Hikma History
How Iran Lost The Caucasus | Persia History
updated
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0:00 Intro
0:58 Ghaza Thesis
3:59 Weakness of Opponents
5:51 Ottoman Competence
10:33 Frontier
14:03 Conclusion
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Mohamed Mossadegh became PM of Iran in 1951, he had a plan on how he was going to help Iran achieve self-sufficiency and prosperity by nationalising Iran’s immensely profitable oil industry. But the Western interests he cut out were never going to just accept this. So the British and Americans set about to undermine Mossadegh and re-establish the old status quo in Operation Ajax. The subsequent blowback from the 1953 Coup made America deeply unpopular with wide segments of Iranian society; and consequently established a reputation of the USA to be untrustworthy, tyrannical and dangerous throughout various Middle Eastern societies as they saw their own nations fall prey to America’s aggressive foreign policy in the Cold War milieu.
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#iranianrevolution #mossadegh #khomeini
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0:00 Intro
01:30 Imperialism, Oil & Nationalism
05:58 Iranian Domestic Politics
09:29 Mossadegh Becomes PM
13:35 America & Britain Start Planning Operation Ajax
18:39 Consequences
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0:00 Intro
1:22 Consequences of the Iran-Iraq War
6:15 Saddam captures the world's attention
8:19 An undisputed superpower emerges
10:22 Saddam's defiance
11:29 Operation Desert Storm
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0:00 Intro
01:23 Iran's Revolutionary Past (1891-1953)
06:32 The Shah Sows the Seeds of his own Downfall (1953-1977)
16:42 How the Revolution Unfolded (1977-1979)
27:04 The Ayatollahs Hijack the Revolution (1979-1982)
Big thank you to @sultanskinny for his help with the script. Check out his channel for more informative content on the Middle East: youtube.com/@sultanskinny3094
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0:00 Intro
01:46 Muhammad Ali of Egypt sets modernising precedent
06:37 Ottoman Reformation
11:15 Reform's failure & reaction
Saudi Arabia is one of the richest countries in the world. Thanks to its vast reserves of oil as well as the policies pursued by its rulers, it is now the premier powerhouse of the Middle East. But how did it get to this position?
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0:00 Intro
01:23 First & Second Saudi States (1727-1891)
04:05 Ibn Saud establishes the Kingdom (1902-1953)
09:27 Saudi Arabia begins to flex its muscles (1953-1982)
13:21 National development & survival in a modern world (1982-2015)
17:09 Vision 2030 and beyond (2015-Present)
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0:00 Intro
1:16 Soldier of the Sultan (1881-1918)
11:18 Fight For Independence (1918-1923)
22:53 Mustafa Kemal Becomes Ataturk (1923-1938)
magellantv.com/series/ottomans-vs-christians-the-battle-for-europe
The plight of the Uyghurs is well-known in today’s world. The Chinese government has systematically targeted the Turkic ethnic group, in an effort to erode its cultural and religious identity. The downtrodden position they find themselves in now is in stark contrast to distant past where the Uyghurs actually established a powerful empire; one that held sway over parts of China and intimidated various Chinese emperors to make concessions. The Uyghur Khaganate lasted for just a century but in that time they’d become major players in domestic Chinese affairs. They also established a dominant presence on the Silk Road trade route, benefitting hugely as intermediaries.
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0:00 Intro
2:37 Early Origins Under the Gokturks
5:28 Establishment & Expansion of the Khaganate (747-808)
12:18 The Decline was Quicker than the Rise (808-840)
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0:00 Intro
1:15 Lebanon's Early History
3:12 Six Day War Changes Everything
5:18 Civil War Erupts
8:28 Was it the Palestinian's fault?
