Trevor Ragan
Motor Learning: Block vs Random Practice
updated
In this video, we break down a simple but powerful approach to maximizing learning—without doing anything extra.
- Fascinating research on learning efficiency
- How elite athletes and professionals use these habits
- The easiest way to make every experience a learning experience
These changes cost nothing, take almost no time, and make all the difference.
Featuring:
Giada Di Stefano
Karch Kiraly
Visuals:
Martin Ariel Mendez
Music:
Tom Fox
More Learner Lab video essays:
youtu.be/wgVLfMZ8LtQ
youtu.be/IRDhHb987Wc
youtu.be/U4QcOXw-DYw
youtu.be/oTPhiPHqIzM
Research shows that deliberate learning beats passive repetition every time. In one study, employees who spent just 15 minutes a day reflecting on their training outperformed their peers by over 30%—with no extra training time. Elite athletes, top performers, and successful professionals all use intention-setting and reflection to supercharge their progress. The best part? These habits take little time, cost nothing, and can be applied to any skill or profession.
By setting clear learning intentions before a practice, meeting, or study session, your brain automatically filters for what matters most. This focus helps you absorb information more effectively instead of mindlessly going through the motions. Then, by taking just a few moments to reflect afterward, you reinforce key lessons, identify improvements, and make learning stick.
Whether you’re training for a sport, developing a new skill, or trying to get better at your job, these habits can dramatically accelerate your progress. Instead of simply showing up and putting in the time, take a moment before you start to ask: What do I want to improve today? Then, after you’re done, reflect on what you learned and how you can apply it next time.
The real secret to getting better faster isn’t doing more—it’s getting more out of what you’re already doing. By using intention and reflection, you can turn any experience into a learning experience and improve at a pace you never thought possible.
What if the way you think about a situation changes what you get from it?
Psychologist Ali Crum ran a fascinating study where hotel workers who believed their daily tasks were good exercise saw real health benefits—without changing their routines. This is the power of framing—how we mentally position an experience can shape our outcomes.
I learned this lesson the hard way. When I had a shot at playing basketball for Duke, I was so focused on failure that I missed out on an incredible learning experience. Meanwhile, William, a man I met in prison, reframed his situation as an opportunity—and completely transformed his life.
Framing isn’t blind optimism. It’s about recognizing challenges while still finding opportunities to grow. Watch this video to learn how you can use framing to get more out of any situation.
thelearnerlab.com/learner-lab-workshops
Visuals:
Antoni Sendra Barrachina
Martin Ariel Mendez
For more like this: thelearnerlab.com
Fear, stress, and discomfort are often barriers to learning and performance.
The good news: we can change that
Research shows that by shifting your mindset towards stress — embracing it rather than avoiding it — we can improve learning, health, performance, and decision-making. Whether it’s speaking in public, taking exams, or handling everyday challenges, these strategies are practical and immediately applicable.
Game plan:
• Understand the real obstacles to learning: stress and discomfort
• Explore the research on stress reappraisal and mindset
• Learn how to put theory intro practice
Experts:
Jeremy Jamieson
Alison Wood-Brooks
Susan David
Kelly McGonigal
Ali Crum
Marc Brackett
Production: Trevor Ragan
Animation: Martin Ariel Mendez
Music: Tom Fox
More Learner Lab video essays:
youtu.be/IRDhHb987Wc
youtu.be/U4QcOXw-DYw
youtu.be/oTPhiPHqIzM
Jeremy Jamieson is an Associate Professor of Psychology at the University of Rochester. His research focuses on stress, emotion regulation, and social evaluation. He is known for his work on stress reappraisal, which examines how changing the way we think about stress can improve performance and well-being.
Alison Wood Brooks is the O’Brien Associate Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School. Her research delves into how emotions influence decision-making and performance. She is particularly recognized for her studies on anxiety, stress, and how reframing these emotions can lead to better outcomes in high-stakes situations.
Susan David is a psychologist on the faculty at Harvard Medical School and the author of the bestselling book “Emotional Agility.” Her work centers on emotional resilience, personal growth, and how individuals can harness their emotions to thrive in the face of challenge and change.
