Outlawed: Extraordinary Rendition in the War on Terror WITNESS 2024-10-22 | Outlawed: Extraordinary Rendition in the War on Terror
Essential Guide to Safely Documenting Police Violence at Protests | Proving Time and Location WITNESS 2023-06-11 | Tips to prove time and location of where you are filming so footage can be used in court. Also an overview on WHEN to begin sharing the video and points to consider.For more information visit: bit.ly/FilmPolice_USA
Essential Guide to Safely Documenting Police Violence at Protests | Shooting Better Footage WITNESS 2023-06-10 | Filming tips on how to shoot better footage during a protest.For more information visit: bit.ly/FilmPolice_USA
Essential Guide to Safely Documenting Police Violence at Protests | What and Why You Film WITNESS 2023-06-09 | The importance of having a 6 digit code. An overview of what details to film, and how to think about the purpose of filming - advocacy or evidence. For more information visit: bit.ly/FilmPolice_USA
Essential Guide to Safely Documenting Police Violence at Protests | Know Your Rights WITNESS 2023-06-08 | Understanding your rights and how you can prepare before filming at a protest.For more information visit: bit.ly/FilmPolice_USA
The People’s Database for Community-Based Police Accountability | Promo Short WITNESS 2023-06-07 | The People’s Database for Community-Based Police Accountability is a Berkeley Copwatch and WITNESS initiative aimed at developing low-cost, secure and sustainable models for collecting, organizing, preserving, and curating human rights documentation so it can be used for evidence and advocacy. This video offers a look into Version 2.0 of the People's Database, which was made available in April 2023.Watch the full video here: youtu.be/ofVaVya93DwLearn more at: lab.witness.org/berkeley-copwatch-database
How To Livestream Protests (United States) | Part 3 WITNESS 2023-05-31 | This video provides basic guidance on live streaming protests safely and effectively. Download our tip sheet on live streaming protests here: http://bit.ly/LivestreamProtests
How To Livestream Protests (United States) | Part 2 WITNESS 2023-05-31 | This video provides basic guidance on live streaming protests safely and effectively. Download our tip sheet on live streaming protests here: http://bit.ly/LivestreamProtests
How To Livestream Protests (United States) | Part 1 WITNESS 2023-05-31 | This video provides basic guidance on live streaming protests safely and effectively. Download our tip sheet on live streaming protests here: http://bit.ly/LivestreamProtests
Non-Implementation of the Endorois Decision: A Continuing Struggle for Justice WITNESS 2023-05-25 | The Endorois people, an Indigenous community residing in Kenya, have faced a long and arduous battle for justice and the recognition of their rights to their ancestral lands. In a significant ruling, the African Commission acknowledged their historical ties to the land and called for its restitution. However, it's been over twelve years since the decision, and the Kenyan government's persistent refusal to fully implement it has left the Endorois people in a state of despair, perpetuating their suffering and marginalization. The Kenyan government must face up to its obligations to the Endorois community.
Walkthrough of the People’s Database for Community-Based Police Accountability - Version 2.0 WITNESS 2023-05-22 | The People’s Database for Community-Based Police Accountability is a Berkeley Copwatch and WITNESS initiative aimed at developing low-cost, secure and sustainable models for collecting, organizing, preserving, and curating human rights documentation so it can be used for evidence and advocacy. This video offers a look into Version 2.0 of the People's Database, which was made available in April 2023.
3era Escuela de Comunicación Estratégica #TierrayTerritorio WITNESS 2023-05-15 | Video-resumen de la 3a edición de la Escuela 'Tierra y Territorio' de La Sandía Digital y WITNESS que se llevó a cabo en 2022, en la cual participaron 14 grupos defensores de los territorios en México, con quienes tuvimos sesiones en línea y un encuentro presencial en Quintana Roo.
Prepare, Dont Panic for AI - In Conversation with Sam Gregory WITNESS 2023-04-20 | Don’t let the hype-cycle around ChatGPT and Midjourney pull you into panic, WITNESS has been preparing for this moment for the past decade with foundational research and global advocacy on synthetic and manipulated media. Join us for 45 minutes with WITNESS Executive Director Sam Gregory on how AI is changing the media and information landscape; the creative opportunities for activists and threats to truth created by synthetic image, video, and audio; and the people and places being impacted but left out of the current conversation. Join the conversation live this Thursday April 20th, 2023 at 12:30pm EST!
