The Origin & Meaning of 13 Scottish Clan Surnames… Celtic History Decoded 2025-04-14 | Join This Channel on YouTube to Get Access to Perks: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Get Access to Member-Only Videos & More Perks on Patreon - patreon.com/historydecoded Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1The Origin & Meaning of 13 Scottish Clan Surnames…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:10 MacMillan, Fraser, Armstrong 6:09 MacDonald, Robertson8:41 Get Member-Only Videos9:01 MacLeod, Mackay, Anderson 12:26 Wallace, MacGregor, Mackintosh 16:24 Hamilton, MacIntyre 18:55 More Clan Surnames19:25 Become a Member So many people across the globe have Scottish surnames, and some don’t even realise it. So in this video we are going to look at the origin and meaning of 13 popular Scottish clan surnames. Now my surname is MacMillan (which is the best surname if you ask me), so let’s start here. What do we know about the origins and meaning of the name MacMillan, which is sometimes also spelt McMillan? Now the Mac or Mc part will obviously refer to many other Scottish surnames as well. As many of you will know, it is simply a Gaelic prefix meaning "son of." I should also note that surnames only started to become common in Scotland during...Sources:Mcmillan Family History - familysearch.org/en/surname?surname=mcmillan#:~:text=Mcmillan%20Family%20History-,Mcmillan%20Name%20Meaning,the%20usual%20form%20is%20Macmillan%20. Macmillan Family History - ancestry.co.uk/name-origin?surname=mcmillan MacMillan Clan History Clan MacMillan, Finlaystone – Clans | VisitScotlandFraser Surname Meaning & Fraser Family History at Ancestry.co.uk® Clan Fraser | History, Tartan and Crest | Highland Titles Mcintyre Surname Meaning & Mcintyre Family History at Ancestry.co.uk® MacIntyre Clan History Armstrong Surname Meaning & Armstrong Family History at Ancestry.co.uk® Armstrong Surname/Last Name: Meaning, Origin, Family History Mcdonald Surname Meaning & Mcdonald Family History at Ancestry.co.uk® McDonald Surname Origin, Meaning & Family Tree | Findmypast.co.uk Clan MacDonald | History, Tartan, & Battles | Highland Titles Mcdonald Name Meaning and Mcdonald Family History at FamilySearch Robertson Surname Meaning & Robertson Family History at Ancestry.co.uk® Robertson Clan History Robert "Riach" de Atholia (c.1400 - c.1460) - Genealogy Mcleod Surname Meaning & Mcleod Family History at Ancestry.co.uk® MacLeod Clan History Mckay Surname Meaning & Mckay Family History at Ancestry.co.uk® Clan Mackay - Wikipedia Iye Aoidh MacEth, possible 1st chief of the Clan Mackay (c.1208 - c.1268) - Genealogy Áed, Mórmaer na Muireb (1040 - c.1129) - Genealogy Anderson Surname Meaning & Anderson Family History at Ancestry.co.uk® Clan Anderson History Anderson Genealogy, Anderson Family History Clan Wallace, Stirling – Clans | VisitScotland Wallace Surname Meaning & Wallace Family History at Ancestry.co.uk® Mcgregor Surname Meaning & Mcgregor Family History at Ancestry.co.uk® Gregor "of the Golden Bridles" MacGregor of Glenorchy, 1st Chief of Clan MacGregor (c.1330 - c.1390) - Genealogy Clan MacGregor - Wikipedia Mcintosh Surname Meaning & Mcintosh Family History at Ancestry.co.uk® MacKintosh Clan History Hamilton Surname Meaning & Hamilton Family History at Ancestry.co.uk® Hamilton Clan History Creative Commons Imagery:Roger File:Johnny Armstrong painting at Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle today.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic - Creative Commons Connie Ma File:Edinburgh Castle James I, King of Britain, France, and Ireland. (14767646526).jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic - Creative Commons © Sémhur / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 File:Kingdom of Mann and the Isles-en.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Eldubhe File:Dunvegan Castle during ebb.JPG - Wikimedia Commons Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported Kim Traynor File:St. Andrew carving, c.1500.JPG - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Richard Mortel File:Andrew the Apostle. Detail of the mosaic in the Basilica of San Vitale. Ravena, Italy.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license. Deed - Attribution 2.0 Generic - Creative Commons Scottish Surnames – Scottish Clan Surnames – Scottish Clan Origins – Scottish Surnames Explained – Meaning of Scottish Surnames – Scottish Ancestry – Family Search – Scottish History – Highland Clans – Lowland Clans – Origin Scottish Surnames #clans #scotland #surnames
Scottish vs. English DNA: How Different Are They Really? Celtic History Decoded 2026-03-25 | Join This Channel to Get Exclusive Member-Only Videos: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1If you enjoyed this video, please consider buying me a coffee: buymeacoffee.com/celtichistory Scottish vs. English DNA: 5 Clues That Reveal Your True Ancestry…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:15 Scottish and English Surnames 1:19 Autosomal DNA Differences 3:00 Scottish & English Around the World 5:49 Y-DNA Haplogroups & Royal Markers8:57 Traits and Disease Rates How different is Scottish and English DNA, and what are some differences in people with these ancestries around the world? Well in this video we will go through 5 key points, and we will also look at some of the DNA Markers of Royal Lineages in both Scotland and England. But the first clue is surnames. Now if you look at this table, you can see some of the most common surnames in people of Scottish and English ancestry around the world. Scottish surnames are often linked to clans, and prefixes like “Mac” or “Mc” are common, meaning “son of” of course. English surnames, by contrast, are often occupational or location-based. And many surnames that are common among the English diaspora actually have a Welsh influence. These are names like Jones and Evans, showing the links between the two countries. Yet when it comes to Scottish and English surnames, there is plenty of overlap as well.Sources:Celtic History Decoded - Anglo-Saxon vs. Viking DNA: 3 Clues That Reveal Your True Ancestry… Anglo-Saxon vs. Viking DNA: 3 Clues That Reveal Your True Ancestry… King, T., Fortes, G., Balaresque, P. et al. Identification of the remains of King Richard III. Nat Commun 5, 5631 (2014). doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6631 Bruce Family | University of Strathclyde Paternal Haplogroup G-P287Celtic History Decoded - Differences Between Scottish & English DNA… Differences Between Scottish & English DNA… English DNA 'one-third' Anglo-Saxon - BBC NewsScottish Clans and Families | University of Strathclyde Study reveals 'extraordinary' DNA of people in Scotland - BBC NewsScottish Genetic Landscape Echoes the DNA of Past Kingdoms | VIKING Genes | Viking Genes FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-L48 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-DF98FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-FTB15831FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-M222 Gretzinger, J., Sayer, D., Justeau, P. et al. The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool. Nature 610, 112–119 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05247-2 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-L1335 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-L1065 Creative Commons Imagery:Super Festivals File:Karen Gillan Photo Op GalaxyCon Des Moines 2025.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution 4.0 International - Creative CommonsLightandtruth File:Map of English Americans in 2023.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Lightandtruth File:Map of Scottish Americans in 2023.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsLasunncty File:Australia states and territories labelled.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Korakys File:NZ Regional Councils and Territorial Authorities 2017.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Wojciech Pędzich, Robert Molyneaux File:Yamnaya phenotype, Reconstruction, male, grave Novooleksiivka; Ukraine.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Matteo De Stefano/MUSE File:Homo sapiens - Neolithic - reconstruction - MUSE.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Wereszczyński File:COA Wettin.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsScottish DNA – English ancestry - English DNA – Scottish ancestry – English Surnames – Scottish Surnames - Ancestry results – DNA results #scotland #england #ancestry
Anglo-Saxon vs. Viking DNA: 3 Clues That Reveal Your True Ancestry… Celtic History Decoded 2026-03-19 | Check Out Manta Sleep here: mantasleep.pxf.io/Qjq9yz and use the code HISTORY at checkout to get 10% off your order. Anglo-Saxon vs. Viking DNA: 3 Clues That Reveal Your True Ancestry…Chapters:0:00 Intro1:01 Geography and Surnames2:12 Y-DNA Haplogroups3:55 Manta Sleep4:46 Y-DNA Haplogroups Continued 8:08 Autosomal DNA & DNA DifferencesDo you have Viking or Anglo-Saxon DNA, and how can you tell the difference? Now as a quick overview, the Anglo-Saxon migrations were a series of movements into Britain of Germanic peoples—primarily the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes—mainly between the mid-5th and 7th centuries AD. The Viking Age began a little later, in the late 8th century, when seafaring groups from Scandinavia raided, traded, and settled across large parts of Europe and beyond, even into Newfoundland in Canada. Now one of the main challenges in separating the influence of these two peoples is called the “Danish overlap problem.” This is because it can be difficult to separate the DNA of Anglo-Saxons vs the Vikings who came from the land we call Denmark today, as well as some overlap around northern Europe in general. Even so, there are still clues that can help. And we will go through 3 main clues in this video. Now Clue 1: Geography and Surnames. Location in particular is important, as the influence of these two peoples was not uniform across the lands they influenced. If we look at Britain and Ireland for instance, Anglo-Saxon influence was greatest in the east and southeast of England, particularly in regions such as East Anglia, Kent and Sussex. This is where tracing your family tree can help a lot. England in general shows a east to west gradient, with Germanic or Anglo-Saxon ancestry generally higher in the east as a broad rule. Viking influence was more concentrated in the Danelaw of northern and eastern England—such as Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, and parts of the East Midlands. It is also elevated along key maritime zones such as the Irish Sea, the Hebrides, and especially the northern isles of Orkney and Shetland. The southeast of Scotland on the other hand shows elevated Anglo-Saxon ancestry. So having an idea of where a lot of your ancestors lived can give you clue. Surnames and middle names can also help give you hints as well. Now clue 2 is an important one, Clue 2: Y-DNA Haplogroups and SNPs, as it traces the direct paternal line from father to son. Sources:Gretzinger, J., Sayer, D., Justeau, P. et al. The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool. Nature 610, 112–119 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05247-2 Anglo-Saxon | Definition, History, Language, Countries, Culture, & Facts | BritannicaFamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-L48Vikings - WikipediaCeltic History Decoded - Why You Have Scandinavian DNA (And it's NOT the Vikings)… Celtic History Decoded - Anglo-Saxon DNA: The Early English Gene Pool Revealed… FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup I-Z58 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup I-L22FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-Z284World’s largest-ever DNA sequencing of Viking skeletons reveals they weren’t all Scandinavian | University of CambridgeMargaryan, A., Lawson, D.J., Sikora, M. et al. Population genomics of the Viking world. Nature 585, 390–396 (2020). doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 Creative Commons Imagery:Notuncurious File:Anglo.Saxon.migration.5th.cen.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Hel-hama File:England 878.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Chakazul File:World Map of Y-DNA Haplogroups.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Viking ancestry English ancestry #ancestry #england #vikings
Why You Have Scandinavian DNA (And its NOT the Vikings)… Celtic History Decoded 2026-03-08 | Join This Channel to Get Exclusive Member-Only Videos: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1If you enjoyed this video, please consider buying me a coffee: buymeacoffee.com/celtichistory Why You Have Scandinavian DNA (And it's NOT the Vikings)…Chapters:0:00 Intro1:12 12:14 23:57 35:33 46:30 5A lot of people who do an ancestry test see Scandinavian DNA in their results, and naturally connect it to the Vikings. It’s a reasonable assumption — but it’s often not the case. Yet if it’s not the case, where did this Scandinavian DNA come from? And how should you interpret these results? Well in this video we will look at 5 key reasons why it’s often not from the Vikings. But what does Viking actually mean in the first place though? Well Cambridge dictionary defines a Viking as:a person belonging to race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and the 11th centuries, often staying to live in places they travelled to. So Viking was as much a job description or activity, rather than an ethnicity or genetic group itself. We know as well that some people adopted Viking culture without actually being Scandinavian, including an example from ancient Scotland. Yet the people that went Viking did spread Scandinavian DNA to some people across Europe and by extension the world through later migrations, but this isn’t the case for many. Yet why is this not the case? Well the first reason is something I call the Northern Continuum. Now it’s a classic moment: someone with say British or Irish ancestry opens their DNA results and sees a chunk of Scandinavian ancestry in their. The popular assumption is simple: Scandinavian = Viking ancestor. Sometimes that is true. But very often it is not. Sources:Margaryan, A., Lawson, D.J., Sikora, M. et al. Population genomics of the Viking world. Nature 585, 390–396 (2020). doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 Viking | English meaning - Cambridge DictionaryAre you part Viking?World’s largest-ever DNA sequencing of Viking skeletons reveals they weren’t all Scandinavian | University of CambridgeTo claim someone has 'Viking ancestors' is no better than astrology | Genetics | The GuardianScientists raid DNA to explore Vikings’ genetic roots | National GeographicThe genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present - Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo et al. Cell, Volume 186, Issue 1, 32 - 46.e19 The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present: CellCreative Commons Imagery:Notuncurious File:Anglo.Saxon.migration.5th.cen.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Scandinavian DNA – Scandinavian ancestry - Viking DNA – Viking ancestry – Am I Viking – ancestry results – dna results
The Truth About Pictish DNA: Scotland’s Ancient Ancestry Decoded… Celtic History Decoded 2026-02-26 | Join This Channel to Get Exclusive Member-Only Videos: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1If you enjoyed this video, please consider buying me a coffee: buymeacoffee.com/celtichistory Solving the Pictish DNA Mystery: Scotland's Ancestry Revealed…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:34 The Picts and Their Symbol Stones 3:00 Picts and Scythia 4:10 Pictish DNA and Genetics 7:30 Pictish DNA Haplogroups9:46 Summary Were the Picts actually exotic 'outsiders' who migrated from across the sea? Or were they one of the truly indigenous peoples of ancient Scotland? Well modern DNA research has shed light on this debate, and the results are fascinating. So in this video we will look at the truth about Pictish DNA, what this says about their exotic origin stories, and how it relates to your genetics. For instance, is their DNA closer to people from western or eastern Scotland today?But first lets get a quick overview of who these people actually were. Now the Picts were one of ancient peoples who lived in the northern regions of the land we call Scotland today. They were likely related to the earlier Caledonians, but the term “Pict” is a Roman label. The Picts were first referenced in 297 AD, when a Roman writer spoke of the “Picts and Irish [Scots] attacking” Hadrian’s Wall. The name is thought to mean painted ones, due to their practice of body painting or tattooing. Yet we don’t know what they called themselves. Now in 843 AD, Kenneth MacAlpin is said to have unified the Picts and Gaels into the embryonic Kingdom of Scotland, known as Kingdom of Alba. And the distinct Pictish identity faded by around the 10th century. So the Picts are very much one of the foundational populations of Scotland, but what do we know about their DNA and how it relates to your genetics? And does modern DNA research support the idea of an exotic origin? We know for instance that some primary sources from around the time of Picts said that they came from Scythia, a region in the ancient world north the Black Sea.Sources:Morez A et al. (2023) Imputed genomes and haplotype-based analyses of the Picts of early medieval Scotland reveal fine-scale relatedness between Iron Age, early medieval and the modern people of the UK. PLoS Genet 19(4): e1010360. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010360 Bede (2008) - Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Oxford University Press) Picts - WikipediaPicts' exotic origins a myth, say researchers - BBC NewsHaplogroup R1b (Y-DNA) - Eupedia Double disc (Pictish symbol) - WikipediaScottish DNA: What is the Genetic History of Scotland? E. Gilbert et al. The genetic landscape of Scotland and the Isles, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116 (38) 19064-19070, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904761116 (2019).Pictish Symbols Explained: 14 Pictish stones in Scotland and the meaning of their symbolsFamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-DF49FamilyTreeDNA Discover - mtDNA Haplogroup J1c3List of kings of the Picts - WikipediaDNA researchers trace the origin of the Picts in Scotland - Stockholms universitet FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-L1335Northern Ireland men have Pict DNA Pictland Creative Commons Imagery:Pictish-mithraism File:Pictish Symbol Stones designs - Z-Rod & Double Disc Selection.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative CommonsSKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons#ancestry #dna #picts
Why is European Blood So Unique? (Rh-Negative Explained and More)... Celtic History Decoded 2026-02-21 | If you enjoyed this video, please consider buying me a coffee: buymeacoffee.com/celtichistory Join This Channel to Get Exclusive Member-Only Videos: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1The Hidden Links Between Blood Type & Ancestry…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:28 Blood Types and Rh-negative 2:11 Why Irish and Basque Blood is So Unique 4:29 Blood Types in Europe and the Americas 6:46 Rest of the World Blood Types 9:25 Why Rh-negative in Europeans? Does the blood running through your veins reveal something about your ancestry? Why is blood type O so common in Ireland and the Atlantic fringe, Rh-negative so elevated in Europe, while type B is dominant in parts of Asia? Well in this video we will uncover the Hidden Links Between Blood Type & Ancestry.But before looking at why there is such variation across the world, lets quickly go through the main blood types. Now the ABO system classifies blood into 4 main groups, A, B, AB and O. This is based on whether red blood cells carry A antigens, B antigens, both, or neither, as this breakdown shows. And let me know what your blood type is in the comments below and where you are watching this video from. Now your blood group is determined by the genes you inherit from your parents. And on top of the ABO classification, there is the Rh system, most commonly referring to the RhD antigen. If you have the RhD protein on your red cells, you are Rh positive. If you lack it, you are Rh negative. Now look at this table. You can see how rare rh negative is around the world, at only 6% or so. Yet it is elevated in Europe, or in places with a lot of European ancestry, such as the US. But why is this? Well we will explore this connection later. Now each blood group in general can be either Rh positive or negative, which means in total, there are 8 main blood groups. And if you look at this table, you can see that O+ is the most common blood type in the world, found in around 42% of people. AB- is the least common of the main 8 types on the other hand. There is an extremely rare blood type that is often forgotten, called Rh-null (or nicknamed “Golden Blood”). Fewer than 100 people have ever been documented with this since its discovery in 1961, which lacks all Rh antigens.But how do blood types vary by populations in Europe and across the globe? Well if we start with Europe, two broad trends stand out. Sources:Blood groups - NHSWorld Population By Percentage of Blood Types – World Atlas The magic of the world's rarest blood type - BBC Future The rarest and most common blood types by ethnicityBlood type distribution by country - Wikipedia What Does Your Blood Type Say About Your Heritage? - DNA Diagnostics Center (DDC)Farhud DD, Zarif Yeganeh M. A brief history of human blood groups. Iran J Public Health. 2013;42(1):1-6. Epub 2013 Jan 1. PMID: 23514954; PMCID: PMC3595629. Rare blood types - NHS Blood DonationAncient humans evolved new blood types after leaving Africa | Science | AAASBlood type distribution by ethnicity U.S.| StatistaRh blood group system - WikipediaIain Mathieson (2017) - Blood groups in ancient Europe Blood type distribution U.S. 2023| Statista Golden blood: The rarest blood type in the world - Big ThinkCreative Commons Imagery:Sophiedionne14 File:Rh blood cells drawing.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsTamm E, Kivisild T, Reidla M, Metspalu M, Smith DG, Mulligan CJ, et al. (2007) Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders. PLoS ONE 2(9): e829. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000829 Wojciech Pędzich, Robert Molyneaux File:Yamnaya phenotype, Reconstruction, male, grave Novooleksiivka; Ukraine.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Matteo De Stefano/MUSE File:Homo sapiens - Neolithic - reconstruction - MUSE.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons #ancestry #blood #dna
