” The Irish Independent, January 17 1921
McMahon, Sean. “The War of Independence” (Cork : Mercier Press, 2019)
O’Brien, Paul. “Havoc: The Auxiliaries in Ireland’s War of Independence” (Cork : Collins Press, 2017)
Ridley, Nicholas. “Michael Collins and the Financing of Violent Political Struggle” (New York : Routledge, 2018)
Roxbourgh, Ian. “The Military: The Mutual Determination of Strategy in Ireland, 1912-1921” in Duyvendak, Jan Willem & Jasper, James M. (eds) Breaking Down the State: Protesters Engaged, (Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press, 2015)
Ryan, Meda. “The Kilmichael Ambush, 1920: Exploring the 'Provocative Chapters”, History, Vol. 92, No. 2 (306) (APRIL 2007)

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Why WW1 Turned Into Trench Warfare (WW1 Documentary)

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Trench Warfare is one of the lasting symbols of the First World War, especially on the Western Front. But when the war began, the German and French armies envisioned sweeping advances and defeating the enemy swiftly. So, how and why did the Western Front in 1914 turn into the trench system we associate with WW1?

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» SOURCES
Addington, Larry. The Patterns of War since the Eighteenth Century. 2nd ed. Bloomington, 1994.

Ashworth, T. Trench warfare, 1914-18 : The Live And Let Live System. 2000.

Doyle, Peter and Robin Schaefer. Fritz and Tommy: Across the Barbed Wire. 2016.

Griffith, P. and Dennis, P. Fortifications of the Western Front 1914–18. 2013.

Ferro, Marc. La Grande guerre : 1914-1918. 1968.

Hart, Peter. The Great War 1914-1918. 2014.

Imperial General Staff. Field entrenchments : spadework for riflemen, hasty fire-cover, fire-trenches, communications, concealment, obstruction, shelters. 1916.

Kendall, P. Aisne 1914: The Dawn of Trench Warfare. 2012.

Linnenkohl, Hans. Vom Einzelschuss zum Feuerhagel. Die Entwicklung der Artillerie- und Infanteriebewaffnung im Ersten Weltkrieg. 1990.

Legrand-Girarde, E. and H. Plessis. Manuel complet de fortification. 1909. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5675591g

Loez, André (ed.). Mondes en guerre. Tome III : Guerres mondiales et impériales 1870-1945. 2020.

Palmer, Svetlana and Sarah Wallis. A War in Words. 2003.

Philpott, W. (2021). Warfare 1914-1918 | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1). [online] 1914-1918-online.net. Available at: encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/warfare_1914-1918 [Accessed 16 Sep. 2023]. 

Saunders, A. Trench Warfare, 1850–1950. 2010.

Strachan, Hew. The First World War. Vol 1: To Arms. 2003.

Zabecki, D. “Military Developments of World War I” in 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/military_developments_of_world_war_i

Philpott, William. “Warfare 1914-1918,” in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/warfare_1914-1918

Stevenson, David. 1914-1918: the History of the First World War. 2004.

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The Battle of Verdun (WW1 Documentary)

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The Battle of Verdun represents the worst of trench warfare and the suffering of the soldiers in the minds of millions – and for many, the cruel futility of the First World War. But why did Germany decide to attack Verdun in the first place and why didn't they stop after their initial attack failed?

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» SOURCES
Bourlet, Michaël. Verdun 1916. La guerre de mouvement dans un mouchoir de poche. 2023.
Krumeich, Gerd. «SAIGNER LA FRANCE»? MYTHES ET RÉALITÉ DE LA STRATÉGIE ALLEMANDE DE LA BATAILLE DE VERDUN, » Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains, No. 182 (Avril 1996), pp. 17-29
Holstein, Christina. “The Battle of Verdun” Salient Points, vol 2 (12): 35-45.
Horne, Alastair. The Price of Glory. Verdun 1916. 1993 (1962).
Eberholst, Nicolai. “Ragnarok”. Salient Points, vol 2 (12): 65-70.
Lyons, Alex. “Twelve Days in Hell.” Salient Points, vol 2 (12): 77-84.
Bruce, Robert B. “To the Last Limits of Their Strength The French Army and the Logistics of Attrition at the Battle of Verdun 21 February – 18 December 1916.” Army History, no. 45, 1998, pp. 9–21.
Julien, Elise. “Verdun, Site of Memory.” International Encyclopedia of the First World War, 1 Apr. 2021, encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/verdun_site_of_memory.
Martin, William. Verdun 1916: “They Shall Not Pass.” (2001).
von Mellenthin, H. H. “Verdun: The Epic of the War.” Current History (1916-1940), vol. 4, no. 3, 1916, pp. 432–37.
Maufrais, Louis, et Martine Veillet. J’étais médecin dans les tranchées. 2008.
Afflerbach, Holger. Auf Messers Schneide. Wie das Deutsche Reich den Ersten Weltkrieg verlor (2018)
Lunn, Joe. Memoirs of the Maelstrom. A Senegalese Oral History of the First World War. (1999).
Osburg, Rolf-Rüdiger. Hineingeworfen. Der Erste Weltkrieg in den Erinnerungen seiner Teilnehmer. 2009.
Hart, Peter. The Great War 1914-1918. 2014.

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Snipers in World War 1 (Documentary)

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In fall 1914, the British and French armies on the First World Wadustr’s Western Front were wrestling with a problem: unseen German riflemen were picking off any man who showed himself above the trench. Something had to be done about it – and the result was the birth of the modern sniper.

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» SOURCES
Campana, Michele. Perchè ho Ucciso. 1918.

Goya, Michel. “Une brève histoire des snipers 2e partie : les chasseurs industriels.”
lavoiedelepee.blogspot.com/2021/05/la-voie-de-lepee-une-breve-histoire-des.html

Pegler, Martin. Sniping in the Great War. 2008.

Plaster, John. The History of Sniping and Sharpshooting. 2008.

Schäfer, Robin. “‘The men behind the scope’: German snipers in the First World War, part 2.” irontime.substack.com/p/the-men-behind-the-scope-german-snipers

Schäfer, Robin. “’A Dirty Duty Well Performed: German Snipers in the First World War.’” irontime.substack.com/p/a-dirty-duty-well-performed-german

Uyar, Mesut. The Ottoman Army in the First World War. 2020

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How the First World War Created the Middle East Conflicts (Documentary)

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The modern Middle East is a region troubled by war, terrorism, weak and failed states, and civil unrest. But how did it get this way? The map of today’s Middle East was mostly drawn after the First World War, and the war that planted many of the seeds of conflict that still plague Israel, Palestine, Iraq, Syria and even Iran today.

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» SOURCES
Allawi, Ali. Faisal I of Iraq (Yale University Press, 2014).
Bickerton, Ian & Klausner, Carla L. A History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, (Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall, 2007)
Cohen, Hillel, “Zionism as a blessing to the Arabs”, in Cohen, Michael J (ed.), The British Mandate in Palestine: A Centenary Volume, 1920–2020, (London : Routledge 2020)
Fromkin, David. A Peace to End All Peace (Macmillan, 2009 [1989]).
Halamish, Aviva, “Jewish Immigration” in Cohen, Michael J (ed.), The British Mandate in Palestine: A Centenary Volume, 1920–2020, (London : Routledge 2020)
Jabotinsky, Ze’ev, “The Iron Wall” (1923) http://en.jabotinsky.org/media/9747/the-iron-wall.pdf
Kadhim, Abbas. Reclaiming Iraq: the 1920 revolution and the founding of the modern state (U of Texas Press, 2012).
Karsh, Efraim & Karsh, Inari, Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East 1789-1923, (Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press, 1999)
Karsh, Efraim, Palestine Betrayed, (New Haven : Yale University Press, 2010)
Kessler, Oren, “1921 Jaffa riots 100 years on: Mandatory Palestine’s 1st ‘mass casualty’ attack” The Times of Israel, (May 2021) timesofisrael.com/1921-jaffa-riots-100-years-on-mandatory-palestines-1st-mass-casualty-event
Khalidi, Rashid, “The Balfour Declaration from the Perspective of the Palestinian People”, United Nations, (November 2017) un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Lecture-by-Prof.-Rashid-Khalidi-100-years-since-Balfour-Decl-UN-2Nov2017.pdf
Khalidi, Rashid, The Hundred Years' War on Palestine: a History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917-2017, (New York : Metropolitan Books, 2020)
“King-Crane Commission Digital Collection” Oberlin College Library. http://dcollections.oberlin.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/kingcrane/id/722/rec/32
Naaman, Abdullah. Le Liban: histoire d’une nation inachevée.
Paris, Timothy J. Britain, The Hashemites and Arab Rule 1920-1925, (London : Frank Cass, 2003)
Provence, Michael, The Last Ottoman Generation and the Making of the Modern Middle East, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2017)
Regan, Bernard, The Balfour Declaration: Empire, Mandate and Resistance in Palestine, (London : Verso, 2017)
Safty, Adel, Might over Right: How the Zionists Took Over Palestine, (Reading : Garnet Publishing, 2009)
Schindler, Colin, “The origins of militant Zionism during the British Mandate” in Cohen, Michael J (ed.), The British Mandate in Palestine: A Centenary Volume, 1920–2020, (London : Routledge 2020)
Schneer, Jonathan, The Balfour Declaration: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, (New York : Random House, 2013)
Segev, Tom, One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs under the British mandate, (London : Abacus, 2014)
Stein, Kenneth W. “Zionist land acquisition” in Cohen, Michael J (ed.), The British Mandate in Palestine: A Centenary Volume, 1920–2020, (London : Routledge 2020)

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World War Zero: 3 Conflicts That Foreshadowed WW1 (Full Documentary)

The Great War 2023-11-23 | If you want to know about another important war that set the stage for WW1, check out our Franco-Prussian War documentary: youtu.be/vWZz-lHCu-M?si=GfrdJgJwnVKWlAjg

00:00 Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905
28:43 Italo-Turkish War 1911-1912
57:47 Balkan Wars 1912-1913

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CHAPTER 1: youtu.be/deuzVsKMsTA
CHAPTER 2: youtu.be/xJepy18PAlM
CHAPTER 3: youtu.be/H_cXXePNW9w

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Why Germany Lost the First World War (Documentary)

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Germany's defeat in the First World War has been blamed on all kinds of factors or has even been denied outright as part of the stab in the back myth. But why did Germany actually lose?