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0:00 Intro
1:22 Palestine & Israel
13:15 Egypt
23:46 Syria
34:51 Lebanon
48:42 Iraq
1:06:14 Jordan
1:21:48 Saudi Arabia
1:27:43 Iran
1:34:27 Turkey
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0:00 Intro
3:12 Life under father Hyder Ali
7:07 Kingship & rivalry with the British
By the early 19th century, Russian Czars started to make a concerted effort to bring the isolate yet important region of the Caucasus under their control. They'd soon encounter various mountainous peoples of the region who were always difficult foe to subdue. A resistance movement soon developed, united under the banner of Islam, calling themselves Murids. Under a series of leaders, most famously Imam Shamil, the Murids would make Dagestan and Chechnya a graveyard for tens of thousands of Russian soldiers, as they stubbornly clung on to the hope remaining independent against an aggressive foreign outside power. In a classic tale of David vs Goliath, for over 30 years the Murids would outmaneuver the juggernaut Russian army numerous times before finally succumbing to the sad fate of defeat.
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0:00 Intro
1:49 Caucasus Context
7:19 The Caucasian Imamate is Announced
18:52 The Imamate's Fight for Survival
22:01 Shamil Enters the Fight
33:37 The Imamate's Golden Days
52:42 Downfall of Shamil & the Imamate
Ataturk changed Turkey in unimaginable ways. Upon gaining independence after WWI, he set about to vigorously modernise his country. Customs and traditions that had endured for centuries were gotten rid of so that Turkey could modernise in a similar way that European countries had. The most prominent reforms of Ataturk concerned the nation's relationship with Islam. A staunch advocate of secularism, Ataturk sought to relegate the role of religion to the private sphere.
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0:00 Intro
1:32 Republicanism
4:57 Populism
6:26 Laicism
9:44 Nationalism
13:14 Reformism
15:26 Statism
The Levant is a mixing pot for religious and cultural diversity which has given the world incredible displays of civilization. Unfortunately the mismanagement of this diversity has at times given way to outbursts of conflict. This is particularly the case in the modern period. As European imperial forces started to interfere with the affairs of a declining Ottoman Empire that was proving incapable of solving its own internal issues, sectarian and ethnic tensions spilled over in episodes of extreme violence. A prominent early example took place in the summer of 1860 when Ottoman Syria was beset by a civil conflict between its Christian, Muslim and Druze inhabitants. Having lived together in relative peace for centuries, the different groups drew arms in clashes that saw tens of thousands of people get killed. The repercussions of the feud would go on to influence the Levant for decades to come. In the case of Lebanon specifically, it is not an exaggeration to say that it determined its future to the present day.
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0:00 Intro
1:39 Ottoman Syria Backstory
10:08 Mount Lebanon Civil War
11:34 Damascus Massacre
14:19 Aftermath
Jordan's recent history has been turbulent. Upon gaining its independence in the aftermath of WWII, Jordan was confronted by the prospect of a belligerent new neighbour in the shape of Israel. The Arab-Israeli conflict not only led to multiple wars, but it also led to hundreds of thousands of Palestinians becoming Jordanians, thereby forcing Jordan to re-evaluate what it meant to be a Jordanian. At the same time as it was figuring out who it was as a nation, the Hashemite monarchy had to guide the country through the tumultuous 1950s and 1960s which saw the Middle East get swept by the Pan-Arab socialist ideas of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Thanks in no small part to the diligence of its long-time ruler King Hussein, Jordan was able to carve a path out of chaos into stability.
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0:00 Intro
1:20 Transjordan Becomes Jordan
4:47 Turbulent Times (1950s & 60s)
11:11 Ad
12:46 Hussein vs PLO
14:37 Hussein the Peacemaker
See important Reg A disclosures: masterworks.com/about/disclaimer?utm_source=hikmahistory&utm_medium=youtube&utm_campaign=3-1-23&utm_term=Viewer+of+Hikma+History *“net returns” refers to the annualized internal rate of return net of all fees and costs, calculated from the offering closing date to the sale date. IRR may not be indicative of Masterworks paintings not yet sold and past performance is not indicative of future results.