The DNA Differences Within England… Celtic History Decoded 2026-02-13 | Join This Channel to Get Exclusive Member-Only Videos: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1The Hidden DNA Differences Within England…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:13 Ancient English DNA0:53 Cornwall and Devon DNA (Southwest) 3:09 Cumbria (Northwest)4:33 East Anglia and Southeast 6:50 Midlands 8:05 Yorkshire, the North and Northumbria 9:33 Summary of Key DNA Differences in England How different is the DNA of Northumbria compared to Cornwall, Yorkshire vs East Anglia? Well in this video we will uncover the key DNA differences within England, and what they reveal about your deep ancestry.Now all English populations ultimately descend from three major ancestry sources: Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), Early European Farmers (EEF), and Bronze Age Steppe peoples, with the later arriving with Bell Beaker populations around 2400 BC. By the end of the Bronze Age, the people of Britain already closely resembled modern northwestern Europeans. Yet the impact of later migrations shaped the DNA map of England in a regional and uneven way.Now let’s begin by looking at individual regions. First up is Cornwall, located on England’s southwestern peninsula. But what do we know about Cornish DNA? Well Cornwall consistently emerges as one of the most genetically distinct regions in the country. The study further showed that the Cornish are genetically closer to people from Devon and western Wales than they are to those living in the Midlands or the east of England.But what about Cumbria in the northwest? Sources:Olalde, I., Brace, S., Allentoft, M. et al. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe. Nature 555, 190–196 (2018). doi.org/10.1038/nature25738 Brace, S., Diekmann, Y., Booth, T. J., et al. (2019). Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in early Neolithic Britain. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 3(5), 765–771. doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0871-9Gretzinger, J., Sayer, D., Justeau, P. et al. The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool. Nature 610, 112–119 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05247-2 Leslie, S., Winney, B., Hellenthal, G., et al. (2015). The fine-scale genetic structure of the British population. Nature, 519(7543), 309–314. doi.org/10.1038/nature14230 Schiffels, S., Haak, W., Paajanen, P., et al. (2016). Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history. Nature Communications, 7, 10408. doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10408Martiniano, R., Caffell, A., Holst, M., et al. (2016). Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons. Nature Communications, 7, 10326. doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10326Margaryan, A., Lawson, D. J., Sikora, M., et al. (2020). Population genomics of the Viking world. Nature, 585(7825), 390–396. doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8Myres, N. M., Rootsi, S., Lin, A. A., et al. (2011). A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe. European Journal of Human Genetics, 19(1), 95–101. doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2010.146Haak, W., Lazaridis, I., Patterson, N., et al. (2015). Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature, 522(7555), 207–211. doi.org/10.1038/nature14317FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-Z284Allentoft, M. E., Sikora, M., Sjögren, K. G., et al. (2015). Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature, 522(7555), 167–172. doi.org/10.1038/nature14507Patterson, N., Isakov, M., Booth, T. et al. Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age. Nature 601, 588–594 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4Creative Commons Imagery:XrysD File:England Administrative Map.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution 3.0 Unported - Creative CommonsWojciech Pędzich, Robert Molyneaux File:Yamnaya phenotype, Reconstruction, male, grave Novooleksiivka; Ukraine.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Matteo De Stefano/MUSE File:Homo sapiens - Neolithic - reconstruction - MUSE.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Posadism420 File:Midlands.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsHel-hama File:England 878.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons#england #ancestry #dna english ancestry - english heritage
The Mystery of Britain’s Missing Roman DNA: A Genetic Enigma… Celtic History Decoded 2026-02-04 | Join This Channel to Get Exclusive Member-Only Videos: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Why Didn’t Rome Change Britain’s DNA?Chapters:0:00 Intro0:29 Roman Invasion of Britain 1:08 Roman DNA in Britain?4:00 Get Member-Only Videos 4:08 Roman DNA and Haplogroups 5:26 Why Didn’t Rome Change Britain’s DNA?The Roman Empire ruled Britain for nearly 400 years. Roman roads crisscross the countryside, city foundations define modern towns, and Hadrian’s Wall still cuts the island in half. Yet when we examine the DNA of people living in Britain today, the Roman occupation barely registers. But why is this? Why, despite its long rule and its ability to project power, did the Roman Empire not significantly change Britain’s genetic makeup?Now for context, Julius Caesar led Rome’s first expeditions in the mid-first century BC. But permanent occupation did not begin until 43 AD. Roman forces rapidly secured southern Britain, suppressed major revolts like Boudica’s, and expanded control across much of England and Wales. Attempts to conquer Scotland proved less durable. Campaigns reached deep into Caledonia, but Rome eventually stabilized its frontier at Hadrian’s Wall. Roman rule lasted until the early fifth century, when military withdrawals and imperial collapse ended centralized authority in Britain. But what does the DNA evidence say about the genetic legacy of the Roman occupation? Now given how grand and powerful the Romans were, you would be forgiven for thinking they must have had a dramatic impact on the Britons genetics, especially in England. Yet numerous genetic studies have found this wasn’t the case. An interesting paper from 2024 was published in Molecular Biology and Evolution for example. This paper used genome-wide data from 52 ancient individuals from eight sites in Cambridgeshire covering the period of Roman occupation. And it found there was a Low Genetic Impact of the Roman Occupation of Britain in Rural Communities. Their data also showed “no evidence of long-distance migration from elsewhere in the Empire,” and that the “present-day patterns of genetic ancestry composition in Britain emerged after the Roman period.” In general, Roman-period Britons were genetically almost identical to Iron Age Britons, with no clear “Roman” signature, either from Italy or across the Empire. And various studies have found a similar pattern, especially in rural areas. Now this is not to say that there weren’t isolate cases. Sources:Christiana L Scheib et al. Low Genetic Impact of the Roman Occupation of Britain in Rural Communities, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 41, Issue 9, September 2024, msae168, doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msae168 An individual with Sarmatian-related ancestry in Roman Britain Silva, Marina et al. Current Biology, Volume 34, Issue 1, 204 - 212.e An individual with Sarmatian-related ancestry in Roman Britain: Current Biology Ivory Bangle Lady - Roman York - Yorkshire Museum Roman Britain - WikipediaAndy Walton et al. Beachy Head Woman: clarifying her origins using a multiproxy anthropological and biomolecular approach. Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 185, January 2026, 106445 Beachy Head Woman: clarifying her origins using a multiproxy anthropological and biomolecular approach - ScienceDirect Stanford researchers lay out first genetic history of Rome | Stanford Report Campbell B. The Marriage of Soldiers under the Empire. Journal of Roman Studies. 1978;68:153-166. doi:10.2307/299633 The Marriage of Soldiers under the Empire* | The Journal of Roman Studies | Cambridge Core Margaret L. Antonio et al. Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean. Science 366, 708-714 (2019). DOI: 10.1126/science.aay6826Creative Commons Imagery:שמואל יצחק יעקב File:E1b1b.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Iraniangen.blogfa File:J2-Y-DNA-Haplogroup-Map-J2-M172-Map-J2-Haplogrubu-Haritasi-v3.png - Wikipedia Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Roman Britain - roman empire - celtic britons #romanempire #ancestry #dna
Differences Between English, Scottish, Irish & Welsh DNA… Celtic History Decoded 2026-01-19 | Join This Channel to Get Exclusive Member-Only Videos: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Chapters:0:00 Intro0:09 Ancient Genetic Differences 1:04 Viking DNA Impact 2:45 Genetic Clusters4:45 Get Member-Only Videos4:55 Anglo-Saxons 6:18 Physical Traits and Disease Rates7:08 DNA Haplogroup DifferencesDifferences Between English, Scottish, Irish & Welsh DNA…What are the DNA differences between English, Scottish, Irish and Welsh people? How different are they, and which peoples cluster together?Now at their core, all four populations descend from the same three major ancestral sources that shaped much of Europe: Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), Early European Farmers (EEF), and Steppe ancestry, which was introduced during the Bronze Age. Yet these 3 sources had slightly different impacts on the 4 populations. A fascinating paper from 2022 published in Nature found that between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not in northern Britain (Scotland). This was due to a migration of people who were genetically closest to those from ancient France. And if you look at this table, you can see that EEF ancestry is slightly higher in England and Wales, with Steppe ancestry a little higher in Scotland and Ireland. So there are small differences in ancient DNA, yet later events had a much greater impact. Now one of the most profound differences across this region was the impact of the Norse or Vikings. Although Viking activity affected all four populations, its genetic impact varied dramatically by region, and by Scandinavian source. Norway-derived Vikings had their strongest influence in northern and western Scotland.Sources:Leslie, S., Winney, B., Hellenthal, G. et al. The fine-scale genetic structure of the British population. Nature 519, 309–314 (2015). doi.org/10.1038/nature14230 Patterson, N., Isakov, M., Booth, T. et al. Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age. Nature 601, 588–594 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4 Gretzinger, J., Sayer, D., Justeau, P. et al. The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool. Nature 610, 112–119 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05247-2 Margaryan, A., Lawson, D.J., Sikora, M. et al. Population genomics of the Viking world. Nature 585, 390–396 (2020). doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 Welsh people - Wikipedia English DNA 'one-third' Anglo-Saxon - BBC NewsBBC News, Welsh people could be most ancient in UK, DNA suggests bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-18489735 Major DNA study shows Irish have higher rates of MS, cystic fibrosis, celiac diseaseirishcentral.com/news/dna-study-irish-cystic-fibrosis-celiac-diseaseWho do you think you really are? A genetic map of the British Isles | University of OxfordCeltic History Decoded: English DNA: What is the Genetic History of England? New Genetic Insights into the Anglo-Saxon Transition in Britain | UCL Division of Biosciences - UCL – University College London FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-M222FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-L1335E. Gilbert et al. The genetic landscape of Scotland and the Isles, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116 (38) 19064-19070, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904761116 (2019) Gilbert, E., O’Reilly, S., Merrigan, M. et al. The Irish DNA Atlas: Revealing Fine-Scale Population Structure and History within Ireland. Sci Rep 7, 17199 (2017). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17124-4 Shanmugam, A., Merrigan, M., O’Reilly, S. et al. A genetic perspective on the recent demographic history of Ireland and Britain. Eur J Hum Genet 33, 538–545 (2025). doi.org/10.1038/s41431-025-01794-0 Irish Heart Ireland has highest rate of Haemochromatosis in the world - Irish HeartCreative Commons Imagery:SKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsWojciech Pędzich, Robert Molyneaux File:Yamnaya phenotype, Reconstruction, male, grave Novooleksiivka; Ukraine.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Matteo De Stefano/MUSE File:Homo sapiens - Neolithic - reconstruction - MUSE.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Celtic DNA – Celtic Ancestry – Scottish DNA – Scottish ancestry – Welsh ancestry - Welsh DNA - English DNA – English ancestry – Irish DNA – Irish Ancestry – Tracing Your Ancestry – DNA Test Results – Y-DNA – DNA Haplogroups – Mt DNA #ancestry #dnatest #dna
Celtic vs. Viking DNA? 5 Clues That Reveal Your True Ancestry… Celtic History Decoded 2026-01-10 | Join This Channel to Get Exclusive Member-Only Videos: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Celtic vs. Viking DNA? 5 Clues That Reveal Your True Ancestry…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:16 11:36 Get Member-Only Videos 1:54 26:23 37:41 49:15 5Do you have Celtic or Viking DNA, or a mixture of both? How do you know this, and what are the main differences between these ancestries in general? Well in this video we will look at 5 key differences between Celtic & Viking DNA and how it relates to your genetics…Now the first clue is in Signature Genetic Traits and Marker Alleles. Although this isn’t an exact science, these can sometimes offer clues to Celtic vs. Viking ancestry in an indirect way. Atlantic Celtic populations for example have the highest rates of natural red hair in the world, namely Scotland, Ireland and Wales, as you can see in this table. While Vikings also sometimes had red hair, they showed higher frequencies of genes associated with blond hair, especially in Sweden. Now ancient DNA studies has revealed that Vikings exhibited a wide range of hair colors in general, yet blond hair was still elevated. So there is some truth to the idea of red haired Celtics and blond haired Vikings, yet there are many other variables involved as well that we will soon see. Certain diseases can also serve as clues. Hemochromatosis – which is an iron overload condition – is a good example of this. It is sometimes nicknamed the “Celtic curse,” due to its higher frequency in people of Irish or Scottish descent. 2. Y-DNA Haplogroups: The Strongest SignalNow the second clue to Celtic or Viking ancestry is found in Y-DNA haplogroups, and this is one of the most powerful signals. And we also know the DNA markers of some of the most famous kings of Celtic countries in the past. So what do we know about Celtic vs Viking Y-DNA haplogroups then? Well the Y chromosome is passed almost unchanged from father to son, which allows geneticists to trace paternal lineages back thousands of years. Sources:Lall, G.M., Larmuseau, M.H.D., Wetton, J.H. et al. Subdividing Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a1 reveals Norse Viking dispersal lineages in Britain. Eur J Hum Genet 29, 512–523 (2021). doi.org/10.1038/s41431-020-00747-z FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-L226 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-P312 Krzewińska M, Bjørnstad G, Skoglund P, Olason PI, Bill J, Götherström A, Hagelberg E. Mitochondrial DNA variation in the Viking age population of Norway. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015 Jan 19;370(1660):20130384. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0384. PMID: 25487335; PMCID: PMC4275891. FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-M222FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-DC782Gunn Surname Meaning & Gunn Family History at Ancestry.co.uk®FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-L1335Scottish Genetic Landscape Echoes the DNA of Past Kingdoms | VIKING Genes | Viking Genes FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-L1065FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-CTS2187MacAskill Name Meaning, Family History, Family Crest & Coats of ArmsFamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-FTB15831Genetic studies on Y-DNA haplogroups in Britain and Scandinaviazenodo.orgen.wikipedia.orgindo-european.euAncient DNA research from Viking Age burials and population analyses cam.ac.uknature.compmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.govAre you part Viking?FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-Z284 Creative Commons Imagery:SKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsChakazul File:World Map of Y-DNA Haplogroups.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogrupo R1b (ADN-Y).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogroup P of Y-DNA.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Celtic DNA – Viking DNA – Celtic Ancestry – Viking Ancestry – Tracing Your Ancestry – DNA Test Results – Y-DNA – DNA Haplogroups – Mt DNA #celtic #vikings #ancestry
Are Scots & Picts From Scythia? The Surprising DNA Link… Celtic History Decoded 2025-12-17 | Check Out Manta Sleep here: mantasleep.pxf.io/Qjq9yz and use the code HISTORY at checkout to get 10% off your order. Are Scots & Picts From Scythia? The Surprising DNA Link…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:15 Scythia 1:04 Scots Origins & Scythia 3:46 Manta Sleep4:26 Surprising DNA Link8:27 Other ExplanationsWhy are there so many references to Scythia in the origin stories of the Picts and Scots? Could there actually be any truth to these exotic tales, and what does the DNA evidence say about it all? And there are DNA links that may surprise you…But first of all, where is Scythia? Now in the ancient world, Scythia referred to the vast Eurasian steppe north of the Black Sea, particularly the Pontic steppe around modern Ukraine and parts of southern Russia. From around the 9th to the 3rd centuries BC, this region was home to the Scythians—a confederation of Iranian-speaking nomadic clans, famed for their horse-based warrior culture. They became legendary in Greek and Roman sources as fierce mounted archers, inhabiting a distant, semi-mythical frontier. Although the Scythians were eventually absorbed by later groups, the name “Scythia” lived on. In Roman and medieval writings, it became a loose term for northern barbarian lands north of the Black Sea, detached from the original people.So what are some of these stories that link Scythia and Scotland? Well for context, the two foundational peoples of Scotland were the Picts and the Gaels (with the latter also known as the Scots). And Scotland later became known by the Latin word Scotia, meaning the "land of the Gaels". Now both peoples have origin stories that link to Scythia. One of the most famous links is in the Declaration of Arbroath of 1320 – Scotland’s famous letter to the Pope, asserting independence and support for Robert the Bruce as King. It states that:The Scots “journeyed from Greater Scythia by way of the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Pillars of Hercules, and dwelt for a long course of time in Spain... Thence it came, twelve hundred years after the people of Israel crossed the Red Sea, to its home in the west where it still lives today.”An earlier story of the origins of the Gaels also mentions Scythia. Sources:Olalde, I., Brace, S., Allentoft, M. et al. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe. Nature 555, 190–196 (2018). doi.org/10.1038/nature25738 Transcription of the Declaration of Arbroath - National Records of Scotland (NRS) Scythia - WikipediaScythian | People, History, & Facts | Britannica Introducing the Scythians | British MuseumScota - WikipediaBBC - Scotland's History - The Kingdom of the GaelsHaak, W., Lazaridis, I., Patterson, N. et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522, 207–211 (2015). doi.org/10.1038/nature14317 Picts - WikipediaPicts' exotic origins a myth, say researchers - BBC NewsHaplogroup R1b (Y-DNA) - Eupedia Scottish DNA: What is the Genetic History of Scotland? Creative Commons Imagery:SKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsMetropolitan Museum of Art File:Etruscan bronze funerary urn with Scythian mounted archer, mid-5th century BCE.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogrupo R1b (ADN-Y).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Scottish Ancestry – Scottish DNA – Scottish Origins – Gaels – Picts – Scottish History – Declaration of Arbroath – Scythia – Scythians #ancestry #scotland #scythians
Differences Between Scottish & Irish DNA... Celtic History Decoded 2025-12-08 | Join This Channel to Get Member-Only Videos: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Differences Between Scottish & Irish DNA...Chapters:0:00 Intro0:23 Differences Between Scottish & Irish DNA3:13 Gaelic Corridor and Gallowglass 5:02 Get Member-Only Videos 5:15 Red Hair & Disease Rates 6:04 Scottish & Irish DNA Haplogroups Are there DNA differences between Scottish and Irish people, and if so, how different are they? Many people may think that the two are pretty much identical, but is this true? Now the ancient DNA of both Scotland and Ireland is very similar in general. They are a mixture of western hunter gatherers, EEF and steppe ancestry, which was introduced by the Bell Beaker Culture. Yet one key difference between Scotland and Ireland is the level of Anglo-Saxon ancestry. Scotland has more Anglo-Saxon DNA than Ireland on average. And this is largely concentrated in the south and southeast, with estimated levels of 15-30% in parts of the Lowlands. Now this is largely due to the historical expansion of the Kingdom of Northumbria, which stretched up the southeast of modern Scotland, up to Lothian and Edinburgh. I should note that there is a East-West divide in Scottish DNA in general. The Scottish Lowlands, especially to the east, generally has a genetic profile closer to that of Northern England. Whereas in the Scottish Highlands, Argyll & the Western Isles, there is more of a Insular Celtic genetic profile that closely matches Ireland and Wales. Now Ireland overall has a lower Anglo-Saxon influence (typically below 10%), as this breakdown shows. Ulster in the north generally has a little more of this ancestry than other regions, partly due to the Ulster Plantation, as well as other events down through history. But what about the Normans? Well Scotland and Ireland both experienced some influence from the Normans, but the overall impact in both was generally modest, and largely confined to elite families. So the Norman influence is similar in both Scotland and Ireland, but Anglo-Saxon ancestry is higher in Scotland. Now another differences between Scottish and Irish DNA comes from the uneven impact of Viking settlement across the region. Sources:E. Gilbert et al. The genetic landscape of Scotland and the Isles, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116 (38) 19064-19070, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904761116 (2019) Gilbert, E., O’Reilly, S., Merrigan, M. et al. The Irish DNA Atlas: Revealing Fine-Scale Population Structure and History within Ireland. Sci Rep 7, 17199 (2017). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17124-4 Shanmugam, A., Merrigan, M., O’Reilly, S. et al. A genetic perspective on the recent demographic history of Ireland and Britain. Eur J Hum Genet 33, 538–545 (2025). doi.org/10.1038/s41431-025-01794-0 Irish Heart Ireland has highest rate of Haemochromatosis in the world - Irish Heart Diagnosis | Haemochromatosis UK FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-M222 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-DC782 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-L226 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-L1335 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-CTS2187Little Scottish Cluster - Overview - FamilyTreeDNA FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-L1065Scots-Irish - Overview - FamilyTreeDNAScottish Clans and Families | University of Strathclyde Surprised to See Scotland in Your Origins Results? Genetic mapping reveals ancestry between Ireland & ScotlandCreative Commons Imagery:Wojciech Pędzich, Robert Molyneaux File:Yamnaya phenotype, Reconstruction, male, grave Novooleksiivka; Ukraine.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Matteo De Stefano/MUSE File:Homo sapiens - Neolithic - reconstruction - MUSE.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Hogweard File:Map of the Kingdom of Northumbria around 700 AD.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons SKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsScottish Ancestry – Scottish DNA – Irish Ancestry – Irish DNA – Celtic ancestry #scottish #irish #ancestry