Kelly McGonigal is a health psychologist and lecturer at Stanford University. She is known for her work on the psychology of stress and how mindset can transform stress from a threat into an opportunity for growth. Her TED Talk, “How to Make Stress Your Friend,” has been viewed millions of times and has helped reshape how we understand stress. Her book “The Upside of Stress” is fantastic.
Ali Crum is an Associate Professor of Psychology at Stanford University, where she directs the Stanford Mind & Body Lab. Her research explores how mindsets—thoughts, beliefs, and expectations—shape the outcomes of stress, health, and performance. She has been a pioneer in studying how a positive mindset towards stress can enhance well-being and productivity.
Marc Brackett is the founding director of the Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence and a professor at Yale University. He is the author of “Permission to Feel” and is renowned for his work on emotional intelligence and its critical role in personal and professional success. His research emphasizes the importance of understanding and managing emotions to foster better learning and relationships.
Full video essay: youtu.be/IRDhHb987Wc?si=BaIzKku__QFY1rnl
Her work shows how valuable it can be to the learning process and that in some situations it’s more beneficial than additional practice.
We work through her paper that outlines:
– the best strategies for reflection
– when reflection is most effective
– how we can use these strategies as individuals and leaders
This is a great episode for both learners and leaders.
Quick Links:
All Podcasts: thelearnerlab.com/podcast
All Articles: thelearnerlab.com/articles
All Videos: thelearnerlab.com/video-essays
Episode Page: thelearnerlab.com/the-surprising-power-of-reflection-giada-di-stefano
Giada Di Stefano: giadadistefano.com
Learning by Thinking: Giada’s huge paper: papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2414478
Giada Di Stefano's research brings to light the significant role that reflection plays in learning and innovation within organizations. She demonstrates that when individuals take the time to think back on their experiences, pondering over what worked, what didn't, and why, they unlock deeper learning. This isn’t just about reminiscing; it’s an active process where insights are drawn, leading to better decision-making in the future.
Her findings suggest that reflection is more than a personal growth tool—it's a catalyst for organizational change and innovation. By encouraging a culture where team members regularly reflect on their actions and outcomes, organizations can foster an environment ripe for innovation and adaptability. Di Stefano’s work indicates that making reflection a part of the daily routine can significantly enhance performance at both individual and company levels. It proposes practical steps for organizations, such as setting aside time for reflective practices, encouraging open sharing of insights, and using tools to facilitate reflection.
In essence, Di Stefano’s research underscores the importance of reflection not just for personal improvement but as a strategic element for organizational success. It suggests that embedding reflection into organizational practices can drive continuous improvement, innovation, and a competitive edge. Her work bridges the gap between individual learning and collective organizational growth, offering a blueprint for how companies can harness the power of reflection to navigate the complexities of today's business landscape.
Ting Zhang's research into the 'curse of expertise' shows an interesting problem: the more we know, the harder it can be to explain things to someone who's just starting out. This can make it tough to teach, give advice, or lead effectively.
The good news is, there's a way to fix this.
Ting Zhang explains her work. She breaks down what the curse of expertise is, why it matters, and most importantly: how to avoid it. She outlines a few small adjustments we can make that have a big impact on the way we lead and work with others.
Quick Links:
Website: thelearnerlab.com
Episode Page: thelearnerlab.com/the-curse-of-expertise
Trevor Ragan: thelearnerlab.com/trevor-ragan
Ting Zhang: https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=567321
If you liked this, you'll love this: youtu.be/oTPhiPHqIzM
– Laziness
– Forgetfulness
– Procrastination
– Getting Started
– Impulsivity
– Conformity
– Confidence
Full episode: youtu.be/McZHPYzTTz0
Katy Milkman is one of the world's leading experts on change and human behavior. She shares specific tools to overcome:
– Laziness
– Forgetfulness
– Procrastination
– Getting Started
– Impulsivity
– Conformity
– Confidence
Quick Links:
Katy Milkman: katymilkman.com
How to Change - Ep page: thelearnerlab.com/how-to-change-katy-milkman
The Learner Lab: thelearnerlab.com
The New Era of Growth Mindset: youtu.be/FLD01N0IQIM
Katy Milkman is the James G. Dinan Professor at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and holds a secondary appointment at Penn’s Perelman School of Medicine. Her research explores ways that insights from economics and psychology can be harnessed to change consequential behaviors for good, such as savings, exercise, student achievement, vaccination and discrimination. To that end, she co-founded and co-directs the Behavior Change for Good Initiative at the University of Pennsylvania.