12:00 General Grabe
18:14 Shuaib Mulla of Tesentara
19:08 General Neidgardt
21:32 Baysungur of Benoy
23:37 General Voronstov
34:57 Ghazi Muhammad
Stoic History video on Emir Abdelkader:
youtube.com/watch?v=thiKywgYmC0
Part 1 - The Caucasian Imamate under Ghazi Muhammad and Hamzat Bek:
youtube.com/watch?v=Zg14IZzL7F8
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#dagestan #russia #chechnya
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0:00 Intro
1:49 Shamil's early life
4:24 Early years as Imam (1834-1839)
9:05 Shamil's narrow escape at Akhoulgo (1839)
13:25 The Red Devil joins Shamil
17:21 The Imamate enjoys its greatest success (1841-1852)
32:53 Shamil Turns on The Red Devil
35:35 Crimean War becomes the Imamate's lifeline
37:45 End of Shamil's Struggle & Exile
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#afghan #afghanistan #independence
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youtube.com/watch?v=dAmEp89rB7M&t=2s
Check out Cynical Historian's video on the Global War on Terror:
youtube.com/watch?v=7Nwe0ehW2nY
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The Soviet-Afghan War of the 1980s had huge consequences for the development of international geopolitics for the next two decades. The subsequent resilience and tenacity shown by the Afghan Mujahideen guerrilla forces stunned not only the Soviets but much of the world. They were duly rewarded for their perseverance with an abundance of material and moral support from a number of pivotal allies. The nine or so years of warfare has been argued by many to have had a significant bearing on the outcome of the Cold War. Not to mention the fact that it would go on to play a huge role in determining Afghanistan’s fate until today.
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#afghan #historydocumentary #russia
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If any of the images or songs are yours, please let me know I will amend them. Please don't report me straight away!
0:00 Intro
1:18 Invasion & Early Years
8:52 Foreign Assistance to the Mujahideen
15:45 Mujahideen Leadership
19:34 Conclusion & Aftermath
nominalx.com/hikmahistory
The Barbary Slave Trade thrived off piracy in the Mediterranean. Pirates operated off the coast of North Africa preyed on European coastal settlements and ships; enslaving Europeans who were subsequently brought back to port cities in Morocco and Algeria among other places. Historians have speculated that from the 16th to the early 19th century, as much as 1 million Christian Europeans were enslaved by the Barbary pirates.
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#barbary #pirates #slavery
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#Iraq #Saddam #Shia
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0:00 Intro
1:26 Hashemite Monarchy Period
6:29 Republican Period
10:05 Ba'athists & Saddam Period
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#Shorts #afghanistan #afghanhistory
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Doug Maxwell - Arabian Nightfall (Sting):
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Epidemic Sounds
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#qatar #qatarworldcup2022 #oil
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0:00 Intro
0:57 Qatar's Early History
2:10 Discovery of Oil
5:29 Results of Oil Money & Diversification
youtu.be/Zg14IZzL7F8
Street Food Channel:
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15 years after the Murid’s rose up in the Caucasus, Russia was still unable assert their rule in the region. Under their enigmatic leader, Imam Shamil, the Murids continued to harass the Tsar’s forces with their guerrilla warfare tactics. Despite repeated Russian victories, Imam Shamil was not discouraged. For him and his followers, this was a war to the death, where surrender was not an option. This perseverance would pay off; having bolstered his forces throughout the first half of the 1840s, Imam Shamil was besieged in his Chechen stronghold of Dargo by a Russian force in 1845. What ensued was the biggest victory for the Murids of the entire war and served to highlight the military genius of Shamil.
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#russia #dagestan #chechnya
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youtu.be/Zg14IZzL7F8
I have to thank @StoicHistorian for his help with the research and script!
Street Food Channel:
youtube.com/c/StreetFoodBites
15 years after the Murid’s rose up in the Caucasus, Russia was still unable assert their rule in the region. Under their enigmatic leader, Imam Shamil, the Murids continued to harass the Tsar’s forces with their guerrilla warfare tactics. Despite repeated Russian victories, Imam Shamil was not discouraged. For him and his followers, this was a war to the death, where surrender was not an option. This perseverance would pay off; having bolstered his forces throughout the first half of the 1840s, Imam Shamil was besieged in his Chechen stronghold of Dargo by a Russian force in 1845. What ensued was the biggest victory for the Murids of the entire war and served to highlight the military genius of Shamil.