Swedish DNA and the Evolution of Blond Hair… Celtic History Decoded 2025-11-22 | Join This Channel to Get Member-Only Videos: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Swedish DNA and the Evolution of Blond Hair…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:26 Genetics & Origin Blond Hair 1:26 How Old in Sweden?4:26 The Eastern Link...6:05 Get Member-Only Videos 6:18 Why Blond Hair?Look at this table. These are the countries with the most people with natural blond hair in the world. As you can see, Sweden is number 1, with over 70% of Swedes having this hair color. Yet globally, only around 2% of people are natural blonds. So why do so many Swedes have blond hair? Has this always been the case? And what factors have been involved in the evolution of blond hair in Sweden, and more broadly?Now blond hair in Europeans is primarily caused by genetic mutations that reduce the amount of eumelanin. And a key driver of this change comes from a mutated allele, rs12821256, of the KITLG gene. As an interesting side note, some Melanesian populations also have natural blond hair. But this is caused by a completely different genetic mutation than the one found in Europeans, and many others around the world. It’s fascinating though how the same trait can evolve independently in different parts of the world.But did this Eurasian blond hair mutation originate in Sweden? Well ancient DNA shows that the oldest fossil known to carry this allele of the KITLG gene, is a 17,000 year old Ancient North Eurasian specimen from Afontova Gora in Southern Siberia. So the origin of blond hair was most likely in Siberia, or around this area, not in Sweden. But how did this trait first arrive in Scandinavia then, and who was the first person with blond hair in ancient Sweden? Now we know that the earliest populations in this region after the ice age were Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, often called Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers (SHG). And this group was created from the mixing of Western Hunter-Gatherers moving north, and Eastern Hunter-Gatherers moving west. Now we know that WHG largely had dark brown hair and blue eyes, with the genes for blond hair essentially absent from them. Sources:The Origin of Blond Afros in Melanesia | Science | AAAS Mathieson, I., Alpaslan-Roodenberg, S., Posth, C. et al. The genomic history of southeastern Europe. Nature 555, 197–203 (2018). doi.org/10.1038/nature25778 Mathieson, I., Lazaridis, I., Rohland, N. et al. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature 528, 499–503 (2015). doi.org/10.1038/nature16152 S. Perretti, et al. Inference of human pigmentation from ancient DNA by genotype likelihoods, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 122 (29) e2502158122, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2502158122 (2025).Frost (2006), Evolution and Human Behavior – sexual selection hypothesis for European hair/eye color diversity researchgate.netresearchgate.netMargaryan, A., Lawson, D.J., Sikora, M. et al. Population genomics of the Viking world. Nature 585, 390–396 (2020). doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 Sci-News (2020) – Viking age DNA findings by Margaryan et al. sci.newsBlonde hair evolved more than once | NatureEuropean Hunter-Gatherers Had Dark Skin, Blue Eyes | Sci.NewsNeolithicarch.com – summary of blond hair allele origins with references to Lazaridis (2022) and Reich (2018 ) neolithicarch.comBlonde is the UK's number 1 dyed hair colour of choiceABC News (2006) – report “Cavemen Preferred Blondes” on Frost’s study abcnews.go.com Celtic History Decoded - Finnish DNA: What is the Genetic History of Finland?Creative Commons Imagery:पाटलिपुत्र DalGobboM Skin colour and vitamin D: An update - Andrea Hanel, Carsten Carlberg Skin colour and vitamin D: An update - Hanel - 2020 - Experimental Dermatology - Wiley Online Library Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Wojciech Pędzich, Robert Molyneaux File:Yamnaya phenotype, Reconstruction, male, grave Novooleksiivka; Ukraine.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Ylwa Moritz File:Southwest Sweden hunter-gatherer Burial XXII (5000 BCE, reconstruction, Trelleborg Museum).jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution 4.0 International - Creative Commonsपाटलिपुत्र File:Schematic ethnogenesis of the Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsSwedish Ancestry – Swedish DNA – Blond Hair – Blond Hair Origin – Blonde Hair – Scandinavia – Sweden – Genetics – Eastern Hunter Gatherers – History #swedish #blondehair #ancestry
The Truth About Ancient Briton DNA - England’s Forgotten Ancestors… Celtic History Decoded 2025-11-14 | Join This Channel to Get Member-Only Videos: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1The Truth About Ancient Briton DNA - England’s Forgotten Ancestors…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:24 Who Were the Ancient Britons?2:16 The Britons and Gauls (and Druids)3:47 Get Member-Only Videos3:55 Genetic Makeup & DNA Haplogroups of the Britons7:52 Closest Modern Population to Ancient Britons?When you think of England’s ancestors, you would be forgiven for thinking about the Anglo-Saxons. After all, England literally means the land of the Angles. Yet there was a people long before this Germanic wave arrived, the Ancient Celtic Britons. But who actually were these people, what did their DNA look like, and how does their genetics still shape the DNA of England and Britain today? Now the Britons lived in what is now England, Wales, and southern Scotland before and during the Roman occupation of Britain. For reference, the Romans arrived in earnest around 43 AD, after some initial expeditions a little earlier. These Britons were not a single unified people however. They were a collection of tribes that often shared similar languages, religious beliefs, and social structures. And if you look at this map, you can some of these groups. The Brigantes were powerful in ancient northern England, the Iceni in East Anglia, and the Silures in south Wales. The language they spoke, Common Brittonic, or dialects of this language at least, is the ancestor of the modern Welsh, Cornish, and Breton tongues. Sources:Caesar – The Conquest of Gaul (1982: Pengiun Books)Patterson, N., Isakov, M., Booth, T. et al. Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age. Nature 601, 588–594 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4 Schiffels, S., Haak, W., Paajanen, P. et al. Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history. Nat Commun 7, 10408 (2016). doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10408 Olalde, I., Brace, S., Allentoft, M. et al. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe. Nature 555, 190–196 (2018). doi.org/10.1038/nature25738Celtic Britons - Wikipedia Martiniano, R., Caffell, A., Holst, M. et al. Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons. Nat Commun 7, 10326 (2016). doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10326 Briton | Celtic Culture, Roman Invasion & Anglo-Saxon Settlement | Britannica Christiana L Scheib et al. Low Genetic Impact of the Roman Occupation of Britain in Rural Communities, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 41, Issue 9, September 2024, msae168, doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msae168Creative Commons Imagery:Hel-hama File:Britain peoples circa 600.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative CommonsSKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsNotuncurious File:Roman.Britain.campaigns.43.to.60.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Notuncurious File:Britain.south.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Kabuto 7 File:Ancient Celt with carnyx (Ancient Briton).jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons QuartierLatin1968 File:Map of Celtic Nations-flag shades.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Notuncurious File:Britain.north.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Wojciech Pędzich, Robert Molyneaux File:Yamnaya phenotype, Reconstruction, male, grave Novooleksiivka; Ukraine.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Matteo De Stefano/MUSE File:Homo sapiens - Neolithic - reconstruction - MUSE.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Celtic Britons – English Ancestry – British Ancestry - Ancient Britain – Roman Britain – Julius Caesar Britain – Britons – Kingdom of Strathclyde – Ancient Britons – Druids – Gaul – Welsh Ancestry - British History#british #ancestry #english
Scottish DNA & The Evolution of Red Hair… Celtic History Decoded 2025-11-02 | Join This Channel on YouTube to Get Access to Perks: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Scottish DNA & The Evolution of Red Hair…Chapters:0:00 Intro 0:26 Cause and Inheritance of Red Hair 1:16 Origin of Red Hair & Neanderthals 3:46 Get Member-Only Videos 4:07 Why is Red Hair So Common in Scotland?Look at this table… These are the countries with the most people with natural red hair in the world. As you can see, Scotland is number 1, with between 10-13% of Scots having this color. Yet globally, red hair is the rarest hair color in the world, found in only 1-2% of people. So why do so many Scottish people have red hair? Has this always been the case? And did red hair originate in Scotland?Now we know that red hair is mainly caused by mutations in the MC1R gene, located on chromosome 16. And to actually express this trait, you must inherit one copy of this MC1R variant from each parent, as its a recessive trait. Yet that doesn’t mean that people need to have red hair expressed themselves for them to have a red-haired child, as many people silently carry this MC1R mutation. And we know this is the case in Scotland. As around 40% of the Scottish population carry the red hair gene variant, much higher than the frequency of red hair of 10-13%. We also know that people with red hair also tend to have fair skin, freckles, light eyes, and heightened sensitivity to UV light in general, although this can vary. But did red hair originate in Scotland and is it connected to the Neanderthals at all? Well we know that this hair color has been a feature in these lands for millennia. The Roman historian, Tacitus, for instance, wrote in the 1st century AD about the physical characteristics of the Caledonians, one of the main peoples of ancient Scotland. He wrote that:“The red hair and the large limbs of the inhabitants of Caledonia proclaim their Germanic origin.”So red hair was a noted feature in ancient Scotland at the time of the Romans around 2,000 years ago. Yet the origin of red hair was not in ancient Scotland. It is far older and broader than any one country in general, but it probably wasn’t even in Europe. The most likely location was in Central Asia, with this mutation arising tens of thousands of years ago. And we do see elevated levels of red hair in some peoples of this region, with the Udmurt people in Russia a famous example of this today. Down through history as well, we see groups from this part of the world with this trait. The Budini for instance, who were an ancient Scythian tribe for this region, were known for their red hair, as described by Herodotus. And what is interesting is that there are various references to Scythia in the origin stories of both the Scots and Picts, which is curious. Let me know in the comments below if you would like a specific video on that. But how do the Neanderthals fit into all of this? Did we inherit this trait from our ancient human cousins? Well we do know that the Neanderthals had their own version of an MC1R mutation that caused red hair and pale skin. A 2017 study published in The American Journal of Human Genetics found that none of the variants that cause red hair in modern humans were present in Neanderthal samples however, but they had their own variants that causes red hair in rare causes. In other words, we didn’t inherit red hair from our human cousins. Sources:The Contribution of Neanderthals to Phenotypic Variation in Modern Humans - Dannemann, Michael et al. The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 101, Issue 4, 578 – 589 - The Contribution of Neanderthals to Phenotypic Variation in Modern Humans: The American Journal of Human Genetics DNA reveals Neanderthal redheads — Harvard Gazette Red hair - WikipediaPercentage of Redheads by Country 2025Who were the lost Beaker People of Scotland?Transcription of the Declaration of Arbroath - National Records of Scotland (NRS)Scottish Genetic Landscape Echoes the DNA of Past Kingdoms | Generation Scotland | Generation Scotland E. Gilbert, et al. The genetic landscape of Scotland and the Isles, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116 (38) 19064-19070, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904761116 (2019).The people with the reddest hair in the world - BBC NewsRuairdh : Meaning and Origin of First Name | Search Family History on Ancestry®.Scottish DNA: What is the Genetic History of Scotland? The genetic causes, ethnic origins and history of red hair - EupediaCreative Commons Imagery:SKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commonsred hair origins - Scottish ancestry - ginger - redhead - Scottish heritage #scotland #redhead #ancestry
Do You Have Scottish Clan Ancestry? 3 Key Signs Explained… Celtic History Decoded 2025-10-18 | Join This Channel on YouTube to Get Access to Perks: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Do You Have Scottish Clan Ancestry? 3 Key Signs Explained…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:55 First Sign of Scottish Clan Ancestry2:52 Second Sign3:33 Get Member-Only Videos 3:50 Second Sign Continued 5:12 Third Sign & Robert The Bruce's DNAHow do you know if you’ve got Scottish clan ancestry running through your veins? And are certain DNA markers linked to specific clans? Well in this video, we will look at 3 key signs of Scottish clan ancestry, and discuss some tips on how to trace this part of your heritage. Now the word clan comes from a Gaelic (clann) word meaning “children” or “offspring.” In Scotland however, clans were not merely families in the narrow sense. They were extended social units, that often included people connected by territory, allegiance, or for protection, as much as by blood. At certain times down through history for example, people adopted different clan names for protection, survival, or social advantage. Yet there was often a core genetic component in many clans. And this has survived for centuries in some people today, something we will discuss shortly. Now the first sign of Scottish clan ancestry is having ancestors who trace their roots to certain parts of Scotland. This is because Scottish clans were communities deeply tied to land and region. And if your ancestors came from one of those areas, it can reveal a strong geographic link to a particular clan. Now look at this map. This shows the parts of Scotland different clans controlled for large periods. As you can see, Clan Mackay, Sutherland, Gunn and Sinclair, held lands in the very far north of the highlands. Different branches of Clan MacLeod are connected more to the islands of Harris, Lewis and Skye on the other hand. And if we move down to Argyll, we can see that Clan Maclean, MacDonald and Campbell are some of the powerful clans in this area. But what about in the lowlands and the borders area? Well famous border clans include Armstrong, Johnston, Kerr, and Elliot. And you can see that Douglas, Boyd and Wallace held lands a little further north, but still in the lowlands. A little further up again you can see a branch of Stewart just north of Stirling, with Robert Stewart rebuilding Doune Castle in the 14th century. And if we move up the east coast you can see clans like Lindsay, Forbes, Leslie and then Keith to the north of Aberdeen. The very powerful Clan Chattan confederation is more central, with Mackintosh a key family within this group. Clan Fraser of Lovat is close by as well. So the point is that clans controlled different parts of Scotland through large parts of our history. Sources:Scottish Clans - Clan Names & History | VisitScotlandScottish Clans and Families | University of Strathclyde FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup I-FT11343 Clan Lindsay - WikipediaClan MacMillan - WikipediaFamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-FTB15831 Scottish clan - Wikipedia Tracing your Scottish or Irish clan | CLANClan MacLeod - WikipediaClan and Family Search | CLAN The Origin & Meaning of 13 Scottish Clan Surnames… List of Scottish clans - Wikipedia Stoddart Surname Meaning & Stoddart Family History at Ancestry.co.uk®Clan Fergusson - WikipediaWhat’s my Clan? Scottish Clans Clan Bruce - WikipediaStoddard Surname Meaning & Stoddard Family History at Ancestry.co.uk® Creative Commons Imagery:SKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsMaulucioni File:R-DF27.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsScottish Clan Ancestry – Scottish Ancestry – Tracing your Scottish Clan Ancestry – Scottish Surnames – Scottish Clans – Scottish DNA – Scottish Heritage – Scottish Ancestors #ancestry #scottish #clan
The Truth About the “Black Irish” DNA Mystery… Celtic History Decoded 2025-09-23 | Join This Channel on YouTube to Get Access to Perks: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1The Truth About the “Black Irish” DNA Mystery…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:28 The Black Irish Folklore & The Spanish 5:00 The Scottish Connection (Mull, Clan Maclean, Duart Castle, Tobermory Bay) 8:03 Spanish Ancestry in Irish DNA? 12:57 Is the Black Irish Story a Myth? Have you ever heard someone described as “Black Irish”? The term conjures images of Irish people with an exotic hint of Spanish or Mediterranean ancestry. Yet it’s a phrase loaded with mystery, myth and ambiguity. So in this video, we’ll uncover the truth behind the “Black Irish” story – exploring where the term came from, the legends associated with it, and what modern DNA science tells us about Irish ancestry, as it pertains to the Black Irish. Now the way people describe the Black Irish is slightly different depending on the source. In general however, it is used to describe Irish people or people of Irish descent who have darker features than you wouldn’t normally associate with Ireland. These are more Mediterranean or Spanish looking features, darker than the typical image of Irish people with fair-skin, red or light hair, and light-eyes. And the combination of this Spanish-looking ancestry and more typical Irish phenotypes often creates interesting combinations. The most common look people refer to as being Black Irish is someone with jet-black hair (or very dark hair at least), and piercing blue eyes, although some describe people with dark eyes are well. But for the purposes of this video and how many people describe it today, I will define the Black Irish look as someone with extremely dark hair and vivid blue eyes. But where does this story come from, how does it link to Spanish ancestry and even some Scottish clans, and what does genetic research say about it? Sources:Gilbert, E., O’Reilly, S., Merrigan, M. et al. The Irish DNA Atlas: Revealing Fine-Scale Population Structure and History within Ireland. Sci Rep 7, 17199 (2017). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17124-4 Who were the Black Irish, and what is their story? Irish DNA originated in Middle East and eastern Europe | Genetics | The GuardianThe Black Irish - what are the truths and mythsSan Juan de Sicilia - Wikipedia A Very British Scandal: The real-life treasure hunt off Tobermory by Duke of Argyll Busting myths of origin | Science Black Irish (folklore) - WikipediaThe Beaker people: a new population for ancient Britain - nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2018/february/the-beaker-people-a-new-population-for-ancient-britain.html Genetic studies show our closest relatives are found in Galicia and the Basque region – The Irish Times Home - Duart Castle Doyle Surname Meaning & Doyle Family History at Ancestry.co.uk® Margaryan, A., Lawson, D. J., Sikora, M., Racimo, F., Rasmussen, S., Moltke, I., ... & Willerslev, E. (2020). Population genomics of the Viking world. Nature, 585(7825), 390–396. doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 Ancient European hunter-gatherer was a blue-eyed boy | New Scientist Creative Commons Imagery:Wojciech Pędzich, Robert Molyneaux File:Yamnaya phenotype, Reconstruction, male, grave Novooleksiivka; Ukraine.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Matteo De Stefano/MUSE File:Homo sapiens - Neolithic - reconstruction - MUSE.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons SKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsDetlef Gronenborn, Barbara Horejs, Börner, Ober File:Expansion of farming in western Eurasia, 9600–4000 BCE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution 4.0 International - Creative Commons Black Irish - Irish ancestry – Irish DNA – Dark Hair Blue Eyes – Spanish Armada – Duart Castle – Clan MacLean – Tobermory Bay – Clan MacDonald – Isle of Mull – Spanish Ship Mull - San Juan de Sicilia – Black Irish Myth Scotland – Irish Folklore - Milesians#irishancestry #ancestry #dna
Differences Between Irish & English DNA… Celtic History Decoded 2025-09-14 | Join This Channel on YouTube to Get Access to Perks: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Differences Between Irish & English DNA…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:15 Ancient DNA Differences & Lactose Tolerance 1:58 Romans, Anglo-Saxons & Vikings 5:19 DNA Haplogroups & Royal Lineages 9:47 Disease Rates & Blood Types What are the DNA differences and similarities between Ireland and England, and how different are they? And how has this influenced factors like blood types, disease rates, lactose tolerance and haplogroups in the 2 peoples, as well as royal lineages? Well the first DNA difference between the Irish and English comes from their ancient DNA. As I’ve noted in previous videos, the foundational DNA of most Europeans is a mixture of 3 main sources: Western Hunter Gatherers (WHG), Early European Farmers (EEF) and Steppe Ancestry during the Bronze Age. Yet the Irish and English have different rates of these 3 sources. Sources:Irving-Pease, E.K., Refoyo-Martínez, A., Barrie, W. et al. The selection landscape and genetic legacy of ancient Eurasians. Nature 625, 312–320 (2024). doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06705-1 Gilbert, E., O’Reilly, S., Merrigan, M. et al. The Irish DNA Atlas: Revealing Fine-Scale Population Structure and History within Ireland. Sci Rep 7, 17199 (2017). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17124-4 O'Dushlaine, C., Morris, D., Moskvina, V. et al. Population structure and genome-wide patterns of variation in Ireland and Britain. Eur J Hum Genet 18, 1248–1254 (2010). doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2010.87 New Study Examines Genetic Structure of British Population | Sci.News L.M. Cassidy, et al. Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113 (2) 368-373, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518445113 (2016). FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-Z381 Gretzinger, J., Sayer, D., Justeau, P. et al. The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool. Nature 610, 112–119 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05247-2 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-M222 Leslie, S., Winney, B., Hellenthal, G. et al. The fine-scale genetic structure of the British population. Nature 519, 309–314 (2015). doi.org/10.1038/nature14230 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-DC782 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-L226 What is Cystic Fibrosis | Cystic Fibrosis FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-DF98 Gilbert, E., O’Reilly, S., Merrigan, M. et al. The Irish DNA Atlas: Revealing Fine-Scale Population Structure and History within Ireland. Sci Rep 7, 17199 (2017). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17124-4 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-Z381 Haplogroup R-L21 - Wikipedia FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-U106 Low Genetic Impact of the Roman Occupation of Britain in Rural Communities | Molecular Biology and Evolution | Oxford Academic Irish Heart Ireland has highest rate of Haemochromatosis in the world - Irish Heart Milk fueled Bronze Age expansion of ‘eastern cowboys’ into Europe | Science | AAAS Irish ancestry – English ancestry – Irish DNA – English DNA Creative Commons Imagery:Nephron File:Hemosiderosis high mag.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Wojciech Pędzich, Robert Molyneaux File:Yamnaya phenotype, Reconstruction, male, grave Novooleksiivka; Ukraine.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Matteo De Stefano/MUSE File:Homo sapiens - Neolithic - reconstruction - MUSE.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Gernot Keller File:2008-05-17-SuttonHoo (cropped).jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic - Creative Commons SKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsHel-hama File:England 878.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative CommonsWereszczyński File:COA Wettin.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons#ireland #england #ancestry