Campanha em defesa do direito de lutar pela saúde - episódio 1 WITNESS 2023-04-18 | A partir de 2017, demissões, atrasos de salários e fechamentos de equipes de saúde da família mobilizaram a população e profissionais de saúde do Rio de Janeiro. No bairro de São Cristóvão, usuárias e usuários do sistema público de saúde se mobilizam para barrar os cortes. Vídeo produzido pelo movimento MOCLASPO (Movimento Classista em defesa da saúde do povo) com apoio do MUSC (Movimento de usuárias e usuários da saúde de são Cristóvão) e da Witness Brasil. Filmagem e edição: David AmenAssistente de direção: Lívia ScarlatNarração: Caruso
Introducing Sam Gregory, WITNESS new Executive Director WITNESS 2023-04-04 | WITNESS is thrilled to announce that Sam Gregory will be stepping into the role of Executive Director after two decades of service to the organization. Sam is a highly respected human rights leader and award-winning technologist who brings over 25 years of global experience innovating and leading interventions at the intersections of video, technology and human rights. Read more about him here: witness.org/portfolio_page/sam-gregory
Combat disinformation with Googles Reverse Image Search WITNESS 2023-04-02 | Reverse image search is a powerful tool that can be used to combat disinformation on the internet. By using this tool, you can quickly and easily verify the authenticity of images that you come across online, which can help to slow down the spread of #disinformation. Follow the steps in this video to use Google's reverse image search on your mobile. For more resources on identifying disinformation visit: wit.to/MediaLiteracy-Africa
Combating Media Narratives that Fuel Sexual and Gender-based Violence and Impede Access to Justice WITNESS 2023-03-08 | Harmful societal stereotypes, image-based violence, and gendered disinformation distort the crime of rape, promote rape culture, and impede access to justice for victims and survivors of sexual and gendered-based violence. The reporting of #SGBV in the media is instrumental in the fight against SGBV. In this webinar in partnership with Stand To End Rape Initiative, we dig deep into specific guidelines that prioritise practical tips and ethical considerations on reporting SGBV, which could lead to transformational media coverage of SGBV.
Entrevista en Tejemedios 2022 con Norma Ramírez - Mujeres con mucha M WITNESS 2023-03-08 | Durante el encuentro de Tejemedios en mayo de 2022 en Puebla hablamos con Norma Ramírez quien tiene el programa Mujeres con mucha M en Radio Zacatepec. Más sobre este encuentro en: https://redcoral.la/2022/05/18/tejemedios-2022-por-la-defensa-del-agua-y-la-vida/
Combating Media Narratives that Fuel Sexual and Gender-based Violence and Impede Access to Justice WITNESS 2023-03-06 | Harmful societal stereotypes, image-based violence, and gendered disinformation distort the crime of rape, promote rape culture, and impede access to justice for victims and survivors of sexual and gendered-based violence. The reporting of #SGBV in the media is instrumental in the fight against SGBV. In this webinar in partnership with Stand To End Rape Initiative we dig deep into specific guidelines that prioritise practical tips and ethical considerations on reporting SGBV, which could lead to transformational media coverage of SGBV.
Voces de Mujeres 2015 WITNESS 2023-03-01 | Voces de Mujeres, historias que transforman se llevó a cabo como un laboratorio de apropiación de herramientas narrativas, audiovisuales y digitales en el que mujeres de 12 estados del país hicieron visible, con su propia voz, el papel transformador de mujeres luchadoras en sus comunidades
Voces de Mujeres 2017 WITNESS 2023-03-01 | ¡Tomar la palabra es un acto revolucionario! Compartimos la memoria del proceso Voces de Mujeres 2017. En esta segunda generación compartimos historias de disidentes de género, mujeres indígenas, poetas, periodistas, futbolistas, mujeres del ring, defensoras del territorio y la naturaleza, motociclistas, deportistas, bicimensajeras, sanadoras, parteras, bisexuales y de las que han perdido la vida debido a la violencia.