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#russia #dagestan #imamshamil
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youtube.com/watch?v=7FfBGLTP6Hw&t=190s
The Vikings' pursuit for greater riches saw them interact with various peoples, including Muslims from the Abbasid Caliphate. Archaeologists in Scandinavia have found thousands of Dirham coins from the Islamic world. This is because the Vikings from Sweden eventually moved south-east and settled in modern-day Ukraine & Russia, setting up the Kievan Rus state in the process. Subsequently, the Rus would’ve carried out their trade with the Muslims mainly through intermediaries such as the Khazar Khaganate and the Volga Bulgars. There were notable examples where direct contact between the two sides occurred and we even have detailed accounts of these: with the 10th century travellers Ibn Fadlan and Ibn Rustah being the most famous. It’s actually from ibn Fadlan‘s account that we get an eyewitness description of the infamous Viking ship burial.
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#vikings #historyfacts #islamichistory
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youtube.com/watch?v=PpK0vTLrccg
Imam Shamil's Victory at Dargo (1845):
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#russia #dagestan #chechnya
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0:00 Intro
1:42 Region's Historical Context
7:13 Imam Ghazi Declares War Against The Tsar (1828-32)
18:45 The Imamate Finds & Loses A New Leader (1832-34)
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#suez #egypt
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0:00 Intro
1:14 Context
3:14 Nationalization & Aftermath
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#shorts #afghanistan #afghanwar
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The Republic established by Ataturk was an ambitious project. In the aftermath of the great leader’s death in 1938, a tricky road lay ahead for Turkey. It had to manage its transition to a multi-party political system. At the same, it had to deal with the fact that the Army viewed itself as the purveyor’s of Ataturk’s vision and thereby would get involved in politics if they saw fit. On top of all this, Turkey had to grapple with social instability caused by socio-political violence between left-wing and right-wing groups.
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#Turkey #Ataturk #Erdogan
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Epidemic Sound
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#wwi #middleeast #britishhistory
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In the 11th century, the Muslim Taifa states were often engaged in fighting each other whilst being vulnerable to the increasingly ambitious Christian Kingdoms of the north. This opened the door for two successive groups of Muslim Berbers who emerged from the fringes of the Sahara Desert and were able to assert their authority over al-Andalus from the end of the 11th century until the beginning of the 13th century. Both the Almoravids and Almohads would play key roles in the story of Muslim Iberia; with both emerging at important junctures when the Christian Reconquista was gaining significant momentum. These two energetic and ferocious Berber groups proved to be worthy foes of the Christian Kingdoms, putting a stop to the momentum of the Reconquista, even if it was just temporarily.
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#alandalus #reconquista #islamichistory
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Aaron Kenny - Desert Caravan
youtube.com/watch?v=BcWmVdBbWTQ
Doug Maxwell - Arabian Nightfall (Sting):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3bRzD...
Joss Edwards - Invasion
soundcloud.com/jossedwardsmusic
Joss Edwards - Sand and Sunburn
soundcloud.com/jossedwardsmusic
Joss Edwards - City of the Desert
soundcloud.com/jossedwardsmusic
Epidemic Sound
Shout out to my boy Ari for the Koutobia/Azaan footage.
If any of the images or songs are yours, please let me know I will amend them.
0:00 Intro
1:37 Almoravids
12:00 Almohads
youtube.com/watch?v=arnr3vd8_DI
In the summer of 844 AD, the inhabitants of Seville woke up to a group of Vikings camped outside its city. Seville, like most of the Iberian Peninsula, was in the hands of the Emirate of Cordoba. So what happened when the Vikings went toe-to-toe with the Muslim rulers of al-Andalus?
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#vikings #alandalus #islamichistory
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It is hard to learn about Islamic history without knowing about the Ottomans. Their imperial ambitions saw them form an empire which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Persian Gulf. But their origins were modest and unsteady. What wasn’t humble was the vision of the first Ottoman ruler, Osman. Despite only having a small sized band of warriors around him, it is said he had a dream that his descendants would go on to create a mighty empire that ruled an immense realm. So he set about to establish a strong base for his successors to go on and achieve his dream.