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» SOURCES
Leonard P. Ayers, ed. The war with Germany: a statistical summary. 1919.
Stevenson, David. With Our Backs to the Wall. Victory and Defeat in 1918. 2011.
Stevenson, David. 1914-1918. The History of the First World War. 2012.
Ferguson, Niall. The Pity of War. Explaining World War I. 1999.
Hart, Peter. The Great War 1914-1918. 2013.
Watson, Alexander. Ring of Steel. Germany and Austria Hungary at War. 2014.
Zroka, Ryan. “If Only This War Would End:” German Soldiers in the Last Year of the First World War. PhD Dissertation, University of California San Diego, 2013.
Afflerbach, Holger. Auf Messers Schneide. Wie das Deutsche Reich den Ersten Weltkrieg verlor. 2018.
Tunstall, Grayden. „The Military Collapse of the Central Powers.” encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/the_military_collapse_of_the_central_powers
Goya, Michel. Les Vainqueurs: Comment la France a gagné la Grande Guerre. 2018.
Keegan, John. The First World War. 2000.

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Was Cavalry Useless in the First World War?

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The First World War was a catalyst for modern warfare with tanks, poison gas, flamethrowers and more. Cavalry didn't have a place anymore on the modern battlefield - or so the common misconception goes. In this video we show how useful cavalry still was in WW1.

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» SOURCES
Anglesey, Marquess of A History of the British Cavalry 1816-1919 Volume 5: 1914-1919 Egypt, Palestine & Syria, (Barnsley: Leo Cooper, 1994).

Anglesey, Marquess of, A History of the British Cavalry 1816-1919 Volume 8: 1915-1918, Epilogue, 1919-1939, (Barnsley: Leo Cooper, 1997) Kindle Edition.

Bou, Jean, Light Horse: A History of Australia’s Mounted Arm, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).

Cavalry Training, 1915, reprint edition (Brambleside: The Naval & Military Press Ltd.).

Kenyon, David, Horsemen in No Man’s Land: British Cavalry & Trench Warfare 1914-1918 (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books Ltd., 2011).

Littauer, Vladimir, Russian Hussar: A Story of The Imperial Cavalry, 1911-1920, (Shippensburg, White Mane Publishing, 1993).

Mallet, Christian, Impressions and Experiences of a French Trooper, 1914-1915 (New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, 1916).

The Cavalry School, Cavalry Combat (Harrisburg: The Telegraph Press, 1937).

The Cavalry School, History of Cavalry During the World War, (Fort Riley: Quartermaster Corps Printing Plant, 1923).

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The Death of the Russian Army 1917 (WW1 Documentary)

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As 1917 began, the Russian army was larger and better-equipped than ever before. Within weeks, the Tsar and his dynasty were gone, and by the summer, the Russian army was disintegrating before the eyes of its generals – but how exactly did one of the most powerful armies in the world collapse?

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» SOURCES
Engelstein Laura. Russia in Flames : War, Revolution, Civil War, 1914–1921 (NY.: OUP, 2018).

Figes, Orlando. A People’s Tragedy.

Stone, David. The Russian Army in the Great War: The Eastern Front, 1914-1917 (Kansas UP, 2015).

Gulʹ, Roman. (1966). Oral history interview with Roman Borisovich Gul' 1966. Columbia Digital Library Collections [Columbia University Libraries]. [Oral histories sound recording]. Retrieved from doi.org/10.7916/d8-ymra-bx03
Palmer, Svetlana and Sarah Wallis. A War in Words (London: Simon and Shuster, 2003).

Reese R. Roger. The Imperial Russian Army in Peace, War, and Revolution, 1856–1917 (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2019).

Smele, Jonathan. The ‘Russian’ Civil Wars 1916-1926 (London: Hurst, 2015).

Асташов А.Б. Русский фронт в 1914 ֊ начале 1917 года: военный опыт
и современность (Москва : Новый хронограф, 2014).

Базанов С.Н. Великая война: как погибала Русская армия (Москва: Вече, 2014).

Гребёнкин И. Н. Разложение российской армии в 1917 г.: факторы и акторы процесса // Новейшая история России. 2014. № 3. С. 145-161.

Доброволицы. Сборник воспоминаний (Москва: Русский путь, 2001)

Уайлдман А. Разложение императорской армии в 1917 г. // Критический словарь Русской революции. СПб.: Нестор-История, 2014. С. 78-87.

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The Deadliest Day of WW1

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What was the deadliest day of any nation in WW1? There are multiple candidates for that, but why should we even care? Well, the answer to this question highlights a challenge with popular memory that is often focused on the biggest battles of the war like the Somme or Verdun.

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» SOURCES
Arthur, John. The Seventeenth Highland Light Infantry. (Glasgow Chamber of Commerce Battalion) Record of war Service, 1914-1918. David Clarke, Glasgow, 1920.

Desaubliaux, Robert, La ruée, journal d'un poilu. Paris, éditions des Presses de la Renaissance, 2005 (première édition 1919).

Doughty, Robert A. Pyrrhic Victory. Harvard University Press. Kindle Edition.

Duclos, Jean, and Louis-Jean Duclos. 2012. Notes de campagne, 1914-1916: suivies d'un épilogue, 1917-1925, et commentées par son fils, Louis-Jean Duclos. Paris: Harmattan.

Greenhalgh, Elizabeth. The French Army and the First World War (Armies of the Great War) Cambridge University Press. Kindle Edition.

Historique du 2e régt [ régiment ] de marche de zouaves du 2 août 1914 au 11 novembre 1918

https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63583121

Historique du 5e régiment de hussards pendant la guerre 1914-1918

https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6228021w

https://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/

Jünger, Ernst. The Storm of Steel: Original 1929 Translation. Mystery Grove Publishing Co., LLC. Kindle Edition.

Pointel, Bernard, Baguer-Pican de Napoléon à nos jours, 1800-1994, Dinan, Grand Ouest Editions, 2000 cited in: Erwan Le Gall. Le 47e régiment d’infanterie pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Histoire. Université Rennes 2, 2019.

Rachamimov, Alon. POWs and the Great War: Captivity on the Eastern Front, New York, Berg Publishers, 2002.

Sheldon, Jack. The German Army on the Western Front 1915. Pen & Sword Books. Kindle Edition.

Smith, Leonard V. Between Mutiny and Obedience: The Case of the French Fifth Infantry Division during World War I: 225 (Princeton Legacy Library) Princeton University Press. Kindle Edition.

1jour1poilu.com

Veaux, Georges. En Suivant Nos Soldats De L'ouest: Carnet De Route Publie Avec L'autorisation Du Ministe Re De La Guerre. Charleroi - Guise - La Retraite - La Marne - La Poursuite - Reims - Craonne - La Course a La Mer - Arras -Vermelles - L'Yser. Rennes: Impr. Oberthur, 1917.

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How Poland Stopped the Red Army in 1920

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The Polish-Soviet War was one of the most important conflicts in the aftermath of the First World War when Eastern Europe was in flux. Both the Polish and the Bolshevik Army had the advantage numerous times and at the Battle of Warsaw is looked like the Bolsheviks would carry the revolution into Western Europe.

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» SOURCES
Smele, Jonathan. The ‘Russian’ Civil Wars 1916-1926 (London: Hurst, 2015).
Mawdsley, Evan. The Russian Civil War (New York: Pegasus Books, 2005).
Leonhard, Jörn. Der überforderte Frieden. Versailles und die Welt 1918-1923 (CH Beck, 2018).
Macmillan, Margaret. The Peacemakers: Six Months That Changed the World (London: John Murray, 2001)
Dudko, Oksana: Polish-Ukrainian Conflict over Eastern Galicia , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2014-10-08 encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/polish-ukrainian_conflict_over_eastern_galicia
Davies, Norman. White Eagle Red Star (Random House, 2003 (1972))

Böhler, Jochen. Civil War in Central Europe, 1918-1921 (Oxford University Press, 2019)
Timothy Snyder. The Reconstruction of Nations. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003)
Centek, Jarosław: Polish-Soviet War 1920-1921 , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2014-10-08
Borzecki, Jerzy. The Polish-Soviet Peace of 1921 and the Creation of Interwar Europe (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2008)
Engelstein, Laura. Russia in Flames (Oxford University Press, 2017).
Lehnstaedt, Stephan. Der Vergessene Sieg. Der Polnisch-Sowjetische Krieg 1919-1921 und die Entstehung des modernen Osteuropa (CH Beck, 2019)

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Spains Forgotten War in North Africa

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The Rif War between Spain and the Rif Republic gave rise to a young Spanish officer named Francisco Franco - who later would become Spanish dictator. After Spain had almost lost the war against the Rifi people, they got help from France and WW1 hero Philippe Pétain.

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» SOURCES
Álvarez, José E., The Betrothed of Death: The Spanish Foreign Legion During the Rif Rebellion, 1920-1927, (Westport, CT : Greenwood Press, 2001)

Balfour, Sebastian & La Porte, Pablo, “Spanish Military Cultures and the Moroccan
Wars, 1909–36”, European History Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 3, (2000)

Chandler, James M. “Spain and Her Moroccan Protectorate 1898 - 1927”, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 10, No. 2, (1975)

Harris, Walter B,. France, Spain and the Rif, (London : Edward Arnold & Co., 1927)

Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce, “Abdelkrim: Whose Hero is He? The Politics of Contested Memory in Today's Morocco”, The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. 18, No. 2, (2012)

Pack, Sasha D, The Deepest Border : The Strait of Gibraltar and the Making of the Modern Hispano-African Borderland, (Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press, 2019)

Pennell, C R, A Country with a Government and a Flag: the Rif War in Morocco, 1921-1926, (Wisbech : Middle East and North African Studies Press Ltd, 1986)

Pennell, C R, “Ideology and Practical Politics: A Case Study of the Rif War in Morocco, 1921-1926”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, (1982)

Peyron, Michael, The Berbers of Morocco: A History of Resistance, (London : Bloomsbury, 2020)

Sangster, Andrew, Probing the Enigma of Franco, (Cambridge : Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018)

Woolman, David S. Rebels in the Rif: Abd el Krim and the Rif Rebellion, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1969)

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The British-Boer War 1899-1902 - First Modern War?