In 2021 Katy was named one of the world’s top 50 management thinkers and the world’s top strategy thinker by Thinkers50. The New York Times also named her bestselling book How to Change: The Science of Getting from Where You Are to Where You Want to Be one of the eight best books for healthy living in 2021.
Learner Lab Season 4:
1. youtu.be/q_CEvTrfsAM
2. youtu.be/o_rW4jCOB4c
3. youtu.be/h-bxx7z1LpM
4. youtu.be/YE0vAGR2Y5s
5. youtu.be/D6Vf93ABFLU
6. youtu.be/FLD01N0IQIM
– A quick growth mindset overview
– Addressing growth mindset controversies
– The new era of growth mindset
– David Yeager: A Synergistic Mindset Intervention
– Tips for building a growth mindset
Links:
David Yeager: https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/psychology/faculty/yeagerds
The Learner Lab: thelearnerlab.com
Stress Mindset Episode: youtu.be/D6Vf93ABFLU
Dweck x Yeager paper: psycnet.apa.org/record/2020-99903-019
A Synergistic Mindset Intervention: nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04907-7
Dr. Yeager is an Associate Professor at The University of Texas. He is interested in understanding the processes shaping adolescent development, especially how social cognitive factors interact with structural and physiological factors to create positive or negative trajectories for youth. He is also interested in learning how to influence these psychological processes, so as to improve developmental and educational outcomes for youth.
Kelly McGonigal explains how it all works.
Quick Links:
Kelly McGonigal: http://kellymcgonigal.com
The Upside of Stress: amazon.com/gp/product/1583335617/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1583335617&linkCode=as2&tag=kellmcgospers-20&linkId=FVCP5LKEF4BVANV4
The Learner Lab Podcast: thelearnerlab.com/podcast
More Episodes:
The Curse of Expertise: youtu.be/q_CEvTrfsAM
Overcoming the Outcome Bias: youtu.be/o_rW4jCOB4c
A Deep Dive into Hardiness: youtu.be/h-bxx7z1LpM
Rethinking Generational Labels: youtu.be/YE0vAGR2Y5s
Studies:
Jeremy Jamieson GRE Study: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2790291
Alia Crum 2013: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23437923
Alia Crum 2023: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37199967
Kelly McGonigal is a health psychologist and lecturer at Stanford University who specializes in understanding the mind-body connection. As a pioneer in the field of “science-help,” her mission is to translate insights from psychology and neuroscience into practical strategies that support personal well-being and strengthen communities.
She is the best-selling author of The Willpower Instinct and The Upside of Stress. You might also know her from her TED talk, “How to Make Stress Your Friend,” which is one of the most viewed TED talks of all time, with over 20 million views.
Through the Stanford Center for Compassion and Altruism, she helped create Stanford Compassion Cultivation Training, a program now taught around the world that helps individuals strengthen their empathy, compassion, and self-compassion.
In January 2020, Oprah Magazine honored her ability to “transform scientific data into wisdom” by naming McGonigal the first ever O! Visionary, people whose groundbreaking way of seeing the world mean a better future for us all.