WITNESS 2022 Year in Review WITNESS 2023-02-17 | Check out WITNESS' 2022 Year in Review Video highlighting our work and impact this past year. We are so grateful to our many partners, allies, and supporters for making this work possible.As human rights defenders around the world face rising authoritarianism, violent repression, an escalating climate crisis, and rampant mis- and disinformation, our communities increasingly turn to video and technology to share marginalized stories, document abuse, demand justice, and hold the powerful to account. Within a rapidly evolving information landscape, WITNESS is helping activists around the world to more safely and effectively use these tools to defend their rights and fortify the truth.
Right to Record: Protest. Resist. Exist. | Explainer WITNESS 2023-02-02 | This explainer video on the Right to Record provides insights from different contexts, featuring WITNESS staff perspectives on the radical power of the non-violent tool that is video.WITNESS launched the global campaign ‘RightToRecord: Protest. Resist. Exist’ in November 2022, to support truth-tellers and movement-builders to better protect this critical right and action.Documenters across the world have found great value in recording violations during protests and demonstrations, during the run-up to elections, in situations of war and conflict, in highlighting environmental degradation, harm to Indigenous communities and Black lives, and many other abuses.The Right to Record, as recognized by the United Nations, is linked inextricably to the freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, the right to access information, the right to publish, and the right to life.We still protest. We still resist. We still exist.Read the campaign blog for more information, and see how the Right to Record movement was first seeded in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 2019.blog.witness.org/2022/11/right-to-record-movementblog.witness.org/2019/06/collectives-regions-brazil-gather-rioWatch our recent Huddle on the Right to Record and its impact on community defenders around the world, with members of the Video4Change Network and WITNESS team.http://wit.to/R2R-Huddle
النسوية ومجتمع الميم و #الحق_في_التصوير WITNESS 2023-01-19 | لقاء مع نشطاء وناشطات من تونس والمغرب ومصر حول الحق في التصوير وتأثيره على حقوق المرآة ومجتمع الميم - في هذا : اللقاء نتحدث مع أميمة ديرمومي (هو\همن) من مؤسسي حركة نسويات في المغرب وناشط كويري مهتم بالهجرة والتصوير لينا العش (هي) منسقة برامج في مؤسسة موجودين بتونس - درست القانون الجنائي ومهتمة بالتدريب على حقوق المرأة متحدثة من مؤسسة بداية في مصر والسودان. خلال اللقاء سنتحدث عن تجارب النشطاء والناشطات في السياقات المختلفة لمؤسساتهم وبلدانهم. يمكنكم التعرف على المزيد عن تلك المؤسسات عبر هذه الروابط nassawiyat.orgtwitter.com/mawjoudinbedayaa.org Ar.witness.org
LEVANTAMOS NUESTRAS VOCES en defensa de la vida WITNESS 2022-12-19 | Es un documental realizado en el marco de la "Escuela Latinoamericana de Comunicación para la Defensa del Territorio - CORAL", donde más de 30 colectivos de 12 países latinoamericanos intercambiaron ideas y experiencias. Mediante un breve repaso de los últimos 10 años, ofrece una pequeña visión de la creciente creación de redes de medios libres en este continente. Más información en: redcoral.la
What if you didnt have the right to record? WITNESS 2022-12-13 | Have you ever thought about what our life would be like if we didn't have the right to record? How much information would we not have access to?In this video, Witness Brasil and Canal Reload, a Brazilian independent news channel focused on youth, talk about the #RightToRecord with examples where videos were fundamental to defending human rights. In addition, they give you a step-by-step guide so that a video can serve as legal evidence!And remember: if you are filming, always prioritize your safety, and don't put your life or physical integrity at risk!