The Great War 2023-02-17 | The 2nd Boer War saw the British Empire bring to bear the entire imperial might to put to rest a dispute with the Boer Republics in South Africa. With scorched earth tactics and the use of concentration camps, the Boer War was a glimpse of what was to come in 20th century warfare.

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» SOURCES
• Leo Amery (ed.) The Times History of the War in South Africa, 7 Volumes, (London, William Clowes, 1902-1909)
• A British Officer, An Absent Minded War (London, Milne, 1900)
• Thomas Pakenham, The Boer War (London, Abacus, 1979)
• John Gooch (ed.) The Boer War: Direction, Image and Experience (London, Frank Cass, 1999)
• Fransjohan Pretorius, Life on Commando (Cape Town, Human & Rousseau, 2000)
• Fransjohan Pretorius, The Historical Dictionary of the Anglo-Boer War (Lanham, Scarecrow Press, 2010)
• Peter Trew, The Boer War Generals (Johannesburg, Jonathan Ball, 1999)
• S.B. Spies, Methods of Barbarism? Roberts and Kitchener and Civilians in the Boer Republics (Cape Town, Human & Rousseau, 1977)
• Emily Hobhouse, The Brunt of War and Where it Fell (London, Methuen & Co., 1902)
• Deneys Reitz, Commando (London, Faber & Faber, 1905)
• Peter Warwick (ed.) The South African War (Harlow, Longman, 1980)
• Spencer Jones, From Boer War to World War: Tactical Reform of the British Army 1902 – 1914 (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 2012)
• Spencer Jones, 'Shooting Power: A Study of the Effectiveness of Boer and British Rifle Fire, 1899-1914' in the British Journal for Military History, Vol.1, Issue 1, 2014.
• Bill Nasson, The South African War 1899 – 1902 (London, Arnold, 1999)
• Stephen Miller, Volunteers on the Veld: Britain’s Citizen Soldiers and the South African War 1899-1902 (Norman, University of Oklahoma, 2007)
• Fred R. van Hartesveldt, The Boer War: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography (London, Greenwood, 2000)
• Peter Dennis and Jeffrey Grey (ed.), The Boer War: Army, Nation and Empire (Canberra, Army History Unit, 2000)
• John Stirling, Our Regiments in South Africa (London, W. Blackwood, 1903)
• Winston S. Churchill, London to Ladysmith via Pretoria (London, Longmans, Green & Co, 1900)
• Ian Hamilton and Victor Sampson, Anti-Commando (London, Faber & Faber, 1931)
• Andre Wessels (ed.) Lord Roberts and the War in South Africa 1899 – 1902 (London, Army Records Society, 2000)
• Andre Wessels (ed.) Lord Kitchener and the War in South Africa 1899 – 1902 (London, Army Records Society, 2006)
• Roy Jenkins, Churchill. A Biography, (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2001)

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Battle of Cambrai 1917: The Dawn of Tank Warfare (WW1 Documentary)

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The Battle of Cambrai 1917 didn't have a clear winner, but the conclusions that Germany and Britain drew from it, particularly about the use of the tank (in combinations with other arms), would have far reaching consequences in 1918.

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» SOURCES
Boff, Jonahan. Haig’s Enemy. 2018.

Hammond, Bryn. Cambrai 1917: The Myth of the First Great Tank Battle. 2008.

Pöhlmann, Markus. Der Panzer und die Mechanisierung des Krieges: eine deutsche Geschichte 1890-1945. 2016.

Sheldon, Jack. The German Army at Cambrai. 2009.

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How the US Army Won The Spanish-American War

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The Spanish-American War (fought in Cuba and the Philippines) kickstarted US global ambitions and expanded their influence far beyond the borders of the United States. At the same time the war marked the endpoint of the decline of Spain as a global power.

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» SOURCES
Brannen, Daniel E. Jr., Spanish-American War, (Farmington Hills, MI : Thomson-Gale, 2003)

Cerezo, Don Saturnino Martin, Under the Red and Gold, Being Notes and Recollections of the Siege of Baler, (Kansas City, MO : Franklin Hudson Publishing Co., 1909)

Henrickson, Kenneth E. Jr.,, The Spanish-American War, (Westport, CT : Greenwood Press, 2003)

Jude Paul Cleope, Earl; Rhimmel Hermandez; Victor Jimenez et al., Philippine History Source Book, (Manila : National Commission for Culture and the Arts, 2021)

Parker, John J. The Gatlings of Santiago: the History of the Gatling Gun Detachment, U. S. Fifth Army Corps, During the Spanish-American War, Cuba, 1898, (Leonaur Publishing, 2010)

Quesada, Alejandro de, The Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection: 1889-1902, (Oxford : Osprey Publishing, 2007)

Roosevelt, Theodore, The Rough Riders, (New York, NY : Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1899)

Schult, Volker & Wionzek, Harl-Heinz (eds.), The German and Austrian Navies in the Philippines and their role in the Spanish-American War of 1898, (Manila : National Historical Commission of the Philippines, 2017)

Telfer, George F. Manila Envelopes: Oregon Volunteer Lt. George F. Telfer’s Spanish-American War Letters, (Portland, OR : The Oregon Historical Society Press, 1987)

Valiña, Cayetano, ‘Diary of Cayetano Valiña’

Werstein, Irving, 1898: The Spanish-American War, (New York, NY : Cooper Square Publishers, Inc., 1966)

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How the Russian Civil War Ended

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Vladimir Lenin had led the Bolshevik movement through the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War but by 1922 his health was failing and infighting among Bolshevik leadership caused friction. In the end Josef Stalin was able to prevail over Leon Trotsky and lead the newly founded Soviet Union until his death in 1953.

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» SOURCES
Безбородов А.Б. История Коммунистической партии Советского Союза (Москва: Политическая энциклопедия, 2013)
Молчанов В.М. Последний белый генерал. Устные воспоминания, статьи, письма, документы (Москва: Айрис-пресс, 2012)
Саблин И. Дальневосточная республика: от идеи до ликвидации (Москва: НЛО, 2020)
Хлевнюк О. Сталин. Жизнь одного вождя: биография (Москва: CORPUS, 2015)
Якутия: последние сражения Гражданской войны (поход генерала А.Н. Пепеляева в Якутию в 1922-1923 гг.) // Северо-Восточный гуманитарный вестник. 2018. №3. C. 34-43.
Smele, Jonathan. The ‘Russian’ Civil Wars 1916-1926 (London: Hurst, 2015).
Smele Jonathan D. Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015)
Figes, Orlando. A People’s Tragedy. The Russian Revolution (The Bodley Head, 2017(1996))
Stalin, JV. “Report Delivered at the First Congress of Soviets of the U.S.S.R. December 30, 1922.” (Marxist archive marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1922/12/30.htm)
Izvestiia, January 1, 1923.

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World War Zero: Balkan Wars 1912-1913

The Great War 2022-10-07 | Watch 16 Days in Berlin on Nebula: nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end

The Balkan Wars marked the end of Ottoman rule in Southeastern Europe, and they involved several countries that would join the First World War just a few years later. A complicated alliance between Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria and Greece imploded over disagreement of the war spoils after defeating the Ottomans. This led to the 2nd Balkan War and also created much resentment that would play a role between 1914 and 1918 too.

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» SOURCES
Clark, Christopher, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914, (London : Penguin Books, 2013)
McMeekin, Sean. The Ottoman Endgame (Penguin, 2015)
Hall, Richard. The Balkan Wars: Prelude to the First World War (2000)
Erickson, Edward. Defeat in Detail: the Ottoman Army in the Balkans (2003)
Kemal, Mustafa. Zabit ve Kumandan ile Hasbihal (1918 (2017))
Scott, Georges. Dans les Balkans 1912-13. Récits et visions de guerre (nd)
Paunić, Dragutin and Milija Đorđević. Srbijice, dušo gorka (Novi Sad, 2019 (1988))
Popescu Vava, Lucian, “Mărturii contemporane despre epidemia de holeră din campania militară a Armatei Române în anul 1913,” in Oltenia. Studii şi comunicări. Arheologie – Istorie vol. XXV (2018)
Üngör, Ugur Ümit, “Mass Violence Against Civilian During the Balkan Wars,” in Mulligan, William, Andreas Rose and Dominik Geppert, eds. The Wars Before the Great War (Cambridge UP, 2015)
Ilinchev, Kiril. “Хора-реликви” (https://bnt.bg/news/hora-relikvi-294302news.html)
Constantine of Greece. “A King’s private letters. Being letters written by King Konstantine of Greece to Paola princess of Saxe-Weimar during the years 1912 to 1923, Eveleigh Nash & Greyson Ltd”, London, 1923.
Myrivilis, Stratis. “War”, in “Short Stories”, Mytilene, (1928)
Kolev, Valery and Christina Koulouri, eds. The Balkan Wars. (Center for Democracy and Reconciliation in Southeast Europe, 2009)

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Why the IRA Lost The Irish Civil War 1922-1923 (4K Documentary)

The Great War 2022-09-09 | Watch 16 Days in Berlin on Nebula: nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end

The Anglo-Irish Treaty and the withdrawal of Great Britain from almost all of Ireland was supposed to be a big step towards full Irish independence. But the pro-Treaty Irish Free State and the anti-Treaty IRA couldn't bridge their differences and so the Irish Civil War broke out. With further support from Britain and drastic measures, the Irish National Army was able to quell the IRA uprising that didn't have the popular support they previously enjoyed.