Boomer, Gen X, Millennial - we use these labels all the time, but there's two problems:
1. There's no scientific support for actual generational differences
2. Using the labels can cause a bunch of problems, especially with learning, especially in the workplace
Two experts in the field, David Costanza & Cort Rudolph join us to to discuss:
- the limits of traditional generational research
- the problems that the perceived generational differences/ labels cause
- a better way to think about group differences
1. There's no scientific support for actual generational differences
2. Using the labels can cause a bunch of problems, especially with learning, especially in the workplace
Two experts in the field, David Costanza & Cort Rudolph join us to to discuss:
- the limits of traditional generational research
- the problems that the perceived generational differences/ labels cause
- a better way to think about group differences
Quick Links:
David Costanza: https://psychology.columbian.gwu.edu/david-costanza
Cort Rudolph: cortrudolph.com
Learner Lab Podcast: thelearnerlab.com/podcast
Studies:
NASEM Report: nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25796/are-generational-categories-meaningful-distinctions-for-workforce-management
Generations, We Hardly Knew Ye: An Obituary: journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/10596011221098307?journalCode=gomb
Generations and Generational Differences: Debunking Myths: link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10869-020-09715-2
Generationally Based Differences: Is There a There There: cambridge.org/core/journals/industrial-and-organizational-psychology/article/abs/generationally-based-differences-in-the-workplace-is-there-a-there-there/251272D1414CD51F8586ECBAF197E70C
One of the world's leading experts in hardiness, Paul Bartone joins to talk about his research. We focus on why hardiness is an important topic for learning, and different strategies to build it.
Quick Links:
Learner Lab Podcast: thelearnerlab.com/podcast
Paul Bartone: hardiness-resilience.com
Learner Lab Website: thelearnerlab.com
Episode 1: youtu.be/q_CEvTrfsAM
Episode 2: youtu.be/o_rW4jCOB4c
Paul Bartone is a Visiting Research Fellow at the National Defense University, and Adjunct Faculty in Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. Research interests focus on understanding individual differences in stress responding, and clarifying the role of personality hardiness and related factors in facilitating healthy adaptations to stressful conditions, as well as organizational and personal strategies for increasing hardiness.
We found two experts to teach us what it is and how to overcome it.
Quick Links:
Learner Lab Podcast: thelearnerlab.com/podcast
Annie Duke: annieduke.com
Övül Sezer: ovulsezer.com
The Learner Lab Website: thelearnerlab.com
Outcome bias can trick us into taking incorrect lessons from past events, just because they had favorable or unfavorable outcomes. This interferes with the learning process, making it hard for us to learn from our experiences and mistakes effectively.
Outcome bias also impacts how we judge our decisions, adjust future strategies, and evaluate others.
Övül Sezer and Annie Duke join the show to help us understand what the outcome bias is, how it effects our capacity to grow, and how we can work to minimize it.
This is a great episode for both individual learning & leadership.
Annie Duke is an author, speaker, and consultant in the decision-making space, as well as Special Partner focused on Decision Science at First Round Capital Partners, a seed stage venture fund. Annie is the co-founder of The Alliance for Decision Education, a non-profit whose mission is to improve lives by empowering students through decision skills education. She is a member of the National Board of After-School All-Stars and the Board of Directors of the Franklin Institute and serves on the board of the Renew Democracy Initiative.
Övül Sezer is an Assistant Professor of Management and Organizations at Cornell University. Her research has been featured in top management and psychology journals including the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Harvard Business Review and covered in leading media outlets including New York Times, Wall Street Journal and The Washington Post.
Ting Zhang, from Harvard Business School, outlines her research on the curse of expertise – focusing on what it is, why it matters, and strategies we can use to avoid it.
Quick Links:
The Learner Lab Podcast: thelearnerlab.com/podcast
Website: thelearnerlab.com
Episode Page: thelearnerlab.com/the-curse-of-expertise
Trevor Ragan: thelearnerlab.com/trevor-ragan
Ting Zhang: https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=567321
If you liked this, you'll love this: youtu.be/oTPhiPHqIzM
#learner #shorts
Learning is the most important skill. Great learners can solve problems, adapt, innovate, and build new skills. The best news: anyone can become a better learner. We dive into the science, connect the dots, and share it in a way that you can understand it and use it.
We use simple words to explain complex topics.