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#ertugrulgazi #osmanghazi #kuruluşosman
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#ottomans #dracula #romania
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At the height of their imperial glory at the turn of the 11th century, the Shi'a Fatimid Caliphate was one of the most powerful states in the world. But within a few decades it entered a sharp decline that continued for over a century. At certain points it seemed to be on the verge of collapse. While it continued to trudge along for decades in a weakened state, this begs the question - how did the Fatimids whose realm once stretched from the Atlantic to the Levant enter such a rapid decline?
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#shia #caliphate #history
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0:00 Intro
0:52 Imperial Court Issues
3:08 Divisions within the Army
5:25 Ecological problems
6:53 Viziers of the Sword
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#history #islam #youtuber
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0:00 Intro
0:43 Is personal autonomy a right?
4:14 What historical event would I intervene in?
6:22 Is there anything too serious to joke about?
12:27 What makes life worth living for you?
14:55 What do you think of Amanullah Khan's reforms?
21:43 Would Britain be better Islamic?
23:51 What profession would Ghengis Khan have today?
28:05 Does the Islamic world need a Caliph?
30:36 What if the Ottoman Empire still existed?
32:50 What are your hobbies besides History?
34:02 Favourite movie?
35:15 What's your perfect sandwich?
37:48 What's the future of Afghan-Pakistani relations?
39:37 Which Muslim country's culture do you like?
41:45 What's next for Hikma History?
43:25 Would the Ottomans have been better off if Sultan Suleiman's son Mustafa succeeded him?
47:59 If God revealed himself, would people believe him?
49:13 Would the Crusades have been different if Christians were the majority in the Middle East?
53:02 What would break your spirit?
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Afghanistan is known for war. But there was a time when that wasn’t the case. The first 8 decades of the 20th century saw it being a relatively peaceful state that was making steady progress towards modernising. Under the watchful eye of its monarchy, Afghanistan was developing its infrastructure and working towards becoming an active member of the international community. The political modernisation of the country gained significant momentum during the long reign of King Zahir Shah from the 1930s to the 1970s. In its desire to bring the country up to speed with the 20th century, the royal family’s modernisation efforts had a number of unintended consequences that would see Afghanistan become embroiled in Cold War politics and subsequently thrown into violent chaos. The Soviet invasion in the 1980s undid much of the progress that had been made up until that point and left the country destroyed and war-torn.
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#afghanistan #afghanhistory #documentary
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0:00 Intro
1:48 Early 20th Century Afghan History
4:35 Early Musahibans & WWII
13:03 Post-WWII Political Modernisation & Pashtunistan
19:43 Daud's Decade and Aggressive Modernisation
24:28 Constitutional Decade
29:43 Daud's Coup & Presidency
33:25 Afghan Communists Takeover & Soviet Decision to Invade
40:29 Early Stage of Soviet Invasion
48:05 Mujahideen Get Foreign Assistance
55:00 Who Were The Mujahideen?
58:47 Soviets Defeated & Aftermath
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Egypt has always been pivotal to regional developments. From the Ancient Egyptians, to the Romans to the Ottomans - all valued it. Throughout the 20th century, the revolutionary sentiment was channeled to oppose imperialism and assert Egyptian sovereignty. The pinnacle of this assertiveness was reached under the enigmatic Gamal Abdel Nasser, whose presidency in the 1950s and 1960s saw Egypt become a leader of the non-aligned bloc, those countries that were not allied to the USA or the USSR. Throughout the Arab world, Egypt became the standard to which all the other countries aspired to be. Its movies, songs and radio stations were broadcasted all across the Middle East and North Africa; whilst Nasser’s Arab socialist ideology was exported and threatened to undermine any Arab government that defied it.