Día #3 del Encuentro CORAL en México Noviembre 2022 WITNESS 2022-12-12 | En el Día 3 del Encuentro presencial de la Escuela Latinoamericana de Comunicación en Defensa del Territorio 𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗔𝗟, compartimos metodologías para contar historias, además de explorar nuevos medios digitales y reflexionar sobre nuestras medidas de seguridad.Este espacio está dirigido a formadorxs que comparten herramientas de comunicación audiovisual con comunidades defensoras de los territorios. ¡Gracias a Witness Brasil, Maizal, La Sandía Digital, Coletivo Catarse, Laboratorio Popular de Medios Libres y todxs lxs colectivxs que lo impulsan con nosotras! #CORALTerritorioAudiovisual
¿Qué palabra usarías para describir el Encuentro #CORAL? WITNESS 2022-12-12 | 🔥Parcería, reconexión, resistencia, simplicidad, comunidad ... Palabras que recuperan lo que se compartió durante el encuentro de #CORAL en #Paraty, Brasil del 14 al 20 de noviembre Comunicación para la #DefensadelaTierra 🌿🌎#CORALTerritorioAudiovisual🔥Parceria, reconexão, resistência, simplicidade, comunidade... Palavras que resgatam o que foi compartilhado durante o encontro #CORAL em #Paraty, Brasil, de 14 a 20 de novembro Comunicação para a #DefesaDaTerra🌿🌎#CORALTerritórioAudiovisualSaiba mais em https://redcoral.la/pt
Right to Record: Protest. Resist. Exist. | Trailer WITNESS 2022-12-09 | Documenters across the world have found great value in recording violations during protests and demonstrations, during the run-up to elections, in situations of war and conflict, in highlighting environmental degradation, harm to Indigenous communities and Black lives, and many other abuses. The right to record, as recognized by the United Nations, is linked inextricably to the freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, the right to access information, the right to publish, and the right to life. This short trailer is from an upcoming explainer video by WITNESS, that provides insights and perspectives by WITNESS staff living in different contexts, that believe in the radical power of the non-violent tool that is video.We still protest. We still resist. We still exist.Read more from our campaign blog: http://wit.to/RightToRecord-blog
Right to Record: Protest. Resist. Exist. - A Learning & Sharing Huddle WITNESS 2022-12-09 | WITNESS in partnership with the Video4Change network brings to you Right to Record: Protest. Resist. Exist. - A Learning & Sharing Huddle, hosted live on Friday 9th December 2022.The #RightToRecord allows us to #FortifyTheTruth. We are quite clear that the veracity of what we film is what takes precedence. This is what motivates us to keep protecting our #FreedomToFilm.Read more from our campaign blog: http://wit.to/RightToRecord-blog
Support communities in #Brazil on their #RightToRecord in defense of their ancestral territories WITNESS 2022-12-08 | Security guards of Brazil Biofuels fired their weapons multiple times against the #Indigenous Tembé people, who used their cellphones to document the violence. The company denied the incident, but the video has since gone viral. OAB lawyer José Maria said, "The company acquired lands of dubious origins for palm oil exploitation & that's being questioned by the Tembé people".Support: @ApibOficial @CoiabAmazonia @midiaindia @foirn
Dealing with Deceptive Deepfakes and Synthetic Media in Journalism WITNESS 2022-12-07 | 1 hour workshop hosted by WITNESS, WITNESS-Asia Pacific and Google News Initiative - APAC on what deepfakes are (and synthetic media), how they are currently being used maliciously or deceptively in the news/journalistic contexts, and what are the approaches to challenging, verifying, and detecting them.
Ethical and Creative Uses of Deepfakes and Synthetic Media in Journalism WITNESS 2022-12-07 | A one hour workshop hosted by WITNESS, WITNESS-Asia Pacific and Google News Initiative - APAC on ethical and creative uses of deepfakes and synthetic media for journalism, source protection, free expression and political critique
Día #2 del Encuentro CORAL en México Noviembre 2022 WITNESS 2022-12-02 | #CORALTerritorioAudiovisual 🎥 📸 🌿 En el Día 2 del Encuentro presencial de la Escuela Latinoamericana de Comunicación en Defensa del Territorio 𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗔𝗟 ❤️🖤💛, realizamos un carrusel de aprendizajes para reflexionar sobre nuestras prácticas, principios y valores, nuestras experiencias como formadorxs y los retos a los cuales nos enfrentamos a la hora de compartir herramientas de comunicación audiovisual con comunidades en resistencia ante el modelo extractivo.💻 🖌📻 Este espacio lo impulsamos con La Sandia Digital, Maizal, Coletivo Catarse, Laboratorio Popular de Medios Libres y más colectivxs del Abya Yala. ¡Gracias a todxs lxs participantes!🔗 Más info: https://redcoral.la/