• No fluff
• No unnecessary jargon
More tools here: @Trevor Ragan
Visit our website: thelearnerlab.com/
#learner #shorts
Learning is the most important skill. Great learners can solve problems, adapt, innovate, and build new skills. The best news: anyone can become a better learner. We dive into the science, connect the dots, and share it in a way that you can understand it and use it.
We use simple words to explain complex topics.
• No fluff
• No unnecessary jargon
More tools here: @Trevor Ragan
Visit our website: thelearnerlab.com/
We use simple words to explain complex topics.
• No fluff
• No unnecessary jargon
More tools here: @Trevor Ragan
Visit our website: thelearnerlab.com/
We use simple words to explain complex topics.
• No fluff
• No unnecessary jargon
More tools here: @TrevorRagan
Visit our website: thelearnerlab.com/
In any workshop, our goal is simple: help people become better learners.
Learning is the pathway to resilience, adaptability, and innovation. If we become better learners, we're better at dealing with change, solving problems, and adjusting on the fly. So whether we're working through a challenge, or focused on growth & innovation - learning is the answer.
We spend the majority of our time on applications – how to put the theory into practice. We also do a good job of showing how these principles work from the leadership standpoint.
Amy Edmondson is one of the world's leading researchers of psychological safety. She joins Trevor Ragan to explain what it is, why it matters, and how to build it.
Quick Links:
The Learner Lab: thelearnerlab.com
Amy Edmondson: amycedmondson.com
Trevor's TEDx Talk on Fear: youtu.be/xrWvPo-KaVs
Video Credits:
Amy Edmondson - research: amycedmondson.com
Daniel Coyle - interview: danielcoyle.com
Matthew Dicks - script & storytelling consultant: matthewdicks.com
Alex Belser - animation: bels.works
Gergo Varga - animation: varrgo.com
Kevin Shen - studio design: kevinshen.co
Zsolt Kiss - sound design: monkeyislandstudio.com
Trevor Ragan - production: thelearnerlab.com/trevor-ragan
--
We’ve all seen or been a part of both good and bad teams. But what creates this gap? What separates bad from good and good from great? How can we build better teams on purpose?
In 2012, Google set out to answer these questions. They rounded up the best researchers, statisticians, organizational psychologists, sociologists, and engineers and launched an internal study called Project Aristotle to figure out the key to great teams. For five years they pored over the literature and analyzed the performance and makeup of nearly 200 groups within the company.
They looked at every variable you could imagine. Personality types, educational background, whether the teams socialized in their off-time, gender balance, and age.
They measured team effectiveness in four different ways:
1. Executive evaluation of the team
2. Team leader evaluation of the team
3. Team member evaluation of the team
4. Sales performance against quarterly quota
And found…nothing.
No matter how they arranged the data, there were no clear patterns.
Some of the best groups they found were composed of members that socialized together, and other top performing groups were made up of members who were virtually strangers. There were seemingly identical groups with huge gaps between their performance and output.
“We had lots of data, but there was nothing showing that a mix of specific personality types or skills or backgrounds made any difference. The ‘‘who’’ part of the equation didn’t seem to matter.”
After years of dead ends the team stumbled into the concept of psychological safety, and everything fell into place.
The researchers realized that it wasn’t about who was on the team, it was about how they worked together. Psychological safety was the most important factor in this process.
Psychological safety is the key to group learning and performance. Amy Edmondson is the one to talk to if you want to understand what it is and how to build it.
A few years ago I had the honor of doing just that.
Amy Edmondson is the Novartis Professor of Leadership and Management at the Harvard Business School. Her field of study is how human interactions influence success. Specifically, she studies psychological safety and in our interview, she clarified what psychological safety is, why it matters, and how to build psychologically safe workplaces.