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#egypt #israel #arab
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0:00 Intro
1:30 Under The Monarchy
2:45 The Golden Age Under Nasser
8:10 From Leader to Outcast Under Sadat
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#ottomans #history #empire
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#kurdistan #kurdish
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Perhaps no other issue has shaped post-WWII Middle East like the Palestinian-Israeli conflict has. The establishment of the state of Israel in 1948 and the subsequent expulsion of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians has caused an enmity that is still visible to the present day. The issue has been so central that all the prominent strains of ideological thought which dominated the region in the second half of the 20th century have addressed it, whether it was Nationalism, pan-Arabism or Islamism. The conflict has led to numerous major wars and has repeatedly needed the world’s superpowers to step in and mediate. Through various twists and turns, Palestine and Israel have gone on to experience very different fates - with the dreams and aspirations of one moving further away from reality, whilst the other is moving towards its manifestation.
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#israel #palestine #history
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0:00 Intro
1:18 Independence & 'Catastrophe'
4:45 Palestinian Resistance
7:44 Status Quo Reached?
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When the British decided to pull out of India after WWII, the post-independent era would begin with one of the most devastating episodes of modern history. Two new nations emerged, India and Pakistan, drawn along religious lines; but the triumph of independence was overshadowed by the trauma of the partition. As Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs were forced to leave their homes in order to not be on the wrong side of the border, chaos ensued. 15 million people displaced and around a million people died. Such a catastrophe begs the question - how did something so shocking happen in the first place where people took up arms against their own neighbours that they had lived with for centuries?
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#india #pakistan #partition
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0:00 Intro
1:20 The Birth of the Independence Movement
5:35 Interwar Escalation of Tension
10:50 Muslim League Rises in Prominence
12:19 Inevitability of Independence
15:21 Partition Confirmed
youtube.com/channel/UCXamxCItAKMVSo6MRar2gjw
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#shorts #Xinjiang #Uyghurs
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Lebanon’s history in the second half of the 20th century is particularly tragic. It went from being a prosperous tourist hotspot to a war-torn country that was destroyed by sectarian tensions amongst its many peoples. The capital Beirut was referred to as the ‘Paris of the Middle East’ in the 1960s but by the 1980s, it was torn in half by bloody fighting between Muslim and Christian factions who sought to further their own agendas. It can be argued that the Civil War of the 1970s and 80s came about largely because Lebanon’s rich heritage of religious diversity was poorly managed by a government system that failed to create a sustainable political infrastructure for the Lebanese people.
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0:00 Intro
1:10 Religious and Political Context
4:10 Period Between Independence and Civil War
7:17 The Civil War
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#MagnificentCentury #MuhtesemYuzyil
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In the euphoric aftermath of gaining independence, most Arab countries experienced extreme political turbulence. Many states struggled to navigate a period that was defined by dynamic ideological pursuits; the most prominent of which was Arab nationalism. Syria, a key centre of pan-Arab ideas, embodied the political instability of the period; having to contend with a new belligerent neighbour in the shape of Israel and the rise of an increasingly assertive Ba’athist Party. The country went through countless changes in government until power was centralised in the hands of the military strongman Hafez al-Assad in 1970. Ever since then, the country has been ruled by his family.
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#Syria #AlAssad #Documentary
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0:00 Intro
1:07 Sponsor
2:08 Post-WWII Syria
5:21 Merger with Egypt
7:02 Rise of Ba'athists
9:29 Hafez al-Assad
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#shorts #lebanon #french
Images Used:
Music Used:
Doug Maxwell - Arabian Nightfall (Sting):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3bRzD...
If any of the images or songs are yours, please let me know I will amend them. Please don't report me straight away!
0:00 Intro
1:03 Construction's Context
3:12 Architectural Detail
5:18 Does it Explain Ottoman Decline?
8:28 Outro
Project Exploration:
youtube.com/playlist?list=PLfp1VB3Lm4InaTdeUqvTr0_gUvhJuoZIF
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#ibnbattuta #projectexploration #goldenhorde
Images Used:
Music Used:
Doug Maxwell - Arabian Nightfall (Sting):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3bRzD...
If any of the images or songs are yours, please let me know I will amend them. Please don't report me straight away!
0:00 Intro
0:59 Journey to Ozbeg Khan's Crimea
6:18 Meeting Ozbeg Khan