Día #1 del Encuentro CORAL en México Noviembre 2022 WITNESS 2022-12-01 | ✊🏾🌿 Este año, Witness Brasil, Witness América Latina y el Caribe, Maizal Coletivo Catarse, Laboratorio Popular de Medios Libres y más compañerxs del Abya Yala, lanzamos la primera edición de la Escuela Latinoamericana de Comunicación en Defensa del Territorio 𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗔𝗟 ❤️🖤💛 (Colectivxs Reunidos de América Latina).🎥 📸 📻 Es un espacio de formación dirigido a personas defensoras de la vida y el territorio interesadas en compartir herramientas de comunicación audiovisual con comunidades en resistencia ante el modelo extractivo.💻 🖌🖍 Los primeros módulos fueron virtuales y del 14 al 20 de noviembre 2022 nos reunimos en la Ciudad de México para sesiones presenciales. En este video les contamos cómo nos fue en el Día 1 del Encuentro en México👇🔗 Más info: https://redcoral.la/
Join WITNESS to Fortify the Power of Video WITNESS 2022-11-29 | This year, WITNESS provided crucial support to anyone turning to video and technology to create meaningful change. From the courageous women and girls protesting in Iran, to the activists combatting police violence in Nigeria, and the communities documenting war crimes in Myanmar, our guidance and resources were accessed over 2 million times in the last year alone!And yet, being a witness is more challenging and dangerous than ever. Grassroots activists, women and girls on the frontlines, and Indigenous land defenders face extreme threats to their safety compounded with their narratives being undermined and discounted.Help WITNESS support these brave human rights defenders with a gift today. witness.org/donate
Verify Before Sharing: Bukunmi Adeaga Ilori (Kiekie) WITNESS 2022-11-18 | Misinformation and disinformation make it harder for people to identify verifiable information. This video highlights simple tips you can apply to stay vigilant while engaging with information online and offline. The video is part of the Media Literacy campaign launched by the Africa Program at WITNESS. For more resources, please visit: wit.to/MediaLiteracy-Africa.
Mutirão Rio2016 WITNESS 2022-11-09 | Mutirão es el nombre dado en Brasil a movilizaciones colectivas para lograr un fin, basándose en la ayuda mutua y gratuita. Es bajo ese espíritu que se realiza la cobertura del 6 al 20 de agosto, documentando el impacto social de los Juegos Olímpicos, manifestaciones con acciones de movimientos sociales en resistencia y la violencia policial, desplazamientos y desalojos como Vila Autódromo y otras favelas y ocupaciones, lucha por servicios básicos, víctimas del estado – jóvenes asesinadxs en operaciones policiales. Mutirão is the name given in Brazil to collective mobilizations to achieve an end, based on mutual and free help. It is in this spirit that the coverage of Mutirao is carried out from August 6 to 20, documenting the social impact of the Olympic Games, demonstrations with actions of social movements in resistance and police violence, displacement and evictions such as Vila Autódromo and other favelas and occupations, fight for basic services, victims of the state – young people killed in police operations
V4C - Video4Change Convening in Mexico WITNESS 2022-11-09 | In July 2015, over 30 video practitioners from 17 different organizations met in Mexico for the second convening of the Video4Change (V4C) Network. More information about the network in www.v4c.org
Fortifying the truth: Resilient witnessing in the face of human rights abuses, distrust, deepfakes WITNESS 2022-11-02 | Video is more and more central to communication, and specifically critical as a source of human rights documentation and storytelling. It is simultaneously being undermined by the increasing challenges to trust in video, societally and from technical developments like deepfakes and generative AI. In this context, how could we proactively act to 'fortify the truth' of critical voices defending human rights - across the pipeline of filming, sharing, analyzing, watching, advocating with, and preserving videos? Learn about the changing landscape for video witnessing, the way in which the human rights, video and technology network WITNESS supports people to use video and technology to fight for human rights, and potential steps to proactively fortify the truth.
What can be done to create provenance and authenticity infrastructure that works for all? WITNESS 2022-10-10 | An ongoing harms and misuses assessment that includes input from people from around the globe will be required, more so now as the specifications are implemented into the tools and devices used by millions.WITNESS is advocating for funding and supporting a diverse C2PA ecosystem that meets the needs of global users, particularly those of human rights defenders, civic and community journalists and others pushing for awareness and accountability.