Scottish & Scots-Irish DNA Around the World: The Untold Story… Celtic History Decoded 2025-09-07 | Join This Channel on YouTube to Get Access to Perks: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Scottish & Scots-Irish DNA Around the World: The Untold Story…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:30 Scottish Ancestry Around the World2:18 The Scots-Irish or Ulster-Scots3:46 Scots-Irish & Scottish DNA (Surnames & Clans Included)12:02 Why So Many Scots Abroad?The country of Scotland has a population of just over 5.5 million people. Yet the Scottish diaspora across the globe is estimated to be in the region of 40 million. And the echoes of this Scottish heritage unmistakable, from the statue of Robert Burns in Dunedin, New Zealand, to the Ulster Scots of Appalachia. But why are there so many people of Scottish ancestry across the world? What factors drove this? And do these people have particular DNA markers that link back to Scotland, or Alba? Now the United States has the most people with Scottish ancestry in the world of course, with around ~20–25 million Americans having Scottish or “Scots-Irish” roots. And we will discuss the Scots-Irish or Ulster-Scots in more detail shortly, and also the DNA markers linked with them. Now the largest concentration of Scottish ancestry in the U.S. is in the Appalachian Region, which is known as the Scots-Irish heartland. States like Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia have a notable influence. Yet Scots are found across the country, including the South, New York and California. Canada has the second highest number of people with Scottish ancestry, at around 5 million, which is about 12% of Canada’s population. Scots are found across the country, including in British Columbia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia of course, or “New Scotland.” And if you look at this table, you can see the full breakdown of the top countries with people of Scottish descent. Australia and New Zealand are also pretty high of course, and let me know in the comments below where you are watching this video from. England and Ireland are obvious ones as well given their proximity, and we will discuss some links with Ireland in more detail shortly. But there are more surprising ones as well like Argentina, that often don’t immediately spring to mind. Why is this though? Sources:Surprised to See Scotland in Your Origins Results? Geneaology, DNA, and clans | CLAN Scotland’s population over 5.5 million people - National Records of Scotland (NRS) FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-M222 Migration Patterns of Our Scottish Ancestors | GenealogyMagazine.com Clan Maxwell - WikipediaScottish diaspora - WikipediaFamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-L21 Experience & Research Your Ancestry in Scotland | VisitScotland FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-FGC12774Celtic History Decoded - The Origin & Meaning of 13 Scottish Clan Surnames… Scottish people - Wikipedia FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup I-FT11343Celtic History Decoded - (1) The Incredible DNA of 35 Scottish Clans Revealed… - YouTube R1b-L1335 - Overview - FamilyTreeDNAFamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-L1335 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-L1065 Scots-Irish - Overview - FamilyTreeDNAScottish Clans and Families | University of Strathclyde FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-L1444 MAXWELL_genealogical_haplotree.pdf Maxwell family | University of Strathclyde Creative Commons Imagery:Thomas Beauchamp File:Robert Burns Statue in the Octagon, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand.JPG - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons SKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsMostEpic File:Clan member crest badge - Clan Maxwell.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons RedStorm1368 File:The British Empire 5.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Scottish ancestry – Scottish heritage - Scottish diaspora - Scottish genealogy - Highland Clearances - Ulster Scots - Scots-Irish – Scottish surnames – Clan Surnames – Scots-Irish Surnames – Scotch-Irish #scotland #ancestry #scottishheritage
Differences Between Roman & Viking DNA… Celtic History Decoded 2025-08-26 | Join This Channel on YouTube to Get Access to Perks: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Differences Between Roman & Viking DNA…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:55 Ancient DNA Differences 3:57 Roman Empire DNA & Haplogroups14:03 Viking DNA & Haplogroups 15:20 Differences Between Roman & Viking DNA The Romans and the Vikings are two of the most famous peoples in history, but what were the DNA differences between them? Now the roots of the Romans were in the Latins, an Italic tribe, yet their identity was forged at a crossroads of Etruscan, Greek, and Mediterranean influences. The Romans grew from a small city-state into a vast, centralized empire, stretching from Britain to the Middle East. The Vikings, by contrast, were not an empire but a culture: a network of Scandinavian seafarers whose identity was expressed through raiding, trading, and exploration, without a unified state or central authority.Sources:Margaret L. Antonio et al. Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean.Science366,708-714(2019).DOI:10.1126/science.aay6826 Margaryan, A., Lawson, D.J., Sikora, M. et al. Population genomics of the Viking world. Nature 585, 390–396 (2020). doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present -Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo et al. Cell, Volume 186, Issue 1, 32 - 46.e19 The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present: Cell FamilyTreeDNA Discover - mtDNA Haplogroup U1a1FamilyTreeDNA Discover - mtDNA Haplogroup D4j11 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-PF7589 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup J-L26Are you part Viking? Viking Ancestry Stanford researchers lay out first genetic history of Rome | Stanford Report Roman AncestryMathieson, I., et al. (2015). Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature 528: 499–503. PMCreich.hms.harvard.eduEvershed, R. P., et al. (2022). Dairying, diseases and the evolution of lactase persistence in Europe. Nature 608: 336–345 NatureWorld’s largest-ever DNA sequencing of Viking skeletons reveals they weren’t all Scandinavian | University of Cambridge Creative Commons Imagery:Bogdangiusca File:Vikings-Voyages.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Wojciech Pędzich, Robert Molyneaux File:Yamnaya phenotype, Reconstruction, male, grave Novooleksiivka; Ukraine.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Matteo De Stefano/MUSE File:Homo sapiens - Neolithic - reconstruction - MUSE.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Detlef Gronenborn, Barbara Horejs, Börner, Ober File:Expansion of farming in western Eurasia, 9600–4000 BCE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution 4.0 International - Creative Commons Andrea Hanel, Carsten Carlberg September 2020 Skin colour and vitamin D: An update Skin colour and vitamin D: An update - Hanel - 2020 - Experimental Dermatology - Wiley Online Library Volume29, Issue9, Focus Theme Issue: Dermatoendocrinology Pages 864-875 Creative Commons Attribution License, Deed - Attribution 4.0 International - Creative Commons DalGobboM पाटलिपुत्र File:Archaeogenetic analysis of human skin pigmentation in Europe (with Asia geographic extension).png - Wikimedia Commons Jbuket File:Eastern Hunter Gatherer.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Iraniangen.blogfa File:J2-Y-DNA-Haplogroup-Map-J2-M172-Map-J2-Haplogrubu-Haritasi-v3.png - Wikipedia Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Chakazul File:World Map of Y-DNA Haplogroups.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons שמואל יצחק יעקב File:E1b1b.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons #vikings #romans #ancestry Viking Ancestry – Roman Ancestry – Roman DNA – Roman Empire – Viking DNA – Viking Age - Blond Hair Origins – Blonde Hair – Viking History – Viking People – Vikings Origins - Roman Empire History – Roman History – Roman People
The Hidden Links Between Your Sleep & Ancestry… Celtic History Decoded 2025-08-18 | Check Out Manta Sleep here: mantasleep.pxf.io/Qjq9yz and use the code HISTORY at checkout to get 10% off your order. The Hidden Links Between Your Sleep & Ancestry…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:23 The 4 Sleep Chronotypes4:44 Inheritance of Your Sleep Pattern 5:46 Manta Sleep 6:29 Sleep and Ancestry (& Latitude) 12:05 Countries with Earliest Wake Up Times & Latest Bed Times Sleep is one of the key pillars of health, but does your sleep pattern hold secrets to your ancestry? Are you a morning lark or a night owl? Have you ever wondered if those traits run in your family, or reflect your ancient ancestry? Well recent science suggests there are real connections between how we sleep and our ancestors, as well as factors such as latitude and social customs. Now according to one model, there are 4 main different types of sleep chronotypes in people, which are named after animals. They are Bear, Wolf, Lion & Dolphin. These sleep chronotypes are natural, biologically driven patterns, and they determine your body's preference for sleeping and waking at certain times. In other words, they reflect your internal circadian rhythm — the ~24-hour biological clock that regulates sleep, alertness, hormone production, and body temperature. And your internal circadian rhythm is tuned by key genes, including PERIOD3 (PER3) and CLOCK.Now Bear is the most common chronotype in the world, with around ~50% of people having this pattern. If you’re a bear, your natural wake up time is around ~7–8 AM, and your peak alertness is roughly between 10am-2pm. The time you naturally want to go sleep is quite standard, at around 11 PM, with bears tending to follow the solar cycle in general. Lions on the other hand are early risers. Their best wake time is more like ~5–6 AM and they are most productive in the morning. Lions have an earlier sleep time though of between 9-10pm. Then there’s the night owls, or wolfs. People with this chronotype naturally want to wake up later, and their peak alertness is often late afternoon and into the evening. Their sleep time is late as well, between around ~12–1 AM or later. Wolfs are often very creative types in general, but they can find the standard 9-5 work schedule difficult given their natural sleep preferences. Now the final category are dolphins, the rarest group, with only around 10% of people having this chronotype. Dolphins are much more variable with their sleep schedule, and this category gets its name from the ability of real dolphins to stay alert even while sleeping. People with this chronotype are known as light sleepers, and have higher rates of insomnia and disrupted sleep. Those with this chronotype as sometimes described as wired and tired. Now it’s not like you can’t go to sleep at different times and wake up at different times. Behavioural habits as well, such as safely getting some natural sunlight in your eyes at the same time every morning, can help set your circadian rhythm. Any follower of the Andrew Huberman podcast will know this. And as people age as well, their chronotype typically shifts earlier in the day. Some people also prefer different terms rather than the bear, lion, wolf and dolphin model. But everyone tends to have a natural preference hardwired in their DNA, and there is variety across the human population. These are genetic predispositions that mean you tend to be more of a morning person, an evening owl, or somewhere in-between. Now you can do a chronotype questionnaire online where you answer some questions, and I done one recently. I’m not sure how scientific these things are, but it turns out I’m a bear, and this definitely makes sense for me. I know my most productive hours are between around 10am and 2-3pm, and I structure my day around this. I know that if I’ve got real cognitive work to do, such as writing and researching a video, that’s the optimal time for me to get the hardest part of the work done, and I tend to put less demanding work earlier or later in the day. But you may be different. Now you may be asking why humans evolved different chronotypes in the first place? Creative Commons Imagery:YassineMrabet fixed by Addicted04 File:Biological clock human.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic - Creative Commons Hadzabe1.jpg: Idobi Hadzabe2.jpg: Idobi Hadzabe4.jpg: Idobi Hadazbe_returning_from_hunt.jpg: Andreas Lederer - Joey Roe File:Hadza montage.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons PJsg1011 File:Robinson projection with major circles of latitude and prime meridian labeled.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons #sleep #ancestry #dna Sleep genetics – Sleep Chronotypes – Sleep Cycles
Spanish DNA & The Evolution of Hazel Eyes… Celtic History Decoded 2025-08-03 | Join This Channel on YouTube to Get Access to Perks: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Spanish DNA & The Evolution of Hazel Eyes…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:16 What Causes Hazel Eyes?1:20 Spain's Autosomal DNA & Genetic History5:26 Why Spain & Hazel Eyes?7:18 Spanish DNA Haplogroups A 2009 study found that 55.2% of Spanish people had hazel-green eyes, much higher than the global average of around 5%. So what is it about Spanish DNA, and the genetic history of Spain in general, that makes hazel eyes such a common feature there. Now hazel eyes are the joint 3rd most common eye color in the world, along with amber. Sources:Olalde, I., Allentoft, M., Sánchez-Quinto, F. et al. Derived immune and ancestral pigmentation alleles in a 7,000-year-old Mesolithic European. Nature 507, 225–228 (2014). doi.org/10.1038/nature12960 Díaz YM, Saornil MA, Almaraz A, Muñoz-Moreno MF, García C, Sanz R. Iris Color: Validation of a new Classification and Distribution in a Spanish Population-Based Sample. European Journal of Ophthalmology. 2018;19(4):686-689. doi:10.1177/112067210901900427 Brancato, D.; Coniglio, E.; Bruno, F.; Agostini, V.; Saccone, S.; Federico, C. Forensic DNA Phenotyping: Genes and Genetic Variants for Eye Color Prediction. Genes 2023, 14, 1604. doi.org/10.3390/genes14081604 What Causes Hazel Eyes? What Color Are Hazel Eyes? | Warby Parker Mt DNA U5 - eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_U5_mtDNA.shtml Mt DNA U6 - eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_U6_mtDNA.shtml Díaz YM, Saornil MA, Almaraz A, Muñoz-Moreno MF, García C, Sanz R. Iris Color: Validation of a new Classification and Distribution in a Spanish Population-Based Sample. European Journal of Ophthalmology. 2018;19(4):686-689. doi:10.1177/112067210901900427 Iñigo Olalde et al. The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years. Science 363, 1230-1234(2019). DOI:10.1126/science.aav4040 Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA) - Eupedia How Rare Are Hazel Eyes? 34 Facts and Superstitions about the Hazel Eye Color | by ZephyrSpark | Medium The World's Population By Eye Color - WorldAtlas European Hunter-Gatherers Had Dark Skin, Blue Eyes | Sci.News FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-DF27 Blue Eyes | Liverpool John Moores University Faith Erin Cain, Kyoko Yamaguchi Effect of iris pigmentation of blue and brown eyed individuals with European ancestry on ability to see in low light conditions after a short-term dark adaption period | bioRxiv Genetic origins of the Iberian people - Eupedia Creative Commons Imagery:Laurinemily at English Wikipedia File:Hazel-green eye 2.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic - Creative Commons Wojciech Pędzich, Robert Molyneaux File:Yamnaya phenotype, Reconstruction, male, grave Novooleksiivka; Ukraine.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogrupo R1b (ADN-Y).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Matteo De Stefano/MUSE File:Homo sapiens - Neolithic - reconstruction - MUSE.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons The Ogre File:Ethnographic Iberia 200 BCE.PNG - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons HansenBCN File:Conquista Hispania.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Howard Lifshitz from Buffalo Grove, ILUSA File:10488 Cordoba 11 Jewish Quarter Maimonides (11967548236).jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license. Deed - Attribution 2.0 Generic - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:R-DF27.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commonsשמואל יצחק יעקב File:E1b1b.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Iraniangen.blogfa File:J2-Y-DNA-Haplogroup-Map-J2-M172-Map-J2-Haplogrubu-Haritasi-v3.png - Wikipedia Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons #spain #hazeleyes #ancestry
The Origins of Haplogroup R1b: How Steppe Ancestry Changed Europe Forever… Celtic History Decoded 2025-07-29 | Join This Channel on YouTube to Get Access to Perks: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1The Origins of Haplogroup R1b: How Steppe Ancestry Changed Europe Forever…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:50 R1b Y-DNA Levels Today2:30 Deep Origins of R1b & Evolution 4:48 Yamnaya Culture & The Spread of R1b7:56 Who Were the Yamnaya? Appearance, Diet, Dairy Around 200 million men across the globe have the Y-DNA haplogroup R1b. It is the most common Y-DNA lineage in Western Europe today, accounting for the paternal ancestry of over 110 million men. It is also very common in men of European ancestry who live across the world. In the US for example, R1b is the most common Y-DNA haplogroup, as you can see in this table. And Steppe ancestry is found in even more people globally. An estimated 700–800 million people have this ancestral component to some degree. With between 30-60% of autosomal DNA in modern Europeans coming from steppe ancestry. Creative Commons Imagery:Wojciech Pędzich, Robert Molyneaux File:Yamnaya phenotype, Reconstruction, male, grave Novooleksiivka; Ukraine.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogrupo R1b (ADN-Y).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons SKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsBalaresque P, Bowden GR, Adams SM, Leung H-Y, King TE, Rosser ZH, et al. (2010) A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for European Paternal Lineages. PLoS Biol 8(1): e1000285. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000285 Creative Commons Attribution License Maulucioni File:Mapa de R1a.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogroup P of Y-DNA.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:R-DF27.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsChakazul File:World Map of Y-DNA Haplogroups.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Andrewwik.0 File:Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup A in Africa.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogroup K of Y-DNA.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsScuola Sovramonte File:Cranio del Cacciatore della Val Rosna.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Data, text: Andrea Hanel, Carsten Carlberg - Cleanup, layout tweaks and colorization: पाटलिपुत्र File:Yamnaya pastoralists, main genetic ancestry.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Wang, CC., Reinhold, S., Kalmykov, A. et al. Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions. Nat Commun 10, 590 (2019). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Deed - Attribution 4.0 International - Creative Commons XVodolazx commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yamna_culture_tomb.jpg Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en nerdy.maps File:Indo-European languages map.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Joe Roe File:Lactose tolerance in the Old World.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution 4.0 International - Creative Commons Haplogroup R1b – R1b Y-DNA – Origins of R1b – Steppe Ancestry – Yamnaya Culture – European DNA – Western Steppe Herders – American DNA – Y-DNA Europe – Y-DNA America #dna #ancestry #R1b
What is the Origin of Blue Eyes? Celtic History Decoded 2025-07-20 | Join This Channel on YouTube to Get Access to Perks: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Get Access to Member-Only Videos on Patreon - patreon.com/historydecoded Why Blue Eyes Are Much Older Than 10,000 Years…What is the Origin of Blue Eyes?Chapters:0:00 Intro0:13 What Causes Blue Eyes?1:18 Why People Say 6,000-10,000 Years Old2:36 How Old Are Blue Eyes? (Origins)6:34 Get Member-Only Videos 6:47 Western Hunter Gatherers & Blue Eye Prevalence So many people online say that blue eyes are only 10,000 years old, but this isn’t true. So in this video we are going to look at where this figure comes from, who the first person with blue eyes was, and what the true origins of blue eyes are in general. Now the beauty of blue eyes is that we actually have a good understanding of what causes them. Unlike intermediate eye colors like hazel and green (that are a little more complex), scientists actually can predict either blue or brown eye color with a very high degree of accuracy, at around 90–95%. This is because blue or brown eye color is primarily determined by a mutation in the HERC2-OCA2 gene region. To be more specific, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the HERC2 gene (rs12913832) regulates the nearby OCA2 gene, which in turn controls melanin production in the iris. Blue eyes are caused by a mutation in this area that reduces melanin production. This lack of pigment causes light to scatter in a way that makes the eyes appear blue, a similar process to why the sky looks blue. Now this HERC2 mutation behaves essentially as a recessive trait: individuals with two copies of the derived allele have blue eyes, while those with one or zero copies produce enough melanin for darker eyes.But how old are blue eyes and where does this 10,000 year figure come from? Sources:Eiberg, H., Troelsen, J., Nielsen, M. et al. Blue eye color in humans may be caused by a perfectly associated founder mutation in a regulatory element located within the HERC2 gene inhibiting OCA2 expression. Hum Genet 123, 177–187 (2008). doi.org/10.1007/s00439-007-0460-x Blue-eyed humans have a single, common ancestor | ScienceDaily Fu, Q., Posth, C., Hajdinjak, M. et al. The genetic history of Ice Age Europe. Nature 534, 200–205 (2016). doi.org/10.1038/nature17993 Feldman, M., Fernández-Domínguez, E., Reynolds, L. et al. Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia. Nat Commun 10, 1218 (2019). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09209-7 Western Hunter-Gatherer - Wikipedia Cheddar Man: Mesolithic Britain's blue-eyed boy - nhm.ac.uk/discover/cheddar-man-mesolithic-britain-blue-eyed-boy.html 17,000 Year Old Remains Could Be Oldest Evidence of Blue Eyes 17,000-year-old remains of blue-eyed baby boy unearthed in Italy | Live Science Higgins, O.A., Modi, A., Cannariato, C. et al. Life history and ancestry of the late Upper Palaeolithic infant from Grotta delle Mura, Italy. Nat Commun 15, 8248 (2024). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51150-x Heterozygous National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) Creative Commons Imagery:Geni File:Cheddar Man upper body.JPG - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsScuola Sovramonte File:Cranio del Cacciatore della Val Rosna.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Blue eyes origin – blue eyes age – first blue-eyed person – how old are blue eyes – origins of blue eyes - Villabruna hunter-gatherer – Cheddar Man – True age blue eyes - Bichon hunter gatherer – Western Hunter Gatherers – Ice Age Europe #blueyes #ancestry #dna