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» SOURCES
Coogan, Tim Pat & Morrison, George. The Irish Civil War, (London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998)

Cottrell, Peter. The War for Ireland: 1913 - 1923, (Oxford : Osprey Publishing, 2009)

Enright, Seán. The Irish Civil War: Law, Execution and Atrocity, (Newbridge : Merrion Press, 2019)

Foster, Gavin M. The Irish Civil War and Society: Politics, Class and Conflict, (New York, NY : Palgrave and Macmillan, 2015)

Hopkinson, Michael. Green Against Green: The Irish Civil War, (Dublin : Gill and Macmillan Ltd, 1988)

Irish Independent, (17/03/1922)

Kissane, Bill. The Politics of the Irish Civil War, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2008)

Lewis, Matthew. “The Fourth Northern Division and the Joint-IRA Offensive, April—July 1922”, War in History, Vol. 21, No. 3 (July 2014)

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The Greek-Turkish War 1919-1923 (Greco-Turkish War Documentary)

The Great War 2022-08-19 | Watch 16 Days in Berlin on Nebula: nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end

The defeat of the Ottoman Empire in 1918 meant that it got its own peace treaty like the other three Central Powers. But the emerging Turkish National Movement under Mustafa Kemal resisted the Treaty of Sevres and occupation by various Entente Powers. Their successful resistance led to the creation of modern Turkey and the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.

Salvation and Catastrophe - The Greek-Turkish War, 1919–1922 Edited by KONSTANTINOS TRAVLOS: rowman.com/ISBN/9781498585088/Salvation-and-Catastrophe-The-Greek-Turkish-War-1919%E2%80%931922

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» SOURCES
Akyüz, Doruk. “Legacy of the Stormtroop: The Influence of German Assault Troop Doctrines in the Great Offensive,” in Konstantinos Travlos, ed. Salvation and Catastrophe, The Greek-Turkish War 1919-1922 (2020).

Criss, Nur Bilge: Occupation during and after the War (Ottoman Empire), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2015-08-05 encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/occupation_during_and_after_the_war_ottoman_empire

Danglis, Panagiotis: Memoirs.

Edib Adivar, Halide. The Turkish Ordeal: Being the Further Memoirs of Halidé Edib, (Piscataway : Gorgias Press, 2012)

Erickson, Edward J. “Decisive Battles of the Asia Minor Campaign 1919-1922,” in Konstantinos Travlos, ed. Salvation and Catastrophe, The Greek-Turkish War 1919-1922 (2020).

Fromkin, David. A Peace to End All Peace (New York: Avon, 1989)
Kemal, Gazi M. Nutuk-Söylev, Cilt II: 1920–1927, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi

Gerwarth, Robert. The Vanquished. Why the First World War Failed to End, 1917-1923 (Penguin, 2017).
Karsh, Efraim and Inari Karsh. Empires of the Sand (London: Harvard UP, 1999)

Llewelyn-Smith, Michael: Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919-1922, 1973.

McMeekin, Sean. The Ottoman Endgame (Penguin, 2015)

Margaret Macmillan, Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World, (London : Macmillan,
2019)

Toynbee, Arnold: The Western Question in Greece and Turkey. A Study in the Contact of Civilizations, Boston 1922.

Travlos, Konstantinos. “Introduction,” in Konstantinos Travlos, ed. Salvation and Catastrophe, The Greek-Turkish War 1919-1922 (2020).

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Why Did The First World War Break Out? (July Crisis 1914 Documentary)

The Great War 2022-07-15 | Watch 16 Days in Berlin on Nebula: nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo on the 28th of June 1914 kicked off a crisis among the European Powers. Tensions that built up in the decades before erupted and in early August 1914 the world was at war. But what happened in these fateful July weeks 1914?

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Daniel L Garza, Stefan Weiß, Matt Barnes, Chris Daley, Marco Kuhnert, Simdoom

» SOURCES
Albertini, Luigi, The Origins of the War of 1914: Volume II, (Westport, CT : Greenwood Press, Publishers 1980)

Becker, Jean-Jacques & Krumeich, Gerd, “Outbreak” in Winter, Jay (ed), The Cambridge History of the First World War: Volume I, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2013)

Berghahn, Volker R., “Origins” in Winter, Jay (ed), The Cambridge History of the First World War: Volume I, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2013)

Bischof, Günter & Karlhofer, Ferdinand (eds), 1914: Austria-Hungary, the Origins, and the First Year of World War I, (Innsbruck : Innsbruck University Press, 2014)

Clark, Christopher, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914, (London : Penguin Books, 2013)

Hamilton, Richard F. & Herwig, Holger H. (eds), The Origins of World War I, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2012)

Levy, Jack S., “Preferences, Constraints, and Choices in July 1914” in Miller, Steven E., Lynn-Jones, Sean M. & Van Evera, Stephen (eds.), Military Strategy and the Origins of the First World War: An International Security Reader, (Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press, 1991)

McMeekin, Sean, The Russian Origins of the First World War, (Cambridge, MA : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011)

Mombauer, Annika, The Origins of the First World War: Controversies and Consensus (London: Pearson, 2002)

Paddock, Troy R.E., Contesting the Origins of the First World War: An Historiographical Argument, (Oxford : Routledge, 2020)

Kaiser Wilhelm II & Tsar Nicholas II, “The “Willy-Nicky” Telegrams” in Neiberg, Michael S. (ed.), The World War I Reader, (New York, NY : New York University Press, 2007)

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The Death Of The Austro-Hungarian Army 1916 (Brusilov Offensive Documentary)

The Great War 2022-06-24 | Watch 16 Days in Berlin and all our content ad-free on Nebula: nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end

The start of the Brusilov Offensive was the most successful Russian military operation during the First World War. It crippled the Austro-Hungarian Army and forced the Germans to divert troops from Verdun. But the Brusilov Offensive ultimately was a failure and cost the Russian's an enormous amount of men. What went wrong?

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Daniel L Garza, Stefan Weiß, Matt Barnes, Chris Daley, Marco Kuhnert, Simdoom

» SOURCES
Buttar, Prit, Russia’s Last Gasp: The Eastern Front 1916-1917, (Oxford : Osprey Publishing, 2016)

Dowling, Timothy C., The Brusilov Offensive, (Indianapolis : Indiana University Press, 2008)

Golovin, Nicholas, “Brusilov's Offensive: The Galician Battle of 1916”, The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 13, Number 39, (1935)

Schindler, John, “Steamrollered in Galicia: The Austro-Hungarian Army and the Brusilov Offensive, 1916”, War in History, Volume 10, Number 1, (2003)

Stone, David R., The Russian Army in the Great War: The Eastern Front, 1914-1917, (Lawrence, KS : University Press of Kansas, 2015)

Tunstall, Graydon A., “Austria-Hungary and the Brusilov Offensive of 1916”, The Historian, Volume 70, Issue 1, (2008)

Uzefovich, Alexis M., “Russia in the World War, 1914-1918”, The Military Engineer,
Volume 33, Number 190, (1941)

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Why The Allies Couldnt Overcome German Trenches in Spring 1917 (WW1 Documentary)

The Great War 2022-04-22 | Watch our WW2 Documentary series 16 Days in Berlin on Nebula: nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end

The Allied 1917 Spring Offensive masterminded by French general Robert Nivelle was supposed to end the stalemate on the Western Front and bring a decisive breakthrough. But the German Army also knew they couldn't win the war on the offensive and thus prepared a new type of defensive system: The Hindenburg Line and it would be tested in the Battles of Arras (Vimy Ridge, Bullecourt) and Chemins des Dames (Aisne).

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» SOURCES
Cook, Tim, “Storm Troops: Combat Effectiveness and the Canadian Corps in 1917” in Dennis, Jeffrey & Grey, Peter (eds), 1917: Tactics, Training and Technology: the 2007 Chief of Army's Military History Conference, (Canberra : Australian History Military Publications, 2007)

Coombes, David, Bloody Bullecourt, (Barnsley : Pen & Sword Military, 2016)

Doughty, Robert T, Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War, (Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press, 2005)

Doughty, Robert A, “How did France Weather the Troubles of 1917?” in Dennis, Jeffrey & Grey, Peter (eds), 1917: Tactics, Training and Technology: the 2007 Chief of Army's Military History Conference, (Canberra : Australian History Military Publications, 2007)

Farr, Don, A Battle Too Far: Arras 1917, (Warwick ; Helion & Company, 2018)

Foley, Robert T, “The Other Side of the Wire: The German Army in 1917” in Dennis, Jeffrey & Grey, Peter (eds), 1917: Tactics, Training and Technology: the 2007 Chief of Army's Military History Conference, (Canberra : Australian History Military Publications, 2007)

Lupfer, Timothy T, “The Dynamics of Doctrine: The Changes in German Tactical Doctrine During the First World War” Leavenworth Papers, No. 4, Combat Studies Institute
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, (Fort Leavenworth, KS : 1981)

Nicholls, Jonathan, Cheerful Sacrifice: The Battle of Arras 1917, (London : Leo Cooper, 1990)

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How Ukraine Became Part of the USSR - The Soviet–Ukrainian War (Documentary)

The Great War 2022-03-25 | Ukraine was right in the center of the violent chaos following the Russian Revolution 1917. After declaring independence the Ukrainian People's Republic was invaded multiple times as the Russian Civil War, the Polish-Soviet War, the Ukrainian-Polish War and the Soviet-Ukrainian War all raged across the country. The Communist victory in the Russian Civil War meant that the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became a founding member of the USSR.

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» SOURCES
Adams, Arthur E, “The Bolsheviks and the Ukrainian Front in 1918-1919”, The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 36, Number 87, (1958)

Darch, Colin Major, “The Makhnovshina, 1917-1921: Ideology, nationalism, and peasant insurgency in early twentieth century Ukraine”, Department of Social and Economic Studies, University of Bradford, (1994)

Dmytryshyn, Basil, Moscow and the Ukraine, 1918-1953; A study of Russian Bolshevik Nationality Policy, (New York : Bookman Associates, 1956)

Guthier, Steven L, “The Popular Base of Ukrainian Nationalism in 1917”, Slavic Review, Volume 38, Issue 1, (1979)

Kubicek, Paul, The History of Ukraine, (Westport, CT : Greenwood Press)

McGeever, Brendan, Antisemitism and the Russian Revolution, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2019)

Shkandrij, Myroslav, Revolutionary Ukraine, 1917-2017: History’s Flashpoints and Today’s Memory Wars, (New York : Routledge, 2020)

Snyder, Timothy. The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus 1569-1999 (London: Yale University Press, 2003)

Sullivant, Robert S., Soviet Politics and the Ukraine: 1917-1957, (New York : Columbia University Press, 1962)

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War of the Cliques - Warlord Era 1922-1928 (Chinese History Documentary)

The Great War 2022-02-25 | Watch our WW2 series Rhineland 45 and all our YouTube videos ad-free on Nebula: nebula.tv/videos/real-time-history-1-come-hell-or-high-water-i-rhineland-45

The Chinese Warlord Era was a violent period of chaos and civil war in which multiple factions (so called cliques) fought each other over supremacy in China. After the first Anhui-Zhili War the situation escalated further and more players joined this game of thrones.