What are the potential harms that can come from provenance and authenticity infrastructure? WITNESS 2022-10-10 | A widespread use of provenance and authenticity tools comes with privacy, security and accessibility concerns, as well as broader questions about its impact on individuals and communities most at risk from these technologies.As co-chairs of the Threats and Harms Taskforce, WITNESS has led a Harms, Misuse and Abuse Assessment in order to identify potential harms and develop strategies for prevention and mitigation. c2pa.org/specifications/specifications/1.0/security/Harms_Modelling.htmlc2pa.org/specifications/specifications/1.0/security/_attachments/Due_Diligence_Actions.pdf
Provenance and authenticity infrastructure for human rights defenders, civic journalists and others WITNESS 2022-10-10 | Provenance and authenticity infrastructure could help activists or journalists offer more credible image or video evidence of human rights violations, but first, globally-driven human rights perspectives and practical experiences need to be reflected in the design, development and deployment of these tools and the broader ecosystem.
WITNESS, Provenance and Authenticity Infrastructure and the C2PA WITNESS 2022-10-10 | At WITNESS, we believe that standardized provenance and authenticity infrastructure can help tackle mis/disinformation and reinforce credibility for media coming from human rights defenders and civic and community journalists.As we move away from niche human rights tools, to a more widespread use of provenance and authenticity tools, WITNESS has been advocating for globally-driven human rights perspectives and practical experiences to be reflected in the C2PA and other parallel initiatives such as the Content Authenticity Initiative.witness.orgc2pa.orgcontentauthenticity.org
What is the C2PA? WITNESS 2022-10-10 | The Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity (C2PA) is the group of companies and organizations that have come together to develop technical specifications for certifying the source and history of media content (its provenance).WITNESS has been part of these efforts to advocate for systems that empower critical voices and reflect human rights and privacy concerns.c2pa.orgc2pa.org/specifications/specifications/1.0/index.htmlwitness.org
What is provenance and authenticity infrastructure? WITNESS 2022-10-10 | Provenance and authenticity infrastructure is everything, the tools, the software or the broader ecosystem, that allows us to capture the provenance (source and history) of digital media, to track it and verify it.It can serve as a tool to help tackle misinformation/disinformation and to fortify truth, but it also comes with potential harms.
Workshop for Journalists on Effective Media Coverage on Sexual and Gender-based Violence in Nigeria WITNESS 2022-09-30 | Media narratives that promote gender stereotypes and disinformation greatly hinder the capacity of survivors of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) to get justice. Stand to End Rape Initiative (STER) and WITNESS held a one-day training workshop for journalists in Nigeria. During the training which was a build-up to the launch of the SGBV media reporting guide which has since been launched, participants analyzed media reportage on SGBV stories and recommended ways to mitigate harmful narratives that may fuel the vice and impede access to justice.
Launching the The Tech for Democracy Copenhagen Pledge WITNESS 2022-09-14 | WITNESS is one of more than 100 signatories to the #CopenhagenPledge on #TechForDemocracy, an initiative led by Denmark to make tech work for democracy and human rights, not against them. Read more & join us here → https://techfordemocracy.dk/join-the-initiative/
Rohingya Genocide Archive: Launch Event WITNESS 2022-08-30 | In 2017, first-hand video documentation, including mobile videos of atrocities perpetrated against the Rohingya in Rakhine State, Myanmar started emerging. The following year, WITNESS forged a partnership with Rohingya Vision, a leading Rohingya-led media organization, to create the Rohingya Genocide Archive (RGA) in response to an urgent need to preserve evidence of crimes for future accountability. As a result of our investment in this work, 634 videos to date have been archived that capture visual evidence of genocidal crimes. The archive has been shared with leading international and regional investigative bodies to help build their cases toward justice and accountability. This live event features WITNESS' Arul Prakkash, Senior Program Manager Asia & the Pacific, Yvonne Ng, Manager of Programs, Archives as well as Muhammed Noor and Saqib Sheikh of Rohingya Vision.
Verify Before Sharing: Bolanle Olukanni WITNESS 2022-08-02 | Misinformation and disinformation are dangerous and have a lot of awful consequences. This video shares relevant tips for stopping the spread of misinformation and disinformation in society. The video is part of the Media Literacy campaign launched in 2021 by the Africa Program at WITNESS. For more resources, please visit: wit.to/MediaLiteracy-Africa.