Differences Between English & Welsh DNA… Celtic History Decoded 2025-07-11 | Join This Channel on YouTube to Get Access to Perks: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Differences Between English & Welsh DNA…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:52 Differences Between English & Welsh DNA 4:48 Get Member-Only Videos 5:18 Internal DNA Divisions in Wales & England 6:28 DNA Haplogroups Compared England v WalesWhat are the DNA differences and similarities between England and Wales, and how different are they? Now in ancient times, the land we call Wales today was inhabited by tribes of Celtic Britons, such as the Silures. Ancient England was home to similar tribes who belonged to the same broad people. This dramatically changed of course after the Anglo-Saxons arrived, following the Roman withdrawal in the 5th century. The Normans then invaded both regions in the 11th century. And by 1283, Wales was largely under English control, after King Edward I conquered the independent Welsh principalities. In the mid-16th century, Wales was formally annexed into the Kingdom of England, integrating its legal system and governance. Despite this, Wales retained a distinct cultural and linguistic identity up until now, and Welsh is one of the 6 Celtic languages still spoken today. Yet what are the DNA differences between England and Wales? Well both peoples descend from 3 ancient sources: post-Ice Age hunter-gatherers, Neolithic farmers, and Bronze Age migrants, largely connected to the spread of the Bell Beaker culture. So both counties ancient genetic history is similar, with England and Wales also both seeing a large scale migration between around 1000 and 875 BC. This was what a 2021 study published in Nature found. And this increased EEF ancestry in both countries, with this migration only effecting southern Britain, and not Scotland which is quite interesting. This similarity continued through the Iron Age, as the Romans had a very limited genetic impact on Britain in general. It was during the medieval period that we start to see real differences in English and Welsh DNA, including the Vikings. Sources:Leslie, S., Winney, B., Hellenthal, G. et al. The fine-scale genetic structure of the British population. Nature 519, 309–314 (2015). doi.org/10.1038/nature14230 Patterson, N., Isakov, M., Booth, T. et al. Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age. Nature 601, 588–594 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4 Gretzinger, J., Sayer, D., Justeau, P. et al. The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool. Nature 610, 112–119 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05247-2 Welsh people - Wikipedia English DNA 'one-third' Anglo-Saxon - BBC NewsBBC News, Welsh people could be most ancient in UK, DNA suggests bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-18489735 English people - Wikipedia Who do you think you really are? A genetic map of the British Isles | University of OxfordCeltic History Decoded: English DNA: What is the Genetic History of England? New Genetic Insights into the Anglo-Saxon Transition in Britain | UCL Division of Biosciences - UCL – University College London Creative Commons Imagery:Notuncurious File:Wales.pre-Roman.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons GNU Free Documentation License Notuncurious File:Britain.south.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Rob984 File:Location map of England in 1700.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Miguel Hermoso Cuesta File:Campaniforme M.A.N. 04.JPG - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Ziko-C File:2004 sutton hoo 01.JPG - Wikipedia Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and 1.0 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic - Creative Commons SKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commonsשמואל יצחק יעקב File:E1b1b.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Welsh DNA – English DNA – Haplogroups – Genetics – Genetic History – R1b – R1b-L21 – R1b-U106 – Celtic Ancestry – Germanic Ancestry – Welsh Ancestry – English Ancestry – Bell Beaker Britain #welsh #english #ancestry
Ancient Ancestry in Modern Faces? The Hidden Links… Celtic History Decoded 2025-07-01 | Join This Channel on YouTube to Get Access to Perks: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Get Access to Member-Only Videos & More Perks on Patreon - patreon.com/historydecoded The Hidden Links Between Modern Faces & Ancestry…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:14 The 7 Face Shapes 1:09 Neanderthal Influence 2:55 Climate & Nose Shape4:34 Get Member-Only Videos4:51 Faces of Ancient European Ancestors 6:47 Denisovan Influence7:52 Factors That Influence Jawline Your face can tell many stories, but does your facial structure hold secrets to your ancient ancestry, from high cheekbones to a broad jawline? Well in this video we are going to look at the fascinating links between ancient ancestry and modern faces…Now in general there are 7 different types of face shapes: oval, round, square, oblong (which is sometimes also known as rectangle), diamond, heart and triangular. And some of these shapes are associated with people from certain regions of the world. For instance, an oblong face shape often conveys maturity and elegance, and it is frequently seen in Scandinavian populations. A round face on the other hand gives a more youthful, soft appearance. This is common in many East Asian populations as well as some Celtic groups, such as the Irish. Yet there is plenty of variation within these groups as well. Now it’s important to note that facial structure in general is highly polygenic, with hundreds of genetic variants having tiny influences on facial measurements. Various other factors go into your face shape on top of this, from age to weight. Sources:Zaidi AA, Mattern BC, Claes P, McEcoy B, Hughes C, Shriver MD (2017) Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation. PLoS Genet 13(3): e1006616. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006616 Nose form was shaped by climate | Penn State UniversityA GWAS in Latin Americans identifies novel face shape loci, implicating VPS13B and a Denisovan introgressed region in facial variation | Science AdvancesNeanderthal Noses - Nose shape gene inherited from Neanderthals | UCL News - UCL – University College London Li, Q., Chen, J., Faux, P. et al. Automatic landmarking identifies new loci associated with face morphology and implicates Neanderthal introgression in human nasal shape. Commun Biol 6, 481 (2023). doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-04838-7 Different Types of Face Shapes Explained – AMS Aesthetics The evolutionary history of the human faceGenes for face shape identified A genome-wide association scan implicates DCHS2, RUNX2, GLI3, PAX1 and EDAR in human facial variation - PMC Testosterone responses to competition in men are related to facial masculinity | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Human faces are so variable because we evolved to look unique - Berkeley News Sheehan, M., Nachman, M. Morphological and population genomic evidence that human faces have evolved to signal individual identity. Nat Commun 5, 4800 (2014). doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5800 Betty Bonfante et al. A GWAS in Latin Americans identifies novel face shape loci, implicating VPS13B and a Denisovan introgressed region in facial variation.Sci. Adv.7,eabc6160(2021).DOI:10.1126/sciadv.abc6160 Native Americans Inherited Lip Shape Gene from Denisovans | Genetics | Sci-News.com How Breathing Through the Mouth Can Affect Growth of the Face | MyoTape Zhao, Z., Zheng, L., Huang, X. et al. Effects of mouth breathing on facial skeletal development in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 21, 108 (2021). doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01458-7 The Distinctive ‘Habsburg Jaw’ Was Likely the Result of the Royal Family’s Inbreeding Creative Commons Imagery:Jason Potter, FunkMonk File:Neanderthal cranial anatomy.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic - Creative Commons Wojciech Pędzich, Robert Molyneaux File:Yamnaya phenotype, Reconstruction, male, grave Novooleksiivka; Ukraine.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Matteo De Stefano/MUSE File:Homo sapiens - Neolithic - reconstruction - MUSE.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Qiaomei Fu, Peng Cao, Qingyan Dai, E. Andrew Bennett, Xiaotian Feng, Melinda A. Yang, Wanjing Ping, Svante Pääbo, Qiang Ji (2025) Denisovan mitochondrial DNA from dental calculus of the 146,000-year-old Harbin cranium, Cell, Elsevier doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2025.05.040 Creative Commons CC-BY license #ancestry #dna #heritage
Scottish DNA: What is the Genetic History of Scotland? Celtic History Decoded 2025-06-17 | Join This Channel on YouTube to Get Access to Perks: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Get Access to Member-Only Videos & More Perks on Patreon - patreon.com/historydecoded Scottish DNA: What is the Genetic History of Scotland? Chapters:0:00 Intro0:33 Formation & Peoples of Scotland 3:05 Ice Age & Early Genetics 4:32 Bell Beakers, Steppe Ancestry & Neanderthal DNA6:09 Get Access to Member-Only Videos 6:31 Picts, Britons & Gaels 8:25 Difference Between Scotland & England/Wales 10:00 Romans & Anglo-Saxons 12:02 Vikings, Norse-Gaels & Gallowglass 14:08 Normans, Scottish Clans, Bruce DNA & Later Migrations 15:14 Scottish DNA Haplogroups 16:29 Genetic Landscape of Scotland Sources:Flint tools point to humans in Scotland 14,000 years ago | The HeraldTools dating back 11,000 years found on Skye - BBC News Olalde, I., Brace, S., Allentoft, M. et al. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe. Nature 555, 190–196 (2018). doi.org/10.1038/nature25738 K. Dulias et al. Ancient DNA at the edge of the world: Continental immigration and the persistence of Neolithic male lineages in Bronze Age Orkney, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 119 (8) e2108001119, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2108001119 (2022).Morez A et al. (2023) Imputed genomes and haplotype-based analyses of the Picts of early medieval Scotland reveal fine-scale relatedness between Iron Age, early medieval and the modern people of the UK. PLoS Genet 19(4): e1010360. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010360 Patterson, N., Isakov, M., Booth, T. et al. Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age. Nature 601, 588–594 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-FTB15831Scottish Genetic Landscape Echoes the DNA of Past Kingdoms | Viking Genes Scotland's genetic landscape reflects Dark Age populations - BBC News Scottish people - Wikipedia Clan Bruce - Wikipedia E. Gilbert et al. The genetic landscape of Scotland and the Isles, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116 (38) 19064-19070, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904761116 (2019).mtDNA and the Islands of the North Atlantic: Estimating the Proportions of Norse and Gaelic Ancestry Helgason, Agnar et al. The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 68, Issue 3, 723 - 737Creative Commons Imagery:CelticBrain File:The Gaels.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Jakednb File:Strathclyde-940-AD.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Hogweard File:Map of the Kingdom of Northumbria around 700 AD.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons © Sémhur / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 (or Free Art License) File:Kingdom of Mann and the Isles-en.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and 1.0 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic - Creative Commons Locoluis File:Last Glacial Maximum Vegetation Map.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogrupo R1b (ADN-Y).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons SKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsElevatorrailfan File:Celtic language family tree.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Notuncurious File:Agricola.Campaigns.80.84.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Talifero Hadrians_Wall_map.png: Created by NormanEinstein, September 20, 2005 File:Hadrians Wall map.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons שמואל יצחק יעקב File:E1b1b.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Iraniangen.blogfa File:J2-Y-DNA-Haplogroup-Map-J2-M172-Map-J2-Haplogrubu-Haritasi-v3.png - Wikipedia Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Scottish Ancestry - Iona #scotland #ancestry #dna
Differences Between Scottish & English DNA… Celtic History Decoded 2025-05-25 | Join This Channel on YouTube to Get Access to Perks: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Get Access to Member-Only Videos & More Perks on Patreon - patreon.com/historydecoded Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Differences Between Scottish & English DNA…Chapters:0:00 Intro1:18 Differences in Scottish & English Ancestry 4:05 Differences in Physical Traits and Genetic Conditions 5:58 Scottish & English DNA Haplogroups Compared 8:10 Overall Differences What are the DNA differences and similarities between Scotland and England? Now so much has been said about Scotland and England over the years, yet there has been very little genetic comparisons between the two. So that’s exactly what we are going to look at in this video. We will also look at the different frequencies of physical traits, and genetic conditions, in Scotland vs England. Now both these countries initially formed as distinct kingdoms in the medieval period: Scotland in 843 AD, and England in 927. They then developed over the centuries into the countries we recognise today with their modern borders. In 1707, England and Scotland unified into the Kingdom of Great Britain, through the Acts of Union. Yet their people retained some distinct cultural and genetic identities that we will look at in this video. Now the DNA story of Scotland and England doesn’t just apply to people in these countries. So many people across the world have Scottish or English ancestry, or a combination of the two. As you can see in this table, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand have the most amount of people with at least one of these descents across the globe, with over 50 million people having Scottish or England ancestry in the US. People who live in Scotland and England also often have some mixed ancestry as well of course. But what are the main genetic differences between Scotland and England, and how different are they? And please let me know if you have Scottish or English ancestry in the comments below. Sources:Schiffels, S., Haak, W., Paajanen, P. et al. Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history. Nat Commun 7, 10408 (2016). doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10408 Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA) - Eupedia Leslie, S., Winney, B., Hellenthal, G. et al. The fine-scale genetic structure of the British population. Nature 519, 309–314 (2015). doi.org/10.1038/nature14230 E. Gilbert et al. The genetic landscape of Scotland and the Isles, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116 (38) 19064-19070, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904761116 (2019).Scotland's genetic landscape reflects Dark Age populations - BBC News Who do you think you really are? A genetic map of the British Isles | University of Oxford Amador, C., Huffman, J., Trochet, H. et al. Recent genomic heritage in Scotland. BMC Genomics 16, 437 (2015). doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-1605-2 Scottish diaspora - Wikipedia Haemochromatosis UK – data on HFE mutation prevalence in UK regions haemochromatosis.org.ukMap of blue-eyed Britain: As scientists suggest colour is more attractive, study shows it is most common in Ireland and Scotland, but least likely in the south | Daily Mail Online Countries With The Most Blue-Eyed People - WorldAtlas Scottish DNA – English DNA – Haplogroups – Genetics – Genetic History – Scotland – England – History – R1b – R1b-L21 – R1b-U106 – Celtic Ancestry – Germanic Ancestry Creative Commons Imagery:Maulucioni File:Haplogrupo R1b (ADN-Y).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons SKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsHel-hama File:England 878.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Wojciech Pędzich, Robert Molyneaux File:Yamnaya phenotype, Reconstruction, male, grave Novooleksiivka; Ukraine.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Matteo De Stefano/MUSE File:Homo sapiens - Neolithic - reconstruction - MUSE.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons #scotland #england #ancestry
The Hidden Links Between Hair Color & Ancestry… Red, Blond, Brown etc… Celtic History Decoded 2025-05-18 | Check Out Manta Sleep here: mantasleep.pxf.io/Qjq9yz and use the code HISTORY at checkout to get 10% off your order. The Hidden Links Between Hair Color & Ancestry… Red, Blond, Brown etc…Chapters:0:00 Intro1:14 Red Hair & Ancestry 3:57 Manta Sleep4:41 Blond/Blonde Hair & Ancestry7:13 Brown Hair & Ancestry 9:07 Black Hair & Ancestry What if your hair color holds a secret, passed down through thousands of years of ancestry? From fiery reds in Scotland to golden blond shades in Scandinavia, every color tells a story. So in this video we are going to explore the fascinating links between hair color and ancestry. Now there are 4 main natural hair colors, each with several shades. Black is the most common hair color in the world, at around 75-85% of the population. The second most common is brown, at 11-15% of people. Blond is much rarer. Only 2-3% of people around the world have natural blond hair, and red is the rarest hair color on earth, found in only 1-2% of people. Certain colors like auburn blend red and brown tones, but auburn hair is not considered a separate category. Obviously people of a certain age also develop gray or white hair a lot of the time, but their original hair color was within these 4 types. People with albinism also typically have very light or white hair. This is caused by genetic mutations resulting in little to no melanin being produced. But let’s focus on these 4 main hair colors and their links to your ancestry, and let me know what your hair color and ancestry is in the comments below. First up is the rarest hair color in the world, red hair, but what causes this color? Well red heads have a variant of the melanocortin-1 receptor gene (or MC1R) located on chromosome 16. This is involved in melanin production and is the primary driver of red hair, although other genes do play a role. It’s color comes from varying levels of different types of melanin. Red heads have high levels of the reddish pigment, pheomelanin, and relatively low levels of the dark pigment, eumelanin. Red hair is also considered a recessive trait, so you need to inherit one mutated MC1R allele from each parent to have red hair. Now look at this table. It shows the regions of the world with the most amount of people with naturally red hair. As you can see, it is most common in Europe at around 4-6% of the population. Yet it is also at similar levels in North America which is interesting, and this is due to the European influence, especially people of Scottish and Irish descent. And this table shows the countries that have the most red heads on earth. As you can see, Scotland and Ireland are at the top, with another Celtic speaking people also relatively high, the Welsh. Sources:Morgan, M.D., Pairo-Castineira, E., Rawlik, K. et al. Genome-wide study of hair colour in UK Biobank explains most of the SNP heritability. Nat Commun 9, 5271 (2018). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07691-z Neanderthals didn't give us red hair but they certainly changed the way we sleep Percentage of Redheads by Country 2025Red hair - Wikipedia Blonde is the UK's number 1 dyed hair colour of choice The Origin of Blond Afros in Melanesia | Science | AAASBlond - Wikipedia Blonde Hair Percentage by Country 2025 Brown hair - Wikipedia What Percentage of the World's Population Has Brown Hair? - WorldAtlas The Most Common Hair Color Isn't Blonde | HowStuffWorks Black hair - Wikipedia How Many People in the World Have Black Hair? - WorldAtlas Is hair color determined by genetics?: MedlinePlus Genetics Creative Commons Imagery:World map: DalGobboM - Phenotype map: Andrea Hanel, Carsten Carlberg File:Archaeogenetic analysis of human skin pigmentation in Europe (with Asia geographic extension).png - Wikimedia Commons Skin colour and vitamin D: An update Andrea Hanel, Carsten Carlberg First published: 03 July 2020 FOCUS THEME ISSUE: REVIEW ARTICLE File:Archaeogenetic analysis of human skin pigmentation in Europe.jpg - Wikimedia Commons doi.org/10.1111/exd.14142 Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Branch for the Tarim mummies population added per recent research and mapping (11 November 2021). "The unexpected ancestry of Inner Asian mummies". Nature 599 (7884): 204–206. DOI:10.1038/d41586-021-02872-1. ISSN 0028-0836. Graham Crumb from Port Vila, Vanuatu File:Blonde girl Vanuatu.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic - Creative CommonsHair Color Ancestry – Red Hair Origins & Most Popular Countries – Blond Blonde Hair Origins & Most Popular Countries – Brown Hair Origins & Most Popular Countries – Black Hair Origins & Most Popular Countries – Reason for Different Hair Colors #ancestry #haircolor #dna
European DNA & the Evolution of Blue Eyes… Celtic History Decoded 2025-05-10 | Join This Channel on YouTube to Get Access to Perks: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Get Access to Member-Only Videos & More Perks on Patreon - patreon.com/historydecoded Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1European DNA & the Evolution of Blue Eyes…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:40 Origin and Evolution of Blue Eyes3:33 How Rates of Blue Eyes Changed Over Time6:02 Northern & Southern Europe Differences 8:36 Why Do Inuits Not Have Blue Eyes? Blue eyes are only found in 8-10% of the world’s population. Yet this number rises to 30-40% in Europe, and even over 80% in parts of Northern Europe. So in this video we are going to look at the origin and evolution of blue eyes. ReferencesBlue-eyed humans have a single, common ancestor | ScienceDailyFu, Q., Posth, C., Hajdinjak, M. et al. The genetic history of Ice Age Europe. Nature 534, 200–205 (2016). doi.org/10.1038/nature17993 Olalde, I., Allentoft, M., Sánchez-Quinto, F. et al. Derived immune and ancestral pigmentation alleles in a 7,000-year-old Mesolithic European. Nature 507, 225–228 (2014). doi.org/10.1038/nature12960 Iosif Lazaridis et al. The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe.Science377,eabm4247(2022).DOI:10.1126/science.abm4247Countries With The Most Blue-Eyed People - WorldAtlas Blue Eyes | Liverpool John Moores UniversityFaith Erin Cain, Kyoko Yamaguchi - Effect of iris pigmentation of blue and brown eyed individuals with European ancestry on ability to see in low light conditions after a short-term dark adaption period | bioRxiv doi: doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.17.576074 Seasonal affective disorder: your eye colour might be why you have the 'winter blues' | The Independent | The Independent People with brown EYES have a higher risk of developing winter depression - The Mirror Seasonal affective disorder: your eye colour might be why you have the ‘winter blues’ Frontiers | Why humans evolved blue eyes Celtic History Decoded - What is the Origin & Reason for Blue Eyes? Celtic History Decoded: The Hidden Links Between Eye Color & Ancestry… Hazel, Blue, Brown etc. - YouTube Creative Commons Imagery:Frederick S Hulse - File:Eye colors map of Europe.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution 4.0 International - Creative Commons 8thstar at English Wikipedia. File:A blue eye.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Geni File:Cheddar Man upper body.JPG - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Skin colour and vitamin D: An update Andrea Hanel, Carsten Carlberg First published: 03 July 2020 FOCUS THEME ISSUE: REVIEW ARTICLE File:Archaeogenetic analysis of human skin pigmentation in Europe.jpg - Wikimedia Commons doi.org/10.1111/exd.14142 Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Wojciech Pędzich, Robert Molyneaux File:Yamnaya phenotype, Reconstruction, male, grave Novooleksiivka; Ukraine.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Matteo De Stefano/MUSE File:Homo sapiens - Neolithic - reconstruction - MUSE.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Detlef Gronenborn, Barbara Horejs, Börner, Ober File:Expansion of farming in western Eurasia, 9600–4000 BCE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution 4.0 International - Creative Commons Krakkos File:Bell Beaker culture.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Krakkos File:Corded Ware culture.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Julian Idrobo from Winnipeg, Canada File:Inuit snow goggles.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic - Creative Commons 1. Kenneth Stamp 2. Silar File:Reconstructions of a Corded Ware man from the Netherlands and a Corded Ware woman from Poland.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Blue Eyes Europe – Western Hunter Gatherers - European Ancestry #blueeyes #ancestry #europe