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» SOURCES
Ch’en, Jerome, “The Chinese Communist Movement to 1927” in Fairbank, John K. & Twitchett, Denis (eds.) The Cambridge History of China: Volume 12, Republican China 1912-1949, Part 1, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2005)

Dreyer, Edward L. China at War 1901-1949, (New York : Longman Publishing, 1995)

Gray, Jack, Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1800s to 2000, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2002)

Jordan, Donald A, The Northern Expedition: China’s National Revolution of 1926-1928, (Honolulu, HI : University of Hawaii Press, 2019)

Jowett, Philip, Chinese Warlord Armies 1911-30, (Oxford : Osprey Publishing, 2010)

Kwong Chi Man, War and Geopolitics in Interwar Manchuria: Zhang Zuolin and the Fengtian Clique during the Northern Expedition, (Leiden : Brill, 2017)

McCord, Edward A. “Burn, Kill, Rape, and Rob: Military Atrocities, Warlordism, and Anti-Warlordism in Republican China” in Lary, Diana & MacKinnon, Stephen (eds.) Scars of War: The Impact of Warfare on Modern China, (Toronto : UBC Press, 2001)

McCord, Edward A. The Power of the Gun, The Emergence of Modern Chinese Warlordism, (Berkeley : University of California Press)

Nish, Ian, Japanese Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, (Wesport, CT : Praeger Publishers, 2002)

Sheridan, James E. The warlord era: politics and militarism under the Peking government, 1916-28 in Fairbank, John K. & Twitchett, Denis (eds.) The Cambridge History of China: Volume 12, Republican China 1912-1949, Part 1, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2005)

Suleski, Ronald, Civil Government in Warlord Tradition, Modernization and Manchuria, (New York : Peter Lang Publishing, 2002)

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World War Zero - The Russo Japanese War 1904-1905 (Documentary)

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The Russo-Japanese War is nicknamed World War Zero - it was a clash between two world powers that foreshadowed war on an industrial scale as seen just 10 years later again. Gigantic land battles like the Battle of Mukden showed the true cost in manpower and materiel when modern armies clashed and the naval side of the war showed the strategic importance of modern navies.

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» BIBLIOGRAPHY
Akiyama Saneyuki, Gundan (Tokyo : Jitsugyō no Nihonsha, 1917)

Atsuo Yokoyama; Toshikatsu Nishikawa & Ichō Konsōshiamu, Heishitachi ga mita Nichi-Ro sensō, (Tokyo : Yūzankaku, 2012)

Corbett, Julian S. Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905, Volume I, (Annapolis, MD : Naval Institute Press, 2015)

Corbett, Julian S. Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905, Volume II, (Annapolis, MD : Naval Institute Press, 2015)

Деникин А. И. Путь русского офицера. (Нью-Йорк: Изд. им. А. Чехова, 1953)

Forczyk, Robert, Russian Battleship vs Japanese Battleship: Yellow Sea 1904-05, (Oxford : Osprey Publishing Ltd, 2009)

Hamby, Joel E, “Striking the Balance: Strategy and Force in the Russo-Japanese War” Armed Forces & Society, Vol. 30, No. 3 (2004)

Hosokawa Gentarō, Byōinsen Kōsai Maru kenbunroku (Tokyo : Hakubunkan Shinsha, 1993)

Ivanov, A & Jowett P, The Russo-Japanese War 1904-05, (Oxford : Osprey Publishing Ltd, 2004)

Jacob, Frank, The Russo-Japanese War and its Shaping of the Twentieth Century, (London : Routledge, 2017)

Jukes, Geoffrey, The Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905, (Oxford : Osprey Publishing Ltd, 2014)

Kowner, Rotem (ed), Rethinking the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5, Volume 1: Centennial Perspectives, (Folkestone : Global Oriental, 2007)

Lynch, George & Palmer, Frederick, In Many Wars By Many War Correspondnets, (Tokyo : Tokyo Printing Co. 1904)

Mozawa Yusaku, Aru hohei no Nichi-Ro Sensō jūgun nikki (Tokyo : Sōshisha, 2005)

Murakami Hyōe, Konoe Rentai ki (Tokyo : Akita Shoten, 1967)

Paine, S. C. M. The Japanese Empire: Grand Strategy from the Meiji Restoration to the Pacific War, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2017)

Steinberg, John W; Meaning, Bruce W; Schimmelpennick van der Oye, David; Wolff, David & Yokote, Shinji (eds.), The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective: World War Zero, (Leiden : Brill, 2005)

Stille, Mark, The Imperial Japanese Navy of the Russo-Japanese War, (Oxford : Osprey Publishing Ltd, 2016)

Takagi Suiu, Jinsei hachimenkan (Tokyo : Teikoku Kyōiku Kenkyūkai, 1927)

van Dijk, Kees, Pacific Strife: The Great Powers and Their Political and Economic Rivalries in Asia and the Western Pacific, 1870-1914, (Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press, 2015)

Warner, Denis & Warner, Peggy, The Tide at Sunrise: A History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905, (London : Angus & Robertson, 1974)

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Forgotten Prelude To WW1 - Italo-Turkish War 1911-1912 (History Documentary)

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The Italo-Turkish War 1911 was one of the last classic imperial wars over colonial processions between two great powers. But it was in many ways also a first glimpse into what would come during the First World War: trenches, artillery, combat aircraft, motorboat attacks. This war in Ottoman Libya was fought between the Italian Army and Ottoman-led local Senussi forces.

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» SOURCES
Askew, William C. Europe and Italy’s Acquisition of Libya, 1911-1912, (Durham, NC : Duke University Press, 1942)

Caccamo, Francesco, “Italy, Libya and the Balkans” in Geppert, Dominik ; Mulligan, William & Rose, Andreas (eds.), The Wars before the Great War: Conflict and International Politics Before the Outbreak of the First World War, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2016)

Childs, Timothy W, Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War Over Libya, 1911–1912, (Leiden : Brill, 1990)

Griffin, Ernest H., Adventures in Tripoli: A Doctor in the Desert (London: Philip Allen & Co., 1924)

Hindmarsh. Albert E. & Wilson, George Grafton, “War Declared and the Use of Force”, Proceedings of the American Society of International Law at Its Annual Meeting (1921-1969) Vol. 32 (1938)

McCollum Jonathan, “Reimagining Mediterranean Spaces: Libya and the Italo-Turkish War, 1911-1912," in Mediterraneo cosmopolita, 23 (3) 2015.
McMeekin, Sean, The Ottoman Endgame (Penguin, 2013).

Paris, Michael, “The First Air Wars - North Africa and the Balkans, 1911-13”, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 26, No. 1 (1991)

Stephenson, Charles, A Box of Sand: the Italo-Ottoman War 1911-1912: the First Land, Sea and Air War, (Ticehurst : Tattered Flag Press, 2014)

Tittoni, Renato, The Italo -Turkish War (1911-12.) Translated and Compiled from the Reports of the Italian General Staff, (Kansas City, MO : Frank Hudson Publishing Company, 1914)

Uyar, Mesut, The Ottoman Army and the First World War, (Abingdon : Routledge, 2021)

Vandervort, Bruce, Wars of Imperial Conquest in Africa 1830-1914, (Bloomington, IN : Indiana University Press, 1998)

Wilcox, Vanda, Italy in the Era of the Great War, (Leiden : Brill, 2018)

Wilcox, Vanda, “The Italian Soldiers' experience in Libya, 1911-12” in Geppert, Dominik ; Mulligan, William & Rose, Andreas (eds.), The Wars before the Great War: Conflict and International Politics Before the Outbreak of the First World War, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2016)

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Treaty That Caused Irish Civil War - The Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921 (Documentary)

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The Irish and British sides of the Irish War of Independence were exhausted from two years of fighting. The IRA was also about to run out of ammunition and other vital supplies to keep up the fight. And so the British government and the Irish delegation started to negotiate a treaty.

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» SOURCES
Cottrell, Peter, The Irish Civil War 1922-23, (Oxford : Osprey Publishing, 2015)

De Valera, Eamon & Moynihan, Maurice, Speeches and Statements by Eamon de Valera, 1917-73, (Dublin : Gill and Macmillan, 1980)

Gibbons, Ivan, Partition: How and Why Ireland Was Divided, (London : Haus Publishing, 2021)

Hawkings, F. M. A. “Defence and the Role of Erskine Childers in the Treaty Negotiations of 1921”, Irish Historical Studies, Vol. 22, No. 87 (Mar., 1981)

Hopkinson, Michael, Green Against Green - The Irish Civil War : a History of the Irish Civil War, 1922-1923, (Dublin : Gill & Macmillan, 2010)

Knirck, Jason K, Imagining Ireland’s Independence: The Debates over the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, (Lanham, MA : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2006)

Mansergh, Nicholas, The Irish Free State: Its Government and Politics, (London : George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1934)

Mansergh, Nicholas, The Unresolved Question: The Anglo-Irish Settlement and Its Undoing 1912-72, (New Haven, CT : Yale University Press, 1991)

“Sinn Fein President Will Not Recommend Treaty Acceptance for Ireland”, Morning Press, Volume L, Number 78, (9 December 1921)

Townshend, Charles, The Republic: The Fight For Irish Independence 1918 - 1923, (London : Penguin Books, 2014)

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How Mussolini Founded The Italian Fascist Party I THE GREAT WAR 1921

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Benito Mussolini's national fascist movement was a fringe phenomenon right after the First World War and couldn't gain much traction in the 1919 elections. But soon after Mussolini was increasing his political standing and the National Fascist Party gained more members than ever before.