Animation by:
@varrgo
varrgo.com
When exactly: 10:00a – 4:00p Central Time
Where: A virtual event on Zoom
What: A deep dive into the science of learning and leadership
Register here: eventbrite.com/e/learning-leadership-weekend-workshop-tickets-160773952219
Check out our entire library of Learner Shorts: thelearnerlab.com/portfolio/learner-shorts
For more:
Building a Growth Mindset: youtu.be/V7XjFTrPl6o
Overcoming Fear: youtu.be/xrWvPo-KaVs
Growth Mindset Leadership: youtu.be/R1Yl9nvXIE0
Featuring:
Roberth Rosenthal
Christine Rubie-Davies
Michael Merzenich
Outline:
1. Pygmalion Effect overview
2. How the Pygmalion Effect impacts learning
3. Pygmalion Effect & Growth Mindset
4. How leaders can change labels and expectations to improve the learning environment
5. What happens when we teach this material to groups?
For more:
Growth Mindset: youtu.be/V7XjFTrPl6o
Becoming a Better Learner: youtu.be/6nWc4oUQo0o
How to Overcome Fear: youtu.be/xrWvPo-KaVs
Show notes: thelearnerlab.com/portfolio/growth-mindset-leadership-the-pygmalion-effect
Visuals by:
Joseba Elorza: youtube.com/channel/UCXDJwvtwSz13wcTnhT54UlQ
Alex Belser: youtube.com/channel/UCBMH-VUeMv3w5XOULVVNmoA
Trevor Ragan
More from Dr. Merzenich: youtu.be/V7XjFTrPl6o
Growth mindset video: youtube.com/watch?v=V7XjFTrPl6o
Fear video: youtube.com/watch?v=qKCJbDOmuTI
Anders Ericsson’s pioneering work on deliberate practice revolutionized our understanding of how expertise and high-level performance are developed. According to Ericsson, excellence in any field is not a result of innate talent alone but is achieved through deliberate practice—a highly structured and purposeful form of practice. Key elements include setting specific, challenging goals, maintaining intense focus, receiving immediate and detailed feedback, and continuously pushing beyond one’s current abilities. Ericsson’s research shows that it’s not just the quantity of practice that matters, but the quality and intentionality behind it. His insights have influenced a wide range of disciplines, from sports and music to medicine and education, demonstrating that with the right approach, anyone can significantly improve their skills and achieve exceptional performance.
For more: thelearnerlab.com/growth-mindset
Developing a growth mindset can help us become better learners.
This video shows us three effective ways to do that:
Featuring:
Michael Merzenich "The Father of Brain Plasticity"
Larry Wilkins
Sofia Scott
Table of Contents:
Growth Mindset Overview
How the Mindsets Can Impact Us
Misconceptions of the Growth and Fixed Mindsets
How to Develop a Growth Mindset
Taking Action
On December 24, 2017 we set up a secret surveillance camera and caught our elf on the shelf moving around the house... TWICE!
1. Pick a skill that you are NOT good at
2. Try it + film it
3. Send us your 'before' footage*
4. Practice for 10 days
5. Send us your 'after' footage (due by Dec 31)*
6. Learn a new skill
7. Earn some growth swag
*Share your footage via text, email, or social! We’ll make an epic montage at the end, no doubt!
Text: 307-349-3904
Email: trevor@trainugly.com
Social (Twitter, FB, or Insta): #AntiTalentShow
We'll randomly choose participants and send them some Train Ugly swag from the shop!
Need help? Go here: http://trainugly.com/anti-talent-show
Real learning is ugly. It’s a process that we’ve all been through but one that we can ALL definitely spend more time doing.
Two things get in the way of this:
1. Fixed mindset stories. Our last video talked about how we can use the science of learning to overcome those stories.
2. Fear. The fear of the unknown, the fear of the struggle, the fear of looking bad.
These are the biggest enemies to learning (that we have control of).
In order to become a great learner we HAVE to overcome fear. It’s not easy, it’s not fun, but it’s something that we can all do. This video shows us how.
No topic has been more beneficial to me than this one, which is why we made such a massive video about it!
I hope you enjoy it – but more importantly I hope that it changes the way you think about and talk about fear.
-Trev
For more on how to overcome fear:
The War of Art by Steven Pressfield
Big Magic by Elizabeth Gilbert
Wait But Why Blog by Tim Urban