Canada’s Hidden DNA Story Revealed… Celtic History Decoded 2025-05-03 | Join This Channel on YouTube to Get Access to Perks: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Get Access to Member-Only Videos & More Perks on Patreon - patreon.com/historydecoded Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Canada’s Hidden DNA Story Revealed… What is the Genetic (DNA) History of Canada?Chapters:0:00 Intro1:00 Early Genetic History3:40 Vikings 4:24 French DNA5:55 British DNA6:50 Other Genetic Influences8:33 Modern Canadian Genetics and Haplogroups Sources: Zurel, H., Bhérer, C., Batten, R. et al. Characterization of Y chromosome diversity in newfoundland and labrador: evidence for a structured founding population. Eur J Hum Genet 33, 98–107 (2025). doi.org/10.1038/s41431-024-01719-3 More sources in the pinned comment...Creative Commons Imagery:Jon Platek File:Cartier Second Voyage Map 1.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Tamm E, Kivisild T, Reidla M, Metspalu M, Smith DG, Mulligan CJ, et al. (2007) Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders. PLoS ONE 2(9): e829. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000829 Dwayne Reilander File:A First Nations dancer performs at the Canada Day celebrations in Calgary, Alberta - 2022 2.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Balanovsky, O., Gurianov, V., Zaporozhchenko, V. et al. Phylogeography of human Y-chromosome haplogroup Q3-L275 from an academic/citizen science collaboration. BMC Evol Biol 17 (Suppl 1), 18 (2017). doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0870-2 Maulucioni File:Haplogrupo C3 (ADN-Y).PNG - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogroup X (mtDNA).PNG - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons ABCEdit File:Migration route of Human mtDNA haplogroups.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Dwayne Reilander File:First Nations dancers watch the Canada Day celebrations in Calgary, Alberta - 2022.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Ansgar Walk File:Inuit-Kleidung 1.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Noahedits File:Na-Dene languages.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Noahedits File:Dorset, Norse, and Thule cultures 900-1500.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsMaulucioni File:Haplogrupo R1b (ADN-Y).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons SKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsLenguaMapa File:Haplogrupo I (Y-DNA).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Jon Platek File:NorthAmerica1762-83.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Mapa de R1a.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Pinpin File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Tyan Cherepuschak Statistics Canada File:Canada ethnic origin map 2021.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogrupo O (ADN-Y).PNG - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Canadian DNA – Canadian Ancestry – Canadian Genetics – Family Search – French Canadian – Canadian History – Nova Scotia – History Documentary – Origins of Canada
The Hidden Links Between Eye Color & Ancestry… Hazel, Blue, Brown etc. Celtic History Decoded 2025-04-27 | Join This Channel on YouTube to Get Access to Perks: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Get Access to Member-Only Videos & More Perks on Patreon - patreon.com/historydecoded Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1The Hidden Links Between Eye Color & Ancestry… Hazel, Blue, Brown etc.Chapters:0:00 Intro0:56 Brown Eyes (& Black Eyes?) 2:38 Blue Eyes5:01 Hazel Eyes6:11 Amber Eyes 7:22 Green Eyes9:01 Gray EyesWhat if your eye color holds a secret, passed down through thousands of years of ancestry? From icy blue eyes in Northern Europe to deep hazel tones in Iberia, every shade tells a story. So in this video we are going to explore the fascinating links between ancestry and eye color. Now this table shows a breakdown of eye colors across the globe. As you can see, brown is by far the most common, at around 70-80% of the worlds population. Depending on the source, either gray or green eyes is considered the rarest eye color on earth. And let me know your eye color and ancestry in the comments below. Now varying levels of melanin is the main driver of your eye color, which is largely driven by genetic mutations in the OCA2 & HERC2 genes. Gender also seems to influence eye color to some degree. Various studies have shown that men are more likely to have blue eyes than women, which could be linked to higher estrogen levels.Now let’s look at the different eye colors and their ancestral links. First up is brown eyes, the original human eye color. This color is a result of a very high amount of melanin in the iris, a protective pigment that helps shield the eyes from ultraviolet (UV) radiation. From an ancestral perspective, brown eyes have always been advantageous near the equator, most notably in Africa of course. This higher concentration of melanin in brown eyes offers much more protection against intense sunlight than say blue eyes. Now you sometimes see people refer to black eyes, but from a biological perspective, these are typically extremely dark brown. While they may appear black to the naked eye, under strong lighting, they usually reveal brown or reddish tones. Now look at this table. Sources:The World's Population By Eye Color - WorldAtlasKeyser, C., Bouakaze, C., Crubézy, E. et al. Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people. Hum Genet 126, 395–410 (2009). doi.org/10.1007/s00439-009-0683-0 Faith Erin Cain, Kyoko Yamaguchi - Effect of iris pigmentation of blue and brown eyed individuals with European ancestry on ability to see in low light conditions after a short-term dark adaption period Effect of iris pigmentation of blue and brown eyed individuals with European ancestry on ability to see in low light conditions after a short-term dark adaption period | bioRxiv All About Brown EyesWhat Causes Hazel Eyes? Blue eyed see better in the dark Blue Eyes | Liverpool John Moores University (ljmu.ac.uk) Blue Eyes: How Rare Are They? | Warby ParkerCheddar Man: Mesolithic Britain's blue-eyed boy | Natural History Museum James Fong et al. Novel color via stimulation of individual photoreceptors at population scale. Sci. Adv. 11, eadu1052 (2025). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adu1052Interesting facts about green eyes | Glasses Direct Blog Eye color - WikipediaAmber Eyes: How Rare Are They? | Warby Parker Eye color and the prediction of complex phenotypes from genotypes Liu, Fan et al. (2009) Current Biology, Volume 19, Issue 5, R192 - R193How Rare Are Grey Eyes? | Warby Parker Celtic History Decoded: Iberian DNA and the Evolution of Hazel Eyes… - YouTube Creative Commons Imagery:Lofy40 File:Traditional clouths berbère chaoui.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons 8thstar at English Wikipedia. File:A blue eye.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Geni CC-BY-SA File:Cheddar Man upper body.JPG - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons User:Rapaceone File:Hazel Eye HD.JPG - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Brazilianboy94 File:Amber-eyes.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Martin Mystère File:Gray eye, Northern Italy.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons #eyecolor #ancestry #dna
European DNA & the Rare Rh-Negative Blood Type… Celtic History Decoded 2025-04-21 | Join This Channel on YouTube to Get Access to Perks: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Get Access to Member-Only Videos & More Perks on Patreon - patreon.com/historydecoded Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1European DNA & the Mysterious Rh-Negative Blood Type…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:19 Rates of Rh-Negative Around the World 2:22 Genetics of Rh-Negative 4:09 Rh Incompatibility During Pregnancy5:04 Why Rh-Negative?12:30 Become a Member and Get Perks Only around 6% of the global population is Rh-negative. Yet 15–17% of Europeans have this rare blood type, the highest levels in the world compared to other regions. Why is it so common amongst Europeans though? How did Rh-negative first develop? And what are the reasons for this rare and mysterious blood type in general?Now certain populations of Europe have especially high frequencies of this blood type. The Basque people of Spain and France are the prime example. They have the highest rates of Rh-negative in the world, at between 21% and 36% of Basques. Britain also has pretty high levels, as about 17% of British people are Rh-negative. Outside Europe, Rh-negative blood is much rarer however. Look at this table. It shows the highest to lowest Rh-negative rates in the world.In most of Asia, less than 1% of individuals are Rh-negative, in places like China and Japan. Indigenous populations of the Americas and Oceania also have very low Rh-negative frequencies (often well below 1%. You can see Native Americans at the bottom of this table). I should note that in the United States overall, around 15% of people are Rh-negative. Yet we know there are a lot of people of European ancestry in the US which perhaps explains this to some degree. Africa shows more variability: many sub-Saharan African populations have Rh-negative rates of only 1–3%. North African and some specific groups can be higher though. For example, one study found about 9.5% of Moroccans were Rh-negative, and even ~29% in a small isolated group in the High Atlas region of Morocco. Ethiopians are also pretty high, at around 19.4% according to one estimate. Nigeria sits somewhere in the middle at around 6%, with African Americans similar around 7%. So although there are certain countries or areas outside of Europe where Rh-negative is high, Europe stands out overall as a hotspot for this trait. This leads to the obviously question: what is it about European DNA that makes this trait much more common than so many other parts of the world? And is there anything specific about Basque DNA that can help us understand this dynamic? Before we look at the fascinating explanations for this though, we first must look at the genetic basis and inheritance of the Rh-negative trait.Now in general there are four main blood group types in the ABO blood group system, which are:Sources:Iain Mathieson (2017) - Blood groups in ancient Europe T. Günther, et al. Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112 (38) 11917-11922, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509851112 (2015).Blood groups of Neandertals and Denisova decrypted | PLOS One Flores-Bello, A., Mas-Ponte, D., Rosu, M.E. et al. Sequence diversity of the Rh blood group system in Basques. Eur J Hum Genet 26, 1859–1866 (2018). doi.org/10.1038/s41431-018-0232-1 Flegel WA. The genetics of the Rhesus blood group system. Blood Transfus. 2007 Apr;5(2):50-7. doi: 10.2450/2007.0011-07. PMID: 19204754; PMCID: PMC2535884. Population distribution of Rh-negative blood and allele frequencies Rh blood group system - Wikipedia Condemi S, Mazières S, Faux P, Costedoat C, Ruiz-Linares A, Bailly P, et al. (2021) Blood groups of Neandertals and Denisova decrypted. PLoS ONE 16(7): e0254175. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254175 Rhesus (Rh) Factor: Incompatibility, Complications & Pregnancy SELECTION AGAINST HETEROZYGOSIS IN MAN (1941) J. B. S. HALDANE F.R.S.Chart: How Blood Type Prevalence Varies Around the World | Statista Creative Commons Imagery:Wojciech Pędzich, Robert Molyneaux File:Yamnaya phenotype, Reconstruction, male, grave Novooleksiivka; Ukraine.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Matteo De Stefano/MUSE File:Homo sapiens - Neolithic - reconstruction - MUSE.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogrupo R1b (ADN-Y).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons #dna #ancestry #rhnegative
Basque DNA & Language: A European Enigma? Celtic History Decoded 2025-03-31 | Join This Channel on YouTube to Get Access to Perks: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Get Access to Member-Only Videos & More Perks on Patreon - patreon.com/historydecoded Chapters:0:00 Intro0:33 Why the Basque Language is So Unique2:25 Genetic History of the Basque Country 5:03 Get Member-Only Videos 5:19 Genetic History of the Basques Continued 7:15 The Genetic & Linguistic Paradox of the Basques Explained 11:24 Basque DNA Haplogroups & Rare Blood Type The genetic and cultural history of the Basque people is an enigma. Sources:T. Günther et al. Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112 (38) 11917-11922, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509851112 (2015).Iñigo Olalde et al. The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years. Science 363, 1230-1234(2019). DOI:10.1126/science.aav4040 Bycroft, C., Fernandez-Rozadilla, C., Ruiz-Ponte, C. et al. Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula. Nat Commun 10, 551 (2019). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w Creative Commons Imagery:Berria.eus – ETB File:Yerai Diaz.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Mikel Arrazola Arrazola File:Dolmen de Sorginetxe.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Spain license. Deed - Attribution 3.0 Spain - Creative Commons Aioramu File:Miren Arrieta.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons nerdy.maps File:Indo-European languages map.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Квайр Х. А. File:Basque language kapheder.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Gabriel Ziegler File:Isolated Languages.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Nafarroako Gobernua - Gobierno de Navarra File:UMMESAHARF.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Wojciech Pędzich, Robert Molyneaux File:Yamnaya phenotype, Reconstruction, male, grave Novooleksiivka; Ukraine.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Matteo De Stefano/MUSE File:Homo sapiens - Neolithic - reconstruction - MUSE.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Detlef Gronenborn, Barbara Horejs, Börner, Ober File:Expansion of farming in western Eurasia, 9600–4000 BCE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution 4.0 International - Creative Commons Krakkos File:Bell Beaker culture.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogrupo R1b (ADN-Y).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Maulucioni Solé-Morata Neus et al. Analysis of the R1b-DF27 haplogroup shows that a large fraction of Iberian Y-chromosome lineages originated recently in situ. Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 4;7(1):7341. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07710-x. PMID: 28779148; PMCID: PMC5544771. File:R-DF27.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons The Ogre File:Ethnographic Iberia 200 BCE.PNG - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International, 3.0 Unported, 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and 1.0 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons I, Tautintanes File:Mapa llengües paleohispàniques-ang.jpg - Wikimedia Commons File:Mapa llengües paleohispàniques-ang.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogroup X (mtDNA).PNG - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Basque Heritage - Basque diaspora – Basque Ancestry - Basque Language – Origins Basque – Origins Basque Language – Euskara#basque #dna #ancestry
Iberian DNA and the Evolution of Hazel Eyes… Celtic History Decoded 2025-03-23 | Join This Channel on YouTube to Get Access to Perks: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA/join Get Access to Member-Only Videos & More Perks on Patreon - patreon.com/historydecoded Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Iberian DNA and the Evolution of Hazel Eyes…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:25 Hazel Eyes1:07 Iberian Peninsula2:04 Genetics of Hazel Eyes4:14 First Person with Hazel Eyes?6:43 Iberia and Hazel Eyes8:11 Get Member-Only Videos8:42 The Genetic History of Iberia 12:55 Main Haplogroups of Iberia Today14:45 Become a Member Only around 5% of the world’s population have hazel eyes. Yet a 2009 study found that 55.2% of their Spanish cohort had hazel-green eyes. This eye color is also more common in Portugal than the global average. But why is there such a concentration of hazel eyes in the Iberian peninsula compared to most other parts of the world? And is the evolution of hazel eyes connected to the genetic history of Iberia? Now there are a two main types of hazel eyes.Sources:Díaz YM, Saornil MA, Almaraz A, Muñoz-Moreno MF, García C, Sanz R. Iris Color: Validation of a new Classification and Distribution in a Spanish Population-Based Sample. European Journal of Ophthalmology. 2018;19(4):686-689. doi:10.1177/112067210901900427 Brancato, D.; Coniglio, E.; Bruno, F.; Agostini, V.; Saccone, S.; Federico, C. Forensic DNA Phenotyping: Genes and Genetic Variants for Eye Color Prediction. Genes 2023, 14, 1604. doi.org/10.3390/genes14081604 What Causes Hazel Eyes? What Color Are Hazel Eyes? | Warby Parker Mt DNA U5 - eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_U5_mtDNA.shtml Mt DNA U6 - eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_U6_mtDNA.shtml Díaz YM, Saornil MA, Almaraz A, Muñoz-Moreno MF, García C, Sanz R. Iris Color: Validation of a new Classification and Distribution in a Spanish Population-Based Sample. European Journal of Ophthalmology. 2018;19(4):686-689. doi:10.1177/112067210901900427 Iñigo Olalde et al. The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years. Science 363, 1230-1234(2019). DOI:10.1126/science.aav4040 Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA) - Eupedia How Rare Are Hazel Eyes? 34 Facts and Superstitions about the Hazel Eye Color | by ZephyrSpark | Medium Fu, Q., Posth, C., Hajdinjak, M. et al. The genetic history of Ice Age Europe. Nature 534, 200–205 (2016). doi.org/10.1038/nature17993 Creative Commons Imagery:Laurinemily at English Wikipedia File:Hazel-green eye 2.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic - Creative Commons Liam Mendes File:Rihanna 5, 2012.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic - Creative Commons Matteo De Stefano/MUSE File:Homo sapiens - Neolithic - reconstruction - MUSE.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Detlef Gronenborn, Barbara Horejs, Börner, Ober Gronenborn, D., & Horejs, B. (2023). Expansion of farming in western Eurasia, 9600 - 4000 cal BC (update vers. 2023.1). Zenodo. doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10047818 See repository: DOI 10.5281/zenodo.10047818 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Wojciech Pędzich, Robert Molyneaux File:Yamnaya phenotype, Reconstruction, male, grave Novooleksiivka; Ukraine.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons GaiusCrastinus File:UrnfieldCulture.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons User:Rodrigo (es), User:Reedside (en) File:Phoenician trade routes (eng).svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Iraniangen.blogfa File:J2-Y-DNA-Haplogroup-Map-J2-M172-Map-J2-Haplogrubu-Haritasi-v3.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogrupo R1b (ADN-Y).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons שמואל יצחק יעקב commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:E1b1b.png Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en #ancestry #hazeleyes #dna hazel eyes origins - hazel eyes genetics - genetics of eye color - blue vs brown eyes - Iberian Ancestry
What is the Genetic Map of Europe? Celtic History Decoded 2025-03-08 | Buy Me a Coffee - buymeacoffee.com/celtichistory Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded - youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Vote For the Video Topics You Want to See - patreon.com/historydecoded Check Out My Merch Store - celtic-history-decoded.creator-spring.com What is the Genetic Map of Europe?Chapters:0:00 Intro0:36 Southeast Europe (Balkans DNA) 4:10 Eastern and Northeastern Europe DNA (Poland, Baltics, Finland, Sami Etc.)6:11 Northern Europe and Scandinavian DNA7:07 Western & Central European DNA8:24 Southern European DNA (Italian Mainly) 10:30 Buy Me a Coffee & Patreon What is the genetic map of Europe? Now in this video, we are going to tour the European continent through the lens of genetics, looking at the different genetic markers in different areas of the continent, seeing the similarities and differences across regions. And let’s start in southeast Europe. What do we know about the Y-DNA and mt haplogroups in this part of the continent? Now for reference, in this video I am going to focus on the main haplogroups that are most common in different regions, as opposed to every haplogroup that is present in that region. With that being said, and if we start on the Y-DNA side, I2a1 is the most common paternal haplogroup in many regions of southeast Europe (at around 20% to over 50% broadly speaking). It is the most common Y-DNA haplogroup in countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina for example, with I2a found in around 50–60% of Bosnian men. Sources:Milk fueled Bronze Age expansion of ‘eastern cowboys’ into Europe | Science | AAAS Haplogroup I2 (Y-DNA) - Eupedia Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA) - Eupedia Ancient human migration into Europe revealed via genome analysis -theguardian.com/science/2021/apr/07/ancient-human-migration-europe-neanderthals-genetic-sequencing Haplogroup G2a (Y-chromosomal DNA) - Eupedia You may have more Neanderthal DNA than you think -nationalgeographic.com/science/article/more-neanderthal-dna-than-you-think I1 Y DNA - eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_I1_Y-DNA.shtml Haplogroup J-M172 - Wikipedia European Y-DNA haplogroups frequencies by country - Eupedia Celtic History Decoded - The Genetic Melting Pot of Europe… Corded Ware Culture DNA Revealed youtube.com/watch?v=cNMWEXzHfDA Haplogroup H (mtDNA) - Eupedia Mt Haplogroup K - eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_K_mtDNA.shtml Distribution of European mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups by region in percentage - eupedia.com/europe/european_mtdna_haplogroups_frequency.shtml Haplogroup U5 (mtDNA) - Eupedia R1a - eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1a_Y-DNA.shtml R1a Y DNA Haplogroup - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a R1b Y DNA - eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml Y DNA Haplogroup N - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_N-M231 Mt DNA J - eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_J_mtDNA.shtml Celtic History Decoded - Anglo-Saxon DNA: The Early English Gene Pool Revealed… Haplogroup V (mtDNA) - Eupedia Creative Commons Imagery:Maulucioni File:Haplogrupo R1b (ADN-Y).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons SKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commonsשמואל יצחק יעקב File:E1b1b.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Iraniangen.blogfa File:J2-Y-DNA-Haplogroup-Map-J2-M172-Map-J2-Haplogrubu-Haritasi-v3.png - Wikipedia Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Mapa de R1a.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Fernandes V, Triska P, Pereira JB, Alshamali F, Rito T, Machado A, et al. (2015) Genetic Stratigraphy of Key Demographic Events in Arabia. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0118625. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118625 Maulucioni commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Haplogrupo_N_(ADN-Y).PNG Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en Maulucioni File:Haplogrupo G (ADN-Y).PNG - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution 3.0 Unported History Channel – European DNA – European Ancestry – Admixture – Finding Your Roots – European Genetics – Genetics of Europeans – Genetic History Europe – European Haplogroups #europe #ancestry #dna