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» SOURCES
Alcalde, Ángel, War Veterans and Fascism in Interwar Europe, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2017)

Bosworth, R. J. B. Mussolini, (London : Bloomsbury Academic, 2010)

De Grand, Alexander, Italian Fascism: Its Origins & Development, (Lincoln, NB : University of Nebraska Press, 1989)

Duggan, Christopher, Force of Destiny : A History of Italy since 1796, (London : Penguin Books, 2008)

Martins, Carlos Manuel, From Hitler to Codreanu: The Ideology of Fascist Leaders, (London : Routledge, 2020)

Neville, Peter, Mussolini, (London : Routledge, 2004)

Weyland, Curt, Assault on Democracy: Communism, Fascism, and Authoritarianism During the Interwar Years, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2021)

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The Franco-Turkish War - Southern Front of the Turkish War of Independence I THE GREAT WAR 1921

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After the armistice of Mudros in 1918, the Ottoman Empire started to dissolve while being occupied by Allied powers and several independence movements erupted across its territory. The Turkish National Movement didn't want to accept any territorial changes in their heartland and fought back against France in the Cilicia Campaign or the Franco-Turkish War.

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» SOURCES
Primary Sources:

Abadie, Maurice : Les quatre Sièges d’Aïntab. Opérations au Levant. “Onze mois dans le Verdun turc.” Paris 1922.

Cetintaş, Cengiz: Gaziantep, Kahramanmaraş, Sanlıurfa Savunmaları ve Ankara Antlaşması: TBMM Tutanaklarında Kurtuluş Savaşı. (Parliamentary Notes from 1920-21).

Goudot: Haut-commissariat de la République Française en Syrie et au Liban, La Syrie et le Liban en 1921. La Foire-Exposition de Beyrouth. Conférences. Liste des récompenses, Paris 1922.

Hartunian, Abraham: Neither to Laugh Nor to Weep: An Odyssey of Faith, A Memoir of the Armenian Genocide, Belmont 1999.

Cmd. 1570, Turkey No. 1 (1922), Correspondence Between his Majesty’s Government and the French Government and the French Government Respecting the Angora Agreement of October 20, 1921.

Kerr, Stanley: The Lions of Marash: Personal Experiences with American Near East Relief, Albany 1973.

Kevorkian, Raymond : “L’évacuation française de la Cilicie en 1921 vue par officier Vahan Portoukalian.”

Secondary Sources:
Duclerc, Vincent: La France face au Génocide des Arméniens.

Durand, Bernard: « Le mandat sur l’Arménie n’aura pas lieu? » Un drame au coeur de Turquie, de la Cilicie et de la Syrie (1915-1920; Revue historique du droit français (1922-), vol. 95, 3, p. 493-510.

Fromkin, David: A Peace to End All Peace (1990)

Gotikian, Guévork: « La Légion d’Orient et le mandat français en Cilicie (1916-1921) », Revue d'histoire arménienne contemporaine, vol. III: La Cilicie (1909-1921),‎ 1999.

Güçlü, Yücel: Armenians and the Allies in Cilicia 1914-1923 (2010).

Kévonian, Dzovinar: Réfugiés et diplomatie humanitaire (Paris, 2003).

Moumdjian, Garabet: Cilicia under French administration: Armenian Aspirations, Turkish Resistance, and French Stratagems, 2007.

White, Benjamin Thomas: A Grudging Rescue; France, the Armenians of Cilicia and the History of Humanitarian Evacuations; Humanity: An international Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, Vol. 10, 1, p. 1-27.

Zarifian, Julien, « La montée du kémalisme en Cilicie. 1919-1920: l'administration française du Sandjak de Kozan face au nationalisme turc », CEMOTI, Cahiers d'Études sur la Méditerranée Orientale et le monde Turco-Iranien, vol. 38, no 38,‎ 2004, p. 235-260.

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Rhineland 45: Decision in the West Trailer (WW2 Documentary Germany 1945)

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The Battle of the Rhineland was one of the largest WW2 battles the Allies fought on German soil and part of the critical final campaign against Nazi Germany on the western front.Rhineland 45 is the most detailed documentary about the last set piece battle on the Western Front of the Second World War: The Rhineland Campaign.

The Battle for the Rhineland was a series of operations in early 1945, the dramatic finale of the Allied advance from the coast of Normandy to the borders of the Reich. The desperate German forces had managed to form a last line of defence with their backs to the Rhine – the famous river that stood between the Allies and the heart of the German Reich.

Today the Rhineland campaign (Operations Veritable, Grenade and Plunder/Varsity) is often overlooked when we remember the last weeks of World War 2. The operation and its results were already hotly debated among the Allied generals while the war was still raging. In popular memory, the Rhine crossing is mostly associated with the Bridge at Remagen the popularized narrative we know from the movie with the same name – though the brunt of the fighting happened further to the North in the Rhineland region.

Produced with the support of 2500+ backers, Rhineland 45 - Decision In The West is our second crowdfunded documentary series. This kind of documentary could only be made with crowdfunding. Neither the traditional broadcast companies, TV stations nor YouTube would be suitable for our vision. We wanted to tell the story of this battle as accurately as possible without any interference or content restrictions.
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Why Germany Caught Hyperinflation in 1921 (Documentary)

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The German post-WW1 economy was under pressure: The loss of territory, the war bonds issued during the war and the reparations under the Treaty of Versailles. All this lead to a downward spiral of rising inflation and living costs for German citizens.

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» SOURCES
Feldman, Gerald: Vom Weltkrieg zur Weltwirtschaftskrise. Studien zur deutschen Wirtschafts-und Sozialgeschichte 1914-1932. 1984.

Fergusson, Adam: Das Ende des Geldes. Hyperinflation und ihre Folgen für die Menschen am Beispiel der Weimarer Republik, 1975.

Grosch, Waldemar: Deutsche und polnische Propaganda während der Volksabstimmung in Oberschlesien 1919-1921. 2002.

Lewek, Peter: Arbeitslosigkeit und Arbeitslosenversicherung in der Weimarer republik 1918-1927. 1989.

Michalczyk, Andrezej: Celebrating the nation: the case of Upper Silesia after the plebiscite in 1921.

Neubach, Helmut: Die Abstimmung in Oberschlesien am 20. März 1921.2002.

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The Largest Anti-Bolshevik Uprising Of The Russian Civil War I THE GREAT WAR 1921

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The famine and the Bolshevik policy of War Communism during the Russian Civil War created a unique situation in Western Siberia that led to the largest peasant uprising against the Communists of the entire Russian Civil War.

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» SOURCES
Московкин В.В. Восстание крестьян в Западной Сибири в 1921 г. // Вопросы истории.1998. No 6. С. 46–65.

Шишкин В.И. Вооруженное сопротивление сибирского крестьянства коммунистическому режиму в начале 1920-х гг. // История сталинизма: крестьянство и власть. Материалы международной научной конференции (Москва: РОССПЭН, 2011. С. 129-142)

Шишкин В.И. За советы без коммунистов (Новосибирск: Сибирский хронограф, 2000)

Шишкин В.И. Сибирская Вандея. Том Второй. 1920-1921 (Москва: Международный фонд “Демократия”, 2001)

Цысь, В.В. Западно-Сибирское крестьянское восстание 1921 г. на Тобольском Севере: проблемы взаимодействия власти и общества в условиях политического кризиса (Нижневартовск: НВГУ, 2018)

Smele, Jonathan Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926 (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015)

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How Zionists Came to Palestine Under British Protection (Documentary)

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After taking control of Mandate Palestine, Great Britain saw itself confronted with mounting Arab and Jewish tensions. Zionist settlers had been moving to the region since the 1890s and after the Balfour Declaration in 1917, the Zionist movement accelerated.

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» SOURCES
Bickerton, Ian & Klausner, Carla L. A History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, (Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall, 2007)

Cohen, Hillel, “Zionism as a blessing to the Arabs”, in Cohen, Michael J (ed.), The British Mandate in Palestine: A Centenary Volume, 1920–2020, (London : Routledge 2020)

Halamish, Aviva, “Jewish Immigration” in Cohen, Michael J (ed.), The British Mandate in Palestine: A Centenary Volume, 1920–2020, (London : Routledge 2020)

Jabotinsky, Ze’ev, “The Iron Wall” (1923) http://en.jabotinsky.org/media/9747/the-iron-wall.pdf

Karsh, Efraim, Palestine Betrayed, (New Haven : Yale University Press, 2010)

Kessler, Oren, “1921 Jaffa riots 100 years on: Mandatory Palestine’s 1st ‘mass casualty’ attack” The Times of Israel, (May 2021) timesofisrael.com/1921-jaffa-riots-100-years-on-mandatory-palestines-1st-mass-casualty-event

Khalidi, Rashid, “The Balfour Declaration from the Perspective of the Palestinian People”, United Nations, (November 2017) un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Lecture-by-Prof.-Rashid-Khalidi-100-years-since-Balfour-Decl-UN-2Nov2017.pdf

Khalidi, Rashid, The Hundred Years' War on Palestine: a History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917-2017, (New York : Metropolitan Books, 2020)

Regan, Bernard, The Balfour Declaration: Empire, Mandate and Resistance in Palestine, (London : Verso, 2017)

Safty, Adel, Might over Right: How the Zionists Took Over Palestine, (Reading : Garnet Publishing, 2009)

Schindler, Colin, “The origins of militant Zionism during the British Mandate” in Cohen, Michael J (ed.), The British Mandate in Palestine: A Centenary Volume, 1920–2020, (London : Routledge 2020)

Schneer, Jonathan, The Balfour Declaration: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, (New York : Random House, 2013)

Segev, Tom, One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs under the British mandate, (London : Abacus, 2014)

Stein, Kenneth W. “Zionist land acquisition” in Cohen, Michael J (ed.), The British Mandate in Palestine: A Centenary Volume, 1920–2020, (London : Routledge 2020)

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Turning Point in the Greco-Turkish War - Battles of Sakarya and İnönü I THE GREAT WAR 1921

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The Greek Army was desperately trying to continue their offensive into Turkey among waning Allied support, Eleftherios Venizelos losing the Greek election and a monkey bite killing young Greek King Alexander of Greece. With their backs to the wall, the Turkish Army under Mustafa Kemal was able to turn the tide at the Battle of Sakarya.

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» SOURCES
Primary Sources

- Danglis, Panagiotis: Memoirs, ii.
- Edib, Halide: The Turkish Ordeal. Being the further memoirs of Halide Edib.
- Gazi M. Kemal, Nutuk-Söylev, Cilt II: 1920–1927, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi
- Gehri, Maurice: « Mission d'enquête en Anatolie (12-22 mai 1921) », Revue internationale de la Croix rouge, tome LII, no 227, 15 juillet 1921, p. 721-735.
- Toynbee, Arnold: The Western Question in Greece and Turkey. A Study in the Contact of Civilizations, Boston 1922.

Secondary Sources

- Erickson, Edward J.: The Turkish War of Independence. A Military History, 1919-1923, Santa Barbara 2021.
- Gedeon, Paschalidou, and Dima-Dimitrou: A Concise History of the Campaign in Asia Minor.
- Glasneck, Johannes: Kemal Atatürk und die moderne Türkei, Freiburg im Breisgau 2010.
- Llewelyn-Smith, Michael: Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919-1922, 1973.
- Shaw, Bernard: From Empire to Republic, vol. 2, part 1, 1977.

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The Battle of Blair Mountain - West Virginia Coal Wars I THE GREAT WAR 1921

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In the aftermath of the American economic downturn after the First World War in certain industries, the labor movement escalated into strikes across the country. This was also true in West Virginia where unions and coal mine owners had already clashed before the war. With the Matewan Massacre and the Battle for Blair Mountain this struggle reached a violent climax in which WW1 veterans were going against hired security - and even the federal army had to be called in.

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» SOURCES
Dubofsky, Melvyn & McCartin, Joseph A. Labor in America: A History, (Chichester : John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2017)

Corbin, David, Gun Thugs, Rednecks, and Radicals: a Documentary History of the West Virginia Mine Wars, (Oakland, CA : PM Press, 2011)

Fagge, Roger, “"Citizens of this Great Republic": Politics and the West Virginia Miners, 1900-1922”, International Review of Social History, Vol. 40, No. 1 (1995)

Hutton, T.R.C. “The Appalachian “Gunmen of Capitalism” in Hild, Matthew & Merrit, Keri Leigh (eds.), Reconsidering Southern Labor History: Race, Class, and Power, (Gainesville, FL : University Press of Florida, 2018)

Laurie, Clayton D, “The United States Army and the Return to Normalcy in Labor Dispute Interventions: The Case of the West Virginia Coal Mine Wars, 1920-1921”, West Virginia History, Volume 50, (1991) http://www.wvculture.org/history/journal_wvh/wvh50-1.html

Nida, Brandon, “Demystifying the Hidden Hand: Capital and the State at Blair Mountain”, Historical Archaeology, Vol. 47, No. 3 (2013)

Shogan, Robert, The Battle of Blair Mountain: the Story of America's Largest Labor Uprising, (New York : Basic Books, 2006)

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How Adolf Hitler Became Leader of the Nazi Party

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Adolf Hitler and the small Nazi party are on the rise thanks to Hitler's public speaking talent. But not everyone in the party is in line with his vision for the future. In the end Hitler prevails and becomes Führer of the NSDAP. At the same time the SA is founded and Matthias Erzberger is assassinated by Organisation Consul.

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» SOURCES
Bruppacher, Paul: Adolf Hitler und die Geschichte der NSDAP. Teil 1: 1889 bis 1937. 2009.

Fest, Joachim: Hitler. Eine Biographie. 1973.

Ullrich, Volker: Adolf Hitler. Band 1: Die Jahre des Aufstiegs 1889-1939. 2013.

Weber, Thomas: Becoming Hitler. The making of a Nazi. 2017.

Hitler, Adolf. Speech of April 12, 1921
https://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/111hit1.html

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Spanish Defeat in Morocco 1921 - The Battle of Annual (Rif War Documentary)

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The once global Spanish Empire was a distant memory in 1921 and in one of the last Spanish colonies trouble was brewing. The Berbers in the Rif mountains under Abd El-Krim were vying for control and so the Spanish Army started a fateful expedition that would end in one of the biggest colonial defeats in history: The battle at Annual.

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» SOURCES
Balfour, Sebastian & La Porte, Pablo, “Spanish Military Cultures and the Moroccan Wars, 1909–36”, European History Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 3, (2000)

Chandler, James M. “Spain and Her Moroccan Protectorate 1898 - 1927”, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 10, No. 2, (1975)

Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce, “Abdelkrim: Whose Hero is He? The Politics of Contested Memory in Today's Morocco”, The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. 18, No. 2, (2012)

Pack, Sasha D, The Deepest Border : The Strait of Gibraltar and the Making of the Modern Hispano-African Borderland, (Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press, 2019)

Pennell, C R, A Country with a Government and a Flag: the Rif War in Morocco, 1921-1926, (Wisbech : Middle East and North African Studies Press Ltd, 1986)

Pennell, C R, “Ideology and Practical Politics: A Case Study of the Rif War in Morocco, 1921-1926”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, (1982)

Peyron, Michael, The Berbers of Morocco: A History of Resistance, (London : Bloomsbury, 2020)

Woolman, David S. Rebels in the Rif : Abd el Krim and the Rif Rebellion, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1969)

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British Economy after WW1 - Fear of The Bolshevik Brit I THE GREAT WAR 1921

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The cost - in men, materiel and GDP - for the First World War was immense for Great Britain. And the returning soldiers wanted their share after being sent to die for their country. This explosive situation led to a series of Labour led strikes between 1919 and 1921 and changed the political and economic landscape of Great Britain.

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» SOURCES
Barclay, Gordon, “‘Duties in Aid of the Civil Power’: The Deployment of the Army to Glasgow, 31 January to 17 February 1919”, Journal of Scottish Historical Studies, 38(2) (2018)

Church, Roy A & Outram, Quentin, Strikes and Solidarity: Coalfield Conflict in Britain 1889-1966, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2002)

Church, Roy A, Outram, Quentin & Smith, David N, “The Militancy of British Miners, 1893-1986: Interdisciplinary Problems and Perspectives”, The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 22, No. 1 (1991)

Court, W. H. B, “Problems of the British Coal Industry between the Wars” The Economic History Review, Vol. 15, No. 1/2 (1945)

Crafts, Nicolas, “Walking wounded: The British economy in the aftermath of World War I”, Vox EU CEPR, (27 August 2014), voxeu.org/article/walking-wounded-british-economy-aftermath-world-war-i

Davis, Jonathan, “Russia’s war and revolutions as seen by Morgan Phillips Price and Arthur Henderson” in Bland, Lucy and Carr, Richard (eds.) Labour, British radicalism and the First World War, (Manchester : Manchester University Press, 2018)

Davis, Jonathan, “‘A new star rises over Europe’: what British Labour thought about the Russian Revolution”, The Conversation UK, (6 November 2017) theconversation.com/a-new-star-rises-over-europe-what-british-labour-thought-about-the-russian-revolution-86352

Fowler, Simon & Weinbren, Daniel, Now the War Is Over: Britain, 1919–1920, (Barnsley : Pen and Sword Military, 2018)

Hatton, Timothy J & Mark Thomas, “Labour Markets in Recession and Recovery: The UK and the USA in 1920s and 1930s”, Centre for Economic History, The Australian National University Discussion Paper Series, Discussion Paper No. 2012-1 (2012)

Macintyre, Stuart, Little Moscows: Communism and Working-class Militancy in Inter-War Britain, (London : Croom Helm, 1980)

Morris, Marcus, “Peace, but not at any price: British socialists’ calls for peace on the eve of the First World War” in Bland, Lucy and Carr, Richard (eds.) Labour, British radicalism and the First World War, (Manchester : Manchester University Press, 2018)

Mowat, Charles Loch, Britain Between the Wars: 1918-1940, (London : Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1955)

Riddell, George Lord Riddell’s Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and After: 1918-1923, (London : Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1933)

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Banana Wars: When US Marines Fight For Big Fruit (Documentary)

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US involvement in Central America dated back to the first attempt to build the Panama Canal. And in accordance to the Monroe Doctrine was expanded in the 20th century too. US Marines took part in expeditions in Guatemala, Nicaragua and US naval power was a factor in many disputes like the Coto War between Costa Rica and Panama. With the rise of the United Fruit Company, the US domestic market also influenced decisions in the region.

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» SOURCES
Butler, Smedley, War is a Racket: The Antiwar Classic by America's Most Decorated Soldier, (Los Angeles, CA : Feral House, 2003)

Chapman, Peter, Bananas: How the United Fruit Company Shaped the World, (Edinburgh : Canongate, 2007)

Colby, Elbridge, “The United States and the Coto Dispute between Panama and Costa Rica”, The Journal of International Relations, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Jan., 1922)

De La Pedraja Tomán, René, Wars of Latin America, 1899-1941, (Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co., 2006)

Gilderhus, Mark T, The Second Century: U.S.- Latin American Relations Since 1889, (Wilmington, Delaware : Scholarly Resources Inc, 2000)

Harrison, Benjamin, “The United States and the 1909 Nicaragua Revolution”, Caribbean Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 3/4 (September-December 1995)

Langley, Lester D, The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898-1934, (Wilmington, Delaware : Scholarly Resources Inc, 2002)

Leonard, Thomas M. “Search for Security: The United States and Central America in the Twentieth Century”, The Americas, Vol. 47, No. 4 (Apr., 1991)

Moberg, Mark & Striffler, Steve (eds.), Banana Wars: Power, Production and History in the Americas, (Durham, NC : Duke University Press, 2003)

Mobley, Scott, ““By the Force of Our Arms” William D. Leahy and the U.S. Intervention in Nicaragua, 1912”, Federal History, (2019)

Panama Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Controversia de Limites Entre Panama y Costa Rica, Tomo II, (Panama : Imprenta Nacional, 1921)

Schoultz, Lars, Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy toward Latin America, (Cambridge, MA : Harvard University, 2003)

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French Troops March Into Germany - After The Treaty of Versailles I THE GREAT WAR 1921

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France was probably the Allied country hit hardest by the First World War both in economic terms and by the casualties suffered. To rebuild the country (and to prevent Germany from future aggression), their goal was clear: Germany would need to pay for the war in form of reparations. At the same time, France was involved in major international turmoil.