The Incredible DNA of 35 Scottish Clans Revealed… Celtic History Decoded 2025-03-02 | Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Vote For the Video Topics You Want to See & Support This Channel - patreon.com/historydecoded Check Out My Merch Store & Support This Channel: celtic-history-decoded.creator-spring.com The Incredible DNA of 35 Scottish Clans Revealed…What is the DNA of 35 Scottish clans and how do they differ? Chapters:0:00 Intro0:21 Clan Boyd: Name, Origins, Tartans & DNA 4:33 Clan Maxwell - Name, Tartans & DNA6:35 Clan Dunbar - Name, Tartans & DNA9:40 Clan Seton (& Clan Gordon) - Name, Tartans & DNA13:46 DNA of 32 Scottish Clans 18:05 Vote for Video TopicsSources:Boyd Family | University of StrathclydeRobert Boyd (bef.1185-bef.1240) | WikiTree FREE Family Tree Clan Boyd - Wikipedia Simon ‘of Norfolk’ FitzAlan (1114 - 1163) - Genealogy Baron Robert Boyd of Kilmarnock (1270–1333)Clan Boyd | 254 Tartan products: Kilts, Scarves, Fabrics & more | CLANFamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-FGC12774 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-FT69836 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-FT102166 Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA) - EupediaWilliam (Boyd) Boyd Fourth Earl of Kilmarnock (1705-1746) | WikiTree FREE Family Tree Maxwell family | University of Strathclyde Undewyn Maccus de Norseman (abt.1055-abt.1090) | WikiTree FREE Family Tree Maccus (Maccuswell) de Maccuswell Ist of Maxwell (abt.1090-1150) | WikiTree FREE Family Tree Clan Maxwell - Wikipedia Maxwell Clan History Herbert Maxwell, son of Aymer Maxwell POMS: record John Maxwell (c.1337 - 1405) - Genealogy FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-Y131342 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-A1273 MAXWELL_genealogical_haplotree.pdf John Maxwell, 4th Lord Maxwell (1450 - 1513) - Genealogy Dunbar Family | University of Strathclyde Dunbar Clan History Clan Dunbar - Wikipedia Gospatrick mac Maldred, Earl of Northumbria (1040 - 1080) - Genealogy Earl of Dunbar - WikipediaDunbar Surname Meaning & Dunbar Family History at Ancestry.co.uk® Clan Dunbar | 239 Tartan products: Kilts, Scarves, Fabrics & more | CLAN David (Dunbar) Dunbar Ist of Durris (1463-1521) | WikiTree FREE Family Tree FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-FT29439 DUNBAR_Genealogical_haplotree.pdf FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-ZP33 Alexander Dunbar (b. - 1585) - Genealogy FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-BY107691 Seton Clan HistorySeton family | University of StrathclydeSir Christopher de Seton, Knight (1278 - c.1307) - Genealogy Alexander Seton (1164-1211) | WikiTree FREE Family TreeClan Seton - WikipediaChristian (Bruce) Bruce Countess of Mar (abt.1273-abt.1356) | WikiTree FREE Family Tree Alexander Seton (1382-abt.1440) | WikiTree FREE Family TreeElizabeth (Gordon) Seton (abt.1385-1439) | WikiTree FREE Family TreeAlexander (Seton) Gordon First Earl of Huntly (abt.1410-1470) | WikiTree FREE Family Tree George Gordon 1st Marquess of Huntly (1562–1636) FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-FGC15048 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-BY72248FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-FT211058 SETON_Genealogical_haplotree.pdf Y-DNA haplogroups of Scottish clans | Eupedia Forum Creative Commons Imagery:Simon Ledingham File:Caerlaverock Castle from the air.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic - Creative Commons Wikimandia File:Boyd arms.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogrupo R1b (ADN-Y).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons SKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Celtus File:Seton tartan (Vestiarium Scoticum).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic license. Deed - Attribution 2.5 Generic - Creative Commons History Channel - Clan Maxwell - Caerlaverock Castle – Clan Boyd – Clan Dunbar – Clan Seton – Scottish Clans – Scottish Surnames – Scottish Clans and Tartans – Scottish DNA – Scottish Ancestry – Scottish Heritage – Scottish Genealogy – House of Dunkeld – Dunbar Castle – Clan Gordon - Colquhoun – Hamilton – Lyon – Barclay – Lindsay – Munro – Graham – Montgomery – MacDonald – Macdougall – Home - Cochrane – Gordon – Sinclair – Boyd – Erskine – Armstrong – Grant – Campbell – Boyle – Bruce – Sutherland – Murray – MacLean – Drummond – MacKenzie – Cameron – MacLaren – MacPherson – MacBean – Buchanan – MacGregor #scotland #clans #ancestry
Anglo-Saxon DNA: The Early English Gene Pool Revealed… Celtic History Decoded 2025-02-17 | Check Out Manta Sleep here: mantasleep.pxf.io/Qjq9yz and use the code HISTORY at checkout to get 10% off your order. Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Vote For the Video Topics You Want to See & Support This Channel - patreon.com/historydecoded Check Out My Merch Store & Support This Channel: celtic-history-decoded.creator-spring.com Anglo-Saxon DNA: The Early English Gene Pool Revealed…Chapters:0:00 Intro0:41 Anglo-Saxon Migrations & Celtic Britons DNA1:34 Impact of Anglo-Saxon DNA on England 4:39 Manta Sleep5:39 Impact of Anglo-Saxon DNA Continued & French Ancestry7:39 Mass-migration or Elite Migration?8:20 Anglo-Saxon DNA Haplogroups 9:28 Germanic vs Celtic Haplogroups How profoundly did the Anglo-Saxons change the genetics of the land we call England today and is this change still felt in the modern English gene pool? Now the word England literally comes from an Old English word (Englaland) that means the “land of the Angles”, with the Angles one of the main Germanic tribes (along with the Saxons and Jutes) who migrated to Britain during the Early Middle Ages. Today, people with English ancestry are found across the globe, and our world has been shaped by the English in various ways. For one, English is the international language of our modern world, and English is a Germanic language precisely because of the Anglo-Saxons.So in this video I want to explore the genetic impact of the Anglo-Saxons on England. Now quickly for reference, the Anglo-Saxon migrations occurred between around the 5th and 7th centuries AD, following the collapse of Roman rule in Britain in 410AD. Germanic tribes, primarily the Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Frisians, crossed the North Sea from modern-day Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands. They were initially invited as mercenaries to defend against invasions by the Picts and Scots (those annoying Scots, I wouldn’t know anything about that), but they soon established their own kingdoms, including Wessex, Mercia and East Anglia. Prior to the Anglo-Saxons, ancient England was largely a mixture of Celtic Britons and the Romans, yet we know that the Romans had little genetic impact on the land. The Y-DNA haplogroup R1b-L21 was dominant in Britain amongst the Celtic Britons however, and is still associated with the Atlantic Celts today.Sources:Gretzinger, J., Sayer, D., Justeau, P. et al. The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool. Nature 610, 112–119 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05247-2 Ancient genomes reveal that the English are one third Anglo-Saxon Schiffels, S., Haak, W., Paajanen, P. et al. Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history. Nat Commun 7, 10408 (2016). doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10408 Celtic History Decoded: English DNA: What is the Genetic History of England? - YouTube English DNA 'one-third' Anglo-Saxon - BBC News Haplogroup H (mtDNA) - EupediaNew Genetic Insights into the Anglo-Saxon Transition in Britain | UCL Division of Biosciences - UCL – University College London Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA) - EupediaEngland | Etymology of the name England by etymonline Anglo-Saxon-British human ancestry starts in East Anglia | Earlham Institute Early English Anglo-Saxons descended from mass European migration | Natural History Museum Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA) - Eupedia Who do you think you really are? A genetic map of the British Isles | University of Oxford Genetic history of the British Isles - Eupedia Creative Commons Imagery:Ziko-C File:2004 sutton hoo 01.JPG - Wikipedia Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and 1.0 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic - Creative Commons mbartelsm File:Anglo-Saxon Homelands and Settlements.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons SKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons RHB2002 File:Butser Ancient Farm Saxon Hall with re-enactor .jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Antony McCallum - http://www.wyrdlight.com File:WestStowAngloSaxon-3F7-827647-wiki.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Anglo-Saxon DNA – British Genetics – England – English Ancestry – English DNA – English Origins – Genetic History England – English Genetics – Anglo-Saxons – English People#england #dna #ancestry
The Incredible DNA of the Royal Clan Stewart & Much More… (Surnames & Tartans Included) Celtic History Decoded 2025-02-13 | Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Vote For the Video Topics You Want to See & Support This Channel - patreon.com/historydecoded Check Out My Merch Store & Support This Channel: celtic-history-decoded.creator-spring.com The DNA of Scottish Clans Revealed… (Part 2 - Surnames and Tartans Included)In this video, we are going to look at the fascinating DNA of 3 more Scottish clans, as well as the meaning of their names and their tartans.Chapters:0:00 Intro0:33 Clan Stewart Origins, Royal House of Stuart & Tartans 2:55 Clan Stewart DNA6:07 Support This Channel 6:21 Clan Sutherland, Clan Murray & Clan Douglas Origins7:53 Clan Sutherland Tartans and DNA9:29 Clan Lindsay Surprising DNA, Tartans and Name 11:37 More Scottish Clans Sources:The Stuarts | The Royal Family Stewart Family | University of Strathclyde A Brief History | Castle Stalker "Stewart" Tartans | CLAN FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-S781Clan Stewart - Wikipedia STEWART (S781+) - Overview - FamilyTreeDNA John Stewart of Bonkyl and Garlies (1246 - 1298) - Genealogy FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-S781 FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-Z38845 Key Conclusions on SNPs | University of Strathclyde Alan FitzFlaald (abt.1055-bef.1121) | WikiTree FREE Family Tree Walter FitzAlan (1106 - 1177) - Genealogy House of Stuart | History & Facts | Britannica Robert of Albany Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany (c.1340 - 1420) - Genealogy Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland (c.1293 - 1326) - Genealogy Businessman's DNA link to medieval king revealed - BBC News House of Stuart - WikipediaBannockburn Genetic Genealogy Project | University of Strathclyde Sir John Stewart, Sheriff of Bute (1350 - 1441) - Genealogy Clan Murray - Wikipedia Sutherland family | University of Strathclyde Sutherland Clan HistoryClan Sutherland - Wikipedia Freskin - WikipediaClan Sutherland | 247 Tartan products: Kilts, Scarves, Fabrics & more | CLAN William (Moravia) de Moravia Ist Earl of Sutherland (abt.1190-1248) | WikiTree FREE Family TreeFamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-BY48361 Kenneth Sutherland (c.1279 - 1333) - Genealogy William Sutherland, 3rd Earl of Sutherland (b. - 1330) - Genealogy Clan Murray - WikipediaClan Douglas - Wikipedia FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-BY130907 Baldric de Lindsay (c.1064 - c.1096) - Genealogy Clan Lindsay - WikipediaLindsay Family | University of Strathclyde David de Huntingdon (Dunkeld), Prince of Scotland (1152 - 1219) - Genealogy I. Sir William Lindsay of Dowhill (c.1350 - 1438) - Genealogy Haplogroup I2 (Y-DNA) - EupediaLindsay Tartans Key Conclusions on SNPs | University of Strathclyde Lindsay Clan and Tartan Shop Creative Commons Imagery:Sodacan File:Coat of Arms of England (1603-1649).svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and 1.0 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Stephencdickson File:The face of Marjorie Bruce on her tomb, Paisley Abbey.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Sodacan File:Union of the Crowns Royal Badge.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and 1.0 Generic license Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic - Creative Commons Celtus File:Clan Stewart tartan (Vestiarium Scoticum).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic - Creative Commons SKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons XrysD File:Scotland Administrative Map 1947.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Wikishire, Hogweard File:Lindsey - Lincolnshire Brit Isles section.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Clan Stewart Stuart – Stewart Surname – Clan Sutherland – Sutherland Surname – Clan Lindsay – Lindsay Surname – Clan Murray – Clan Douglas – Scottish DNA – Scottish Ancestry – Scottish Surnames - Scottish Tartans – Scottish Clans - Scottish Clan DNA Haplogroups & Surnames Explained – Tartan – Clan Tartans – Scotland – Scottish – Gael – Tartans of Scottish Clans – Scottish Clans and Tartans – Castles Scotland – Castle Stalker – Genealogy – Scottish Genealogy – Meaning of Scottish Surnames – Highland Clans – House of Stuart - tales from scotlands history - Robert II - James VI#scotland #clans #ancestry
Finnish DNA: What is the Genetic History of Finland? Celtic History Decoded 2025-02-05 | Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Vote For the Video Topics You Want to See & Support This Channel - patreon.com/historydecoded Check Out My Merch Store & Support This Channel: celtic-history-decoded.creator-spring.com Finnish DNA: What is the Genetic History of Finland?Chapters:0:00 Intro0:49 Early Cultures of Finland 1:44 Uralic Speakers and Siberian Ancestry3:30 What Makes Finnish Genetics So Unique? 4:19 Swedish Influence and Genetic Structure of Finland5:59 Russian Rule and Estonian Connection 6:38 Finnish Disease Heritage 7:33 DNA Haplogroups of Finland What is the genetic history of Finland and what haplogroups are common in the country today? Now look at this map. It shows the speakers of Indo-European languages across Eurasia. You can see that Finland is a notable exception to this however, and this is because Finnish is a Uralic language, even though most countries around it speak an Indo-European language. But Finland isn’t just unique when it comes to its language family, it is also genetically very unique in Europe as well, making it even more fascinating to explore. Now the majority of people in Finland live in the southern and southwestern parts of the country, with it’s capital, Helsinki, right at the bottom. The Sámi people, an indigenous people of northern Europe, live primarily in the north of the country, in a region known as Sápmi, which stretches over northern parts of Norway, Sweden, and Russia as well as Finland. What about the genetic history of Finland then? Well the genetic history of Finland begins with the first human settlements that arrived after the last Ice Age. Around 10,000 BC, as the glaciers receded, small groups of hunter-gatherers migrated into the region from the south and east. The first pottery appeared with the Comb Ceramic culture however, which existed from around 4200 – 2000 BC. Sources:Palo, J., Ulmanen, I., Lukka, M. et al. Genetic markers and population history: Finland revisited. Eur J Hum Genet 17, 1336–1346 (2009). doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2009.53 Finns - Wikipedia Tambets, K., Yunusbayev, B., Hudjashov, G. et al. Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations. Genome Biol 19, 139 (2018). doi.org/10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1 Dual Origins of Finns Revealed by Y Chromosome Haplotype Variation - ScienceDirectLamnidis, T.C., Majander, K., Jeong, C. et al. Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe. Nat Commun 9, 5018 (2018). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5 Finnish people’s unique genetic makeup offers clues to disease – WashU Medicine Tracing Finland’s founders: Genetic research uncovers new insights | University of HelsinkiPreussner, A., Leinonen, J., Riikonen, J. et al. Y chromosome sequencing data suggest dual paths of haplogroup N1a1 into Finland. Eur J Hum Genet 33, 89–97 (2025). doi.org/10.1038/s41431-024-01707-7 Haplogroup H (mtDNA) - EupediaHaplogroup U5 (mtDNA) - Eupedia How Finland’s Unique Genetic Heritage Is Being Used to Study the Links Between Genes and Diseases | Pfizer The Finnish genetic heritage in 2022 – from diagnosis to translational research - PMC Haplogroup N1c (Y-chromosomal DNA) - Eupedia Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA) - Eupedia nerdy.maps File:Indo-European languages map.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Pepethefrog1234567890 File:Uralic languages ( ALL LANGUAGES ).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsThe National Board of Antiquities of Finland File:Comb ceramic pottery from Taipalsaari, Finland.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution 4.0 International - Creative Commons LenguaMapa File:Haplogrupo I (Y-DNA).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogrupo N (ADN-Y).PNG - Wikipedia Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Mapa de R1a.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogrupo R1b (ADN-Y).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons #finland #ancestry #dna Finland DNA - Finland Ancestry - Finnish Ancestry - Corded Ware Culture - Finnish Disease Heritage - Uralic Ancestry - Uralic Languages
The Unbelievable Genetic Code of Ice Age Europeans… Celtic History Decoded 2025-01-31 | Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Vote For the Video Topics You Want to See & Support This Channel - patreon.com/historydecoded Check Out My Merch Store & Support This Channel: celtic-history-decoded.creator-spring.com Ice Age DNA: What Was the Genetic Makeup of Ice Age Europe?Chapters:0:00 Intro0:46 Timeline of the Last Ice Age1:44 Early Modern Humans in Europe and Neanderthal DNA3:31 Y-DNA Haplogroups of Ice Age Europeans6:27 Support: Vote for Video Topics on Patreon and Merch7:23 Mitochondrial Haplogroups of Ice Age Europeans9:06 Eye Color of Ice Age Europeans? 9:38 Are Modern Europeans Related to Ice Age Europeans?10:17 5 Genetic Clusters11:32 Near-Eastern Ancestry What do we know about the genetics of the people who lived through the last ice age in Europe, what haplogroups were common amongst them and are modern Europeans related to these ancient people? Now one fascinating aspect of this subject is that it gives us a glimpse into a period of time before there were major changes in even the ancient genetics of Europe, long before the first farmers swept across Europe between around 7000-4000 BC, or the massive waves of steppe ancestry that began around 3,000 BC, or 5,000 years ago. So what do we know about the genetics of the last ice age then? Well the good news is that there has actually been some proper research into this topic, with one very interesting paper published in Nature in 2016 looking at this very topic. But before we look at what this paper found, let’s get a quick overview of the timeline of the last ice age in general. Now the last Ice Age, which is known scientifically as the Last Glacial Period (LGP), occurred during the late Pleistocene epoch. It lasted from approximately 115,000 to 11,700 years ago. Sources:Fu, Q., Posth, C., Hajdinjak, M. et al. The genetic history of Ice Age Europe. Nature 534, 200–205 (2016). doi.org/10.1038/nature17993 Villanea, F.A., Schraiber, J.G. Multiple episodes of interbreeding between Neanderthal and modern humans. Nat Ecol Evol 3, 39–44 (2019). doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0735-8 Cro-Magnon - WikipediaGravettian industry | archaeology | Britannica David Reich (2018) Who We Are and How We Got Here (Oxford University Press) Haplogroup I2 (Y-DNA) - Eupedia Ice age - Wikipedia Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA) - EupediaIce age | Definition & Facts | Britannica Haplogroup H (mtDNA) - EupediaAurignacian - Wikipedia Last glacial maximum | Definition, Characteristics, Map, & Facts | Britannica Bennett, E.A., Parasayan, O., Prat, S. et al. Genome sequences of 36,000- to 37,000-year-old modern humans at Buran-Kaya III in Crimea. Nat Ecol Evol 7, 2160–2172 (2023). doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02211-9 Haplogroup U5 (mtDNA) - Eupedia Creative Commons Imagery:Matteo De Stefano/MUSE File:Homo sapiens - Neolithic - reconstruction - MUSE.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Wojciech Pędzich, Robert Molyneaux File:Yamnaya phenotype, Reconstruction, male, grave Novooleksiivka; Ukraine.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Locoluis - Map generated from shapefile published by Ray, N. and J. M. Adams. 2001, “ A GIS-based Vegetation Map of the World at the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000-15,000 BP). Internet Archaeology 11. ” File:Last Glacial Maximum Vegetation Map.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogrupo R1b (ADN-Y).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogrupo C3 (ADN-Y).PNG - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons LenguaMapa File:Haplogrupo I (Y-DNA).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsMaulucioni File:Mapa de R1a.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Ice Age – Ice Age DNA – Genetics – Ancient DNA – Ancestry Exploration – Ancient History – History of Europe – Europe – Genetic Legacy – Ice Age Genetics – DNA - Aurignacian culture - Gravettian industry - last glacial maximum – R1a – R1b – Haplogroup H - Azilian culture #iceage #ancestry #europe
Are People with Red Hair and Blue Eyes Really Going Extinct? Celtic History Decoded 2025-01-26 | Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Vote For the Video Topics You Want to See & Support This Channel - patreon.com/historydecoded Check Out My Merch Store: celtic-history-decoded.creator-spring.com Are People with Red Hair and Blue Eyes Going Extinct?Chapters:0:00 Intro0:28 Rarity of Red Hair and Blue Eyes Explained 1:56 Are People with Red Hair and Blue Eyes Going Extinct?3:27 Vote for Video Topics and Merch3:48 Climate and Red Hair Extinction?5:16 Is Red Hair and Blue Eyes Actually Going to Become More Common?Are people with red hair and blue eyes going extinct? Now when I was researching one of my previous videos on how red hair and blue eyes spread to Europe, I kept coming across articles asking this question about whether people with these traits are facing an extinction event? So in this video I am going to look at what this is all about, the main arguments involved and whether there is any truth to it? And if there is any truth to it, then I’m probably screwed 😊Now let’s first look at where this concern comes from? One main reason people are asking this question is because of how rare it is to have both of these traits. As I note in a previous video, having red hair and blue eyes is generally considered the rarest eye and hair color combination on earth, with it estimated that the percentage of people across the globe with both these traits is only 0.17%. As an interesting aside, other very rare hair and eye color combinations are red hair and green eyes, at less than 1% of the global population, and blond hair and green eyes, at less than 2% of the global population. Yet red hair and blue eyes is the rarest. The reason why this combination is so rare is because it is caused by at least two separate genetic mutations, both of which are considered recessive traits, meaning that you need to inherit the same recessive allele for both traits from both parents for this combination to appear. Red heads have a variant of the melanocortin-1 receptor gene (MC1R) located on chromosome 16, which is involved in melanin production and is the primary driver of red hair. Blue eyes on the other hand are linked to a mutation in the HERC2 gene, which influences the expression of the adjacent OCA2 gene, a gene that is again involved in melanin production. So in order to have red hair and blue eyes, you need to have both these genetic mutations. Now I should note that other genes also probably play a role in these traits being expressed, but these two separate mutations are still some of the main drivers of red hair and blue eyes developing. But are people with red hair and blue eyes going extinct? Well one common argument is that because the combination of these traits is extremely rare, this combination could be lost through a dilution effect i.e. that the few individuals that carry these traits don’t reproduce, and so it is lost to future generations. Yet the reality is that many more people carry the genes for these traits even though they are not necessarily expressed in that individual or in their children. For example, it is estimated that around 40% of the Scottish population carry the red hair gene variant, but only between 6-13% of people in Scotland actually have red hair expressed as a trait. Sources:Are redheads with blue eyes really going extinct? | Pursuit by the University of Melbourne Opinion | Red hair: a blessing or a curse? - The Washington Post Red hair - Wikipedia Are You Carrying the Redhead Gene | Ginger Gene DNA | Live ScienceThe genetic causes, ethnic origins and history of red hair - EupediaRed hair - WikipediaValverde, P., Healy, E., Jackson, I. et al. Variants of the melanocyte–stimulating hormone receptor gene are associated with red hair and fair skin in humans. Nat Genet 11, 328–330 (1995). doi.org/10.1038/ng1195-328 The people with the reddest hair in the world - BBC NewsOxford Blueprint: 31.05.01: Red hair genes 100,000 years old (archive.org) Redheads are here to stay, despite what you may have heard | Beauty | The Guardian What Causes Red Hair? - 23andMe United Kingdom Morgan, M.D., Pairo-Castineira, E., Rawlik, K. et al. Genome-wide study of hair colour in UK Biobank explains most of the SNP heritability. Nat Commun 9, 5271 (2018). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07691-z Are redheads going extinct? | HowStuffWorks Relax, redheads. You're not about to die out | Biology | The Guardian Redheads aren’t going extinct. Here’s why. Gingers face extinction due to climate change, scientists warn | The Independent | The Independent The genes linked to red hair | The University of Edinburgh Blue eyes rarity – redheads – red hair – ginger hair – mc1r gene – blue eyes – red hair facts - red hair extinct - redheads extinction#redhair #blueeyes #ancestry