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» SOURCES
Buat, Edmond. Général Edmont Buat, Journal 1914-1923 (Perrin, 2015)

Héran, François. Génération sacrifiée : le bilan démographique de la Grande Guerre, (Populations et sociétés 2014 (n°510)

Leonhard, Joern. Der Ueberforderte Friden. Versailles und die Welt 1918-1923.

Marks, Sally. “Mistakes and Myths: The Allies, Germany, and the Versailles Treaty, 1918–1921,” in The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 85, No. 3 (September 2013), pp. 632-659

Soutou, Georges-Henri. La Grande Illusion, quand la France perdait la paix (Tallandier, 2015)

Newspaper articles from Retronews, Bibliothèque nationale de France https://www.retronews.fr/

Nr 247 Kabinettsitzung vom 6. Mai 1921 https://www.bundesarchiv.de/aktenreichskanzlei/1919-1933/01a/feh/feh1p/kap1_2/kap2_247/para3_1.html )

Rothermund, Dietmar: Post-war Economies , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2018-05-22 encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/post-war_economies

Christophe Bellon. Aristide Briand et l'Europe au Parlement des Années folles. Quand la délibéra-tion prend le pas sur la diplomatie (1919-1932) Dans Parlement[s], Revue d'histoire politique 2007/3 (n° HS 3), pages 41 à 53

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Battle of Annaberg - Germany and Poland Fight Over Silesia I THE GREAT WAR 1921

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The question of the allegiance of the ethnically mixed region of Silesia had already caused heated diplomatic arguments between Germany, Poland and the Allies after the First World War. After a divisive plebiscite the situation escalated into violence. Neither Germany nor Poland could officially send troops, but German Freikorps and Pro-Polish militias fought it out.

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» SOURCES
Boehler, Jochen. Civil War in Central Europe 1918-1921 (OUP, 2018)

Campbell, F. Gregory: The Struggle for Upper Silesia, 1919-1922. In: The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 42, 1970.

Lesniewski, Peter: Britain and Upper Silesia 1919-1922. 2000.

Michalczyk, Andrezej: Celebrating the nation: the case of Upper Silesia after the plebiscite in 1921.

Hitze, Guido: Die oberschlesische Frage im Jahre 1921. In: Die Politische Meinung 12/02.

Hitze, Guido: Oberschlesien als internationaler Streitfall. In: PAN 20/01.

Hoefer, Karl: Oberschlesien in der Aufstandszeit 1918-1921. Erinnerungen und Dokumente, 1938.

Tooley, T. Hunt: German Political Violence and the Border Plebiscite in Upper Silesia, 1919-1921. 2008.

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When China Was Ruled By Warlords - The Zhili–Anhui War (Documentary)

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The first decades of the 20th century were a tumultuous time for China with carrying factions trying to control the vast country. These cliques were led by colorful warlords who even went to war with each other. The Zhili-, Anhui- and Fengtian Cliques are the most well known of this warlord era in Chinese history.

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» SOURCES
Dreyer, Edward L. China at War 1901-1949, (New York : Longman Publishing, 1995)

Gray, Jack, Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1800s to 2000, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2002)

Jowett, Philip, Chinese Warlord Armies 1911-30, (Oxford : Osprey Publishing, 2010)

Mackinnon, Stephen R. “The Peiyang Army, Yuan Shih-k`ai, and the Origins of Modern Chinese Warlordism” The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 32, No. 3 (May, 1973)

McCord, Edward A. “Burn, Kill, Rape, and Rob: Military Atrocities, Warlordism, and Anti-Warlordism in Republican China” in Lary, Diana & MacKinnon, Stephen (eds.) Scars of War: The Impact of Warfare on Modern China, (Toronto : UBC Press, 2001)

McCord, Edward A. The Power of the Gun, The Emergence of Modern Chinese Warlordism, (Berkeley : University of California Press)

Mühlhahn, Klaus, Making China Modern: From the Great Qing to Xi Jinping, (Cambridge, MA : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019)

"民國時期最狂軍閥，出版過詩集的草莽將軍張宗昌" [Trans: The most insane warlord during the Republic of China, the published poetry collection of the general Zhang Zongchang]. The News Lens, (10 August 2018) thenewslens.com/article/99950

Sheridan, James E. The warlord era: politics and militarism under the Peking government, 1916-28 in Fairbank, John K. & Twitchett, Denis (eds.) The Cambridge History of China: Volume 12, Republican China 1912-1949, Part 1, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2005)

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The Emperor That Wanted His Crown Back (Documentary)

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Former Austro-Hungarian Emperor Karl lived in exile since the armistice of 1918. But he hadn't given up his claim to the crowns of the dual monarchy. And so in 1921 he tried to claim the Hungarian crown not once, but twice.

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» SOURCES
Benes, Eduard. “The Little Entente,” in Foreign Affairs , Sep. 15, 1922, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Sep. 15, 1922), pp. 66-72

Brook-Shepherd, Gordon: Um Krone und Reich. Die Tragödie des letzten Habsburgerkaisers.

Sakmyster, Thomas. Miklos Horthy. Ungarn 1918-1944 (Steinbauer, 2006)

Lehar, Anton: Erinnerungen Gegenrevolution und Restaurationsversuch in Ungarn 1918 - 1921

Takacs, Peter: On Stateform of Hungary between 1920 and 1944:
Applicability of the Term „Monarchy without a King”.

Teleki, Paul: The Evolution of Hungary and its place in European History.

Zeidler, Miklos: Charles IV’s attempted returns to the Hungarian throne.
encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/charles_i_emperor_of_austria

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Banana Wars - US Marines Occupy Cuba, Haiti & Dominican Republic (Documentary)

The Great War 2021-03-26 | Following the Spanish-American War, the United States foreign policy, under the influence of the Monroe Doctrine, intervened in several countries in Central America and the Caribbean. The United States Marine Corps was usually the military arm of these involvements as was the case in Cuba, Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

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» SOURCES
Bauduy, Jennifer, “The 1915 U.S. Invasion of Haiti: Examining a Treaty of Occupation” Social Education 79 (2015)

Castor, Suzy & Garafola, Lynn, “The American Occupation of Haiti (1915-34) and the Dominican Republic (1916-24)” The Massachusetts Review, Vol. 15, No. 1/2, Caliban (Winter - Spring, 1974)

Gilderhus, Mark T, The Second Century: U.S.-Latin American Relations Since 1889, (Wilmington, Delaware : Scholarly Resources Inc, 2000)

Johnson, Jeannie L. The Marines, Counterinsurgency, and Strategic Culture: Lessons Learned and Lost in America's Wars, (Washington D.C. : Georgetown University Press, 2018)

Langley, Lester D, The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898-1934, (Wilmington, Delaware : Scholarly Resources Inc, 2002)

Langley, Lester D, The United States and the Caribbean, 1900-1970, (Athens, Georgia : University of Georgia Press, 1980)

Perez, Louis A., Jr. Intervention, Revolution, and Politics in Cuba, 1913-1921, (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania : University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009)

Posner, Walter H. “American Marines in Haiti, 1915-1922” The Americas, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Jan., 1964)

Schreadley, R. L. Intervention! : the Americans in Haiti, 1915-1934, (Charleston, South Carolina : Evening Post Books, 2017)

Yates, Lawrence A, “The US Military’s Experience in Stability Operations, 1789-2005”, Global War on Terrorism Occasional Paper 15, Title 1, Series 2, (2006)

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16 DAYS IN BERLIN: realtimehistory.net/pages/16-days-in-berlin

»CREDITS
Presented by: Jesse Alexander
Written by: Mark Newton, Jesse Alexander
Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig
Director of Photography: Toni Steller
Sound: Toni Steller
Editing: Toni Steller
Motion Design: Philipp Appelt
Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com
Maps: Daniel Kogosov (patreon.com/Zalezsky)
Research by: Jesse Alexander
Fact checking: Florian Wittig

Channel Design: Yves Thimian

Contains licensed material by getty images
All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2021

Bloody Climax Of The Anglo-Irish War (Documentary)

The Great War 2021-03-12 | Support us and get 40% off Nebula: go.nebula.tv/the-great-war

Watch 16 Days in Berlin on Nebula: nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end?ref=the-great-war

In early 1921 the Anglo-Irish War/Irish War of Independence reached its bloody climax. Multiple IRA ambushes led to British soldiers being killed, at the same time the IRA walked on "very thin ice" and overstretched their resources.

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» BUY OUR SOURCES IN OUR AMAZON STORES
realtimehistory.net/amazon *
*Buying via this link supports The Great War (Affiliate-Link)

» SOURCES
Anonymous. “The Enemy’s Failure”, An tÓglach, Vol. 2, No. 24 (March 1, 1921)

Bell, J Bowyer. “The Secret Army: The IRA” (London: Sphere, 1972)

Dorney, John. “War of Independence: the bloodiest six months”, The Irish Times, (3 June 2020)

Fairbrother, Henry. “The British Army Presence in Dublin” Dublin Historical Record,
Vol. 70, No. 1 (Spring / Summer 2017)

Hopkinson, Michael. “The Irish War of Independence”, (Cork : Gill & Macmillan, 2014)

Lawlor, S. M. “Ireland from Truce to Treaty: War or Peace? July to October 1921” Irish Historical Studies, Vol. 22, No. 85 (Mar., 1980)

O’Donoghue, Florence. “No Other Law” (Dublin : Anvil Books, 1986)

Townshend, Charles. “The Republic: The Fight for Irish Independence 1918-1923”, (London : Penguin Books, 2014)

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Website: realtimehistory.net
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» OTHER PROJECTS
16 DAYS IN BERLIN: realtimehistory.net/pages/16-days-in-berlin

»CREDITS
Presented by: Jesse Alexander
Written by: Mark Newton, Jesse Alexander
Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig
Director of Photography: Toni Steller
Sound: Toni Steller
Editing: Toni Steller
Motion Design: Philipp Appelt
Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com
Maps: Daniel Kogosov (patreon.com/Zalezsky)
Research by: Mark Newton
Fact checking: Florian Wittig

Channel Design: Yves Thimian

Contains licensed material by getty images
All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2021