The DNA of Scottish Clans Revealed… (Surnames and Tartans Included) Celtic History Decoded 2025-01-08 | Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Vote For the Video Topics You Want to See - patreon.com/historydecoded Check Out My Merch Store: celtic-history-decoded.creator-spring.comThe DNA of Scottish Clans Revealed… (Surnames and Tartans Included)Chapters:0:00 Intro0:43 Clan Campbell: Surname, Tartans and DNA6:25 Clan Sinclair 7:41 Clan Bruce 9:17 More Clans & Clan Wemyss 10:23 Vote for Video Topics on PatreonWhat do we know about the DNA of Scottish Clans, their clan names and their tartans? Now so many people across the globe have Scottish ancestry which connects to one or many of the myriad of Scottish clans from these lands, and please let me know any clan connections you have in the comments below. And if you’re wondering where I am, well today I’ve taken you to a place connected to part of my ancestry, Clan Campbell (but don’t hold it against me if you’re a MacDonald). This is Castle Campbell, a medieval castle that sits just above the town of Dollar. It was the lowland seat of the earls and dukes of Argyll, chiefs of Clan Campbell, from the 15th to the 19th century. It also was visited by Mary, Queen of Scots, in the 16th century, who said "this reminds me of home."And lets start with Clan Campbell? What do we know about the name, tartans and DNA of this clan? Sources:Sir Colin Campbell 5th of Lochow (1344–1413) FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-BY58693 Scottish Clans and Families | University of StrathclydeClan Campbell - Wikipedia Campbell family | University of Strathclyde Diarmuid Ua Duibhne - Wikipedia Duncan Campbell 1st Lord Campbell, of Lochow (1370–1453) Dugald Mor Campbell 1st. Captain Of Dunstaffnage (1375–1434) FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-BY58693 Sir Gillespic Campbell, 1st of Menstrie | Clan Campbell Explore Your Father's Line With Big Y-700 - FamilyTreeDNA Gillespic Campbell (bef.1242-abt.1280) | WikiTree FREE Family TreeClan Campbell History | Clan Campbell Clan Campbell Tartans | Clan Campbell Duncan Campbell (c.1455 - 1513) - Genealogy FamilyTreeDNA - Campbell DNA Project Explore Your Father's Line With Big Y-700 - FamilyTreeDNAClan Sinclair USA | History - CLAN SINCLAIR USA FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-FGC15254 Sinclair family | University of Strathclyde Sinclair | Ancient–Modern Tartan & Clan Finder | ScotlandShopSinclair Tartan - Kinloch Anderson Clan Sinclair - Wikipedia Clan Bruce | 258 Tartan products: Kilts, Scarves, Fabrics & more | CLAN Bruce Family | University of Strathclyde Clan Bruce - Wikipedia Clan Bruce, Dunfermline – Clans | VisitScotland FamilyTreeDNA Discover - Y-DNA Haplogroup R-FTB15831 Wemyss Clan History Wemyss Family History & Ancestry - Scottish Family Crests & History FamilySearch Catalog: The house of Wemyss : a thousand year history Clan Wemyss - Wikipedia Weems Y-DNA - Surnames - FamilyTreeDNA Creative Commons Imagery:Alistair Young File:Castle Campbell 01.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license. Deed - Attribution 2.0 Generic - Creative Commons Jakednb File:Strathclyde-940-AD.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Balaresque P, Bowden GR, Adams SM, Leung H-Y, King TE, Rosser ZH, et al. (2010) A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for European Paternal Lineages. PLoS Biol 8(1): e1000285. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000285 SKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons History things File:RobertBruceIAlbaStone.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Kevin Rae / Macduff's Castle and the Wemyss Caves / CC BY-SA 2.0 File:Macduff's Castle and the Wemyss Caves.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic - Creative Commons Celtus File:Wemyss tartan (Vestiarium Scoticum).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic license. Deed - Attribution 2.5 Generic - Creative Commons Clan Campbell – Campbell Surname – Clan Sinclair – Sinclair Surname – Scottish Surnames - Scottish Tartans – Scottish Clans - Scottish Clan DNA Haplogroups & Surnames Explained – Clan Bruce – Bruce Surname – Clan Campbell History – Tartan – Clan Tartans – Scotland – Scottish – Gael – Tartans of Scottish Clans – Scottish Clans and Tartans – Castles Scotland – Castle Campbell – Genealogy – Scottish Genealogy – Meaning of Scottish Surnames – Scottish Ancestry – Scottish DNA - Highland Clans - tales from scotlands history#scotland #ancestry #clans
The TRUTH About Russian Redheads… (Udmurt Republic) Celtic History Decoded 2025-01-01 | Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Vote For the Video Topics You Want to See - patreon.com/historydecoded Check Out My Merch Store: celtic-history-decoded.creator-spring.comThe TRUTH About Russian Redheads… (Udmurt Republic)Chapters:0:00 Intro0:28 Udmurt Republic and Red Hair2:02 R1b Haplogroup, Red Hair & Climate? 4:14 Founder Effect & Sexual Attractiveness?5:09 Vote For Video Topics & Merch5:30 Udmurtia & the Origins of Red Hair?6:16 Vikings?7:36 Genetics of Udmurt People & Haplogroups When you think of people with red hair, places like Scotland and Ireland probably immediately come to mind. Yet there is a region of Russia that is home to a people who have been described as having the reddest hair in the world, the Udmurt people. So in this video I want look at why red hair is common among the Udmurts and how this trait developed in this part of the world? At the end of this video as well, I will also look at the genetics of the Udmurt people, the haplogroups that are common among them, and if this relates to red hair at all?Now the Udmurt Republic is in a region of Russia which sits just east of the Volga river, and just west of the Ural mountains. The Udmurt people are a Finno-Ugric ethnic group that have much higher levels of red hair than the global average. In general, the amount of people globally with naturally red hair is only between 1–2%, making it the rarest hair color in the world. In the Udmurt Republic however, rates of red hair are between 5–15% depending on the source. For comparison, Scotland and Ireland are generally considered to have some of the highest amount of people with red hair on earth, at between 6-13% of people in Scotland and around 10% in Ireland, putting the people of the Udmurt Republic right up there as far as the highest rates of red hair in the world, perhaps even number 1 depending on the source. And the Udmurts are proud of this trait. Every year, they have a festival celebrating red-haired people, held in their capital, Izhevsk.But why does this tiny republic in Russia have such high levels of people with red hair compared to most other parts of Russia and the world? Now to get the obvious element out of the way, we know from a simple genetic perspective that the primary driver of red hair is due to a mutation on the melanocortin-1 receptor gene (MC1R), which is located on chromosome 16, a gene that is involved in melanin production. Red hair is considered a recessive trait.Sources:The people with the reddest hair in the world bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29950844 Redheads are Gathering Around the World - redhairedroots.com/2018/06/redheads-are-gathering-around-the-world The genetic causes, ethnic origins and history of red hair - Eupedia Zinchenko RA, El'chinova GI, Petrov NV, Osipova EV, Malyshev PIu, Poliakov AV, Ginter EK. [Genetic structure of the Udmurt population]. Genetika. 2007 Aug;43(8):1107-19. Russian. PMID: 17958312. Genetic_Structure_of_the_Udmurt_Population.pdf Tambets, K., Yunusbayev, B., Hudjashov, G. et al. Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations. Genome Biol 19, 139 (2018). doi.org/10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1 Udmurts - Wikipedia Recessive Traits and Alleles Udmurtia - Wikipedia Zdrojewicz Z, Kowalik M, Jagodziński A. Tajemnice rudowłosych [Secrets of the red-headed]. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2016 Dec 22;41(246):306-309. Polish. PMID: 28024137. [Secrets of the red-headed] - PubMed Founder Effect Irish and Udmurts Share “Redheadedness” | Ed Mooney Photography Udmurtiya | Republic in Russia, Culture & History | Britannica Ginger snaps: portraits of redheads in Russia and Scotland theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2017/sep/01/gingers-portraits-of-redheads-in-russia-and-scotland Sunrise and sunset times, day length in Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic, Russia today and for the current month Who are the Udmurts? | Russia’s most red haired and musical ethnic group Creative Commons Imagery:Vyacheslav Bukharov File:Saint Michael the Archangel Church (Izhevsk)-53.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Alexander Ermolaev File:UdSU 1.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Briangotts File:Varangian routes.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Udmurt red hair – Russian redheads - ethnic minorities in Russia – Russia – Udmurt Republic – Udmurt People – Udmurts – ginger – redhead – mc1r gene - Why Red Hair - Reason Red Hair - R1b Haplogroup #redhair #ancestry #dna
Swiss DNA: What is the Genetic History of Switzerland? Celtic History Decoded 2024-12-21 | Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Vote For the Video Topics You Want to See - patreon.com/historydecoded Check Out My Merch Store: celtic-history-decoded.creator-spring.comSwiss DNA: What is the Genetic History of Switzerland?Chapters:0:00 Intro1:06 Ancient Genetics & Steppe Ancestry 3:13 Celts (Helvetti) 5:16 Romans 6:13 Germanic Peoples (Alemanni, Burgundians & Franks)7:33 Other Influences7:45 Modern Genetic Makeup of Switzerland, the Alps & Haplogroups13:50 Vote for Video Topics and Support this Channel What is the genetic history of Switzerland and what haplogroups are common among Swiss people today? Now 4 official languages are spoken in Switzerland, with German the most common, followed by French, Italian and Romansh. As you can see in this map, the country is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland, officially known as the Swiss Confederation, originates from the Old Swiss Confederacy established in the Late Middle Ages, following a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy. The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the country's founding document, with Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire formally recognised in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The modern federal state of Switzerland was established with the adoption of the Swiss Federal Constitution in 1848 however. An interesting point to note is that Switzerland has maintained a policy of armed neutrality since the 16th century and has not fought an international war since 1815.But what about the genetic history of Switzerland? Well a really interesting study was published in 2020 that looked at the ancient genetics of Switzerland during the Late Neolithic period. It analysed 96 ancient genomes from Switzerland, Southern Germany, and the Alsace region in France, covering the Middle/Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age. One of their central findings was that there was “an arrival of ancestry related to Late Neolithic pastoralists from the Pontic-Caspian steppe in Switzerland as early as 2860–2460 BC.” Sources:Furtwängler, A., Rohrlach, A.B., Lamnidis, T.C. et al. Ancient genomes reveal social and genetic structure of Late Neolithic Switzerland. Nat Commun 11, 1915 (2020). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15560-x Supplementary info. 41467_2020_15560_MOESM1_ESM.pdf p.7 for Y-DNASwitzerland Regional DNA Project - Eupedia World of Genomics: Switzerland Swiss people - Wikipedia Haplogroup H (mtDNA) - Eupedia Gretzinger, J., Schmitt, F., Mötsch, A. et al. Evidence for dynastic succession among early Celtic elites in Central Europe. Nat Hum Behav 8, 1467–1480 (2024). doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-01888-7 Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA) - Eupedia Martin Zieger, Silvia Utz, The Y-chromosomal haplotype and haplogroup distribution of modern Switzerland still reflects the alpine divide as a geographical barrier for human migration, Forensic Science International: Genetics, Volume 48, 2020, 102345, ISSN 1872-4973, doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102345. Creative Commons Imagery:Tschubby Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and 1.0 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic - Creative Commons Dbachmann File:Hallstatt LaTene.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons GNU Free Documentation License Ludovic Péron File:Avenches - arènes.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic - Creative Commons Guriezous File:Europe and the Near East at 476 AD.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons User:MapMaster File:Invasions of the Roman Empire 1.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic - Creative Commons Hel-hama File:Europe 814.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons A09 File:Holy Roman Empire 11th century map-sl.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogrupo R1b (ADN-Y).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons #ancestry #switzerland #dna genetic history of Switzerland – Swiss DNA – Swiss Ancestry
How Did Red Hair and Blue Eyes Spread to Europe? Celtic History Decoded 2024-12-08 | Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Vote For the Video Topics You Want to See - patreon.com/historydecoded Check Out My Merch Store: celtic-history-decoded.creator-spring.comHow Did Red Hair and Blue Eyes Spread to Europe?Chapters:0:00 Intro1:08 Genetics of Red Hair and Blue Eyes 2:23 Did the Neanderthals Have Red Hair & Blue Eyes? 3:11 Origins of Red Hair & Blue Eyes 4:03 Peoples of History with These Traits (Thracians, Scythians etc)5:45 Vote for Video Topics on Patreon5:59 Chinese Descriptions of People with Red Hair (& Persia) 8:51 Why Red Hair and Blue Eyes in Europe?10:44 Scythia, Scotland & Red Hair As a general overview, red heads have a variant of the melanocortin-1 receptor gene (MC1R) located on chromosome 16, which is involved in melanin production and is the primary driver of red hair. Blue eyes on the other hand are linked to a mutation in the HERC2 gene, which influences the expression of the adjacent OCA2 gene, a gene that is again involved in melanin production. So in order to have red hair and blue eyes, you need to have both this MC1R mutation and also this mutation on the HERC2 gene that effects the expression of the OCA2 gene.Sources:Opinion | Red hair: a blessing or a curse? - The Washington Post Red hair - Wikipedia Are You Carrying the Redhead Gene | Ginger Gene DNA | Live ScienceThe genetic causes, ethnic origins and history of red hair - EupediaRed hair - WikipediaValverde, P., Healy, E., Jackson, I. et al. Variants of the melanocyte–stimulating hormone receptor gene are associated with red hair and fair skin in humans. Nat Genet 11, 328–330 (1995). doi.org/10.1038/ng1195-328 Bede – The Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Oxford University Press, 1994)Neanderthals didn't give us red hair but they certainly changed the way we sleep Are redheads with blue eyes really going extinct? | Pursuit by the University of Melbourne The people with the reddest hair in the world - BBC NewsOxford Blueprint: 31.05.01: Red hair genes 100,000 years old (archive.org) Carles Lalueza-Fox et al. A Melanocortin 1 Receptor Allele Suggests Varying Pigmentation Among Neanderthals.Science318,1453-1455(2007).DOI:10.1126/science.1147417 What Causes Red Hair? - 23andMe United Kingdom Transcription of the Declaration of Arbroath - nrscotland.gov.uk/learning-and-events/the-declaration-of-arbroath/transcription-of-the-declaration-of-arbroath The genes linked to red hair | The University of Edinburgh Villanea, F.A., Schraiber, J.G. Multiple episodes of interbreeding between Neanderthal and modern humans. Nat Ecol Evol 3, 39–44 (2019). doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0735-8 Morgan, M.D., Pairo-Castineira, E., Rawlik, K. et al. Genome-wide study of hair colour in UK Biobank explains most of the SNP heritability. Nat Commun 9, 5271 (2018). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07691-z DNA reveals Neanderthal redheads — Harvard Gazette Thracians - Wikipedia Tarim mummies - WikipediaCreative Commons Imagery:NordNordWest File:Augenfarbe.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Ivo E. Stankov File:Thrace-ostrusha.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic - Creative Commons GalaxMaps File:Turkic Languages distribution map.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Photo Balkan File:State of Cuman-Kipchak (13.) en.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Li, C., Ning, C., Hagelberg, E. et al. Analysis of ancient human mitochondrial DNA from the Xiaohe cemetery: insights into prehistoric population movements in the Tarim Basin, China. BMC Genet 16, 78 (2015). doi.org/10.1186/s12863-015-0237-5 CC BY 4.0 Deed - Attribution 4.0 International - Creative Commons Julian Idrobo from Winnipeg, Canada File:Inuit snow goggles.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic - Creative Commons #redhair #blueeyes #history neanderthal red hair - red hair and blue eyes facts – Western Hunter Gatherers – origins eye color – red hair - history documentary – ginger – ginger hair – mc1r gene – natural hair – blue eyes rarity – hunter eyes – night vision – redhead – origins red heads – mc1r – blue eyed people – blue eyes melanin
Celtic DNA: What’s the Genetics of Celtic Peoples & How Common is Red Hair? Celtic History Decoded 2024-11-22 | Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Vote For the Video Topics You Want to See - patreon.com/historydecoded Check Out My Merch Store: celtic-history-decoded.creator-spring.com Celtic DNA: What’s the Genetics of Celtic Peoples & How Common is Red Hair? Chapters:0:00 Intro0:59 Celts and Red Hair 3:47 Vikings and Red Hair 4:39 Celtic Genetics and Y-DNA Haplogroups 6:41 Vote for Video Topics and Merch 7:04 Celtic DNA Today and Maternal Haplogroups What was the genetics of the ancient Celts and how has this influenced modern Celtic peoples? Also, how common has red hair been amongst the Celts down through history and how strong is the link today between Celtic peoples and red hair? Now during the Iron Age, Celts were found across Europe, stretching from Britain, Ireland and the Iberian peninsula all the way to Galatia in modern Turkey. Gaul was the home of Celtic civilization however, an area in Western Europe centred on modern France, but it included parts of other modern countries, such Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy. Today, the influence of Celtic speaking peoples is limited only to Britian, Ireland and France, with this map showing the 6 Celtic languages spoken today: Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx (on the Isle of Man), Welsh, Cornish and Breton (spoken in Brittany, France). But what do we know about the genetics of both ancient and modern Celts as well as physical traits like red hair?Well let’s start by looking at some descriptions of ancient Celts and whether red hair was a common feature amongst them historically? One interesting description comes from the Roman historian Tacitus, who lived between 56-120 AD. He wrote in the late 1st century AD about the physical characteristics of the ancient Britons, in particular writing about two ancient Celtic people: the Caledonians to the north, a fierce tribal confederation of ancient Scotland, and the Silures to the west, a powerful tribe of ancient Wales. Tacitus wrote that:Sources:L.M. Cassidy, R. Martiniano, E.M. Murphy, M.D. Teasdale, J. Mallory, B. Hartwell, D.G. Bradley, Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113 (2) 368-373, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518445113 (2016). The genetic causes, ethnic origins and history of red hair - Eupedia Who were the Celts? Understanding the history and culture of Celtic tribesBritons: Tacitus (late first century CE) | Ethnic Relations and Migration in the Ancient World: The Websites of Philip A. HarlandThe people with the reddest hair in the world - BBC News Family ties: deciphering the DNA of the Amesbury Archer and the Companion – The Past Haplogroup R-L21 - Wikipedia Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA) - Eupedia Celt | History, Institutions, & Religion | Britannica Haplogroup H (mtDNA) - Eupedia Gretzinger, J., Schmitt, F., Mötsch, A. et al. Evidence for dynastic succession among early Celtic elites in Central Europe. Nat Hum Behav 8, 1467–1480 (2024). doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-01888-7 Celtic History Decoded - Irish DNA: What is the Genetic History of Ireland? Creative Commons Imagery:QuartierLatin1968, The Ogre, Dbachmann, Superwikifan; derivative work Augusta 89 File:Celts in Europe-fr.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons QuartierLatin1968 File:Map of Celtic Nations-flag shades.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Didier Descouens File:(Venice) Statuette of Kneeling Gaul - Museo archeologico nazionale.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons SKIBLY101 File:DF13 EUROPE.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:R-DF27.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons#celtic #dna #ancestry
How Steppe Ancestry Changed the World (And is Probably in YOU)… Celtic History Decoded 2024-11-17 | Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Vote For the Video Topics You Want to See - patreon.com/historydecoded Check Out My Merch Store: my-store-d0407d Chapters:0:00 Intro0:32 Who Were the Indo-Europeans? 1:45 Technology: Wheels, Wagons and Horses 4:03 Language, Proto-Indo-European & a Welshman in India 7:02 Genetics 7:35 Violent Expansion? 8:26 Milk8:56 DNA Haplogroups10:04 Vote for Video TopicsHow Steppe Ancestry Changed the World…The history of humanity is marked by migrations, conquests, and the spread of ideas that have shaped the world we live in today. But there’s one group of people who despite having a truly profound impact on so many aspects of our life, from language to genetics to technology, are so underdiscussed. They are the Indo-Europeans. So in this video I want to change that, and look at who the Indo-Europeans actually were, how they changed the world, and the lasting impacts they have had on us today. This is how the Indo-Europeans changed the world…First up is the most obvious question, who actually were the Indo-Europeans? Now as a quick overview for those not familiar with them, the Indo-Europeans are one of the most significant cultural and linguistic groups in human history, and their migration, language, and technological innovations had profound effects on the development of the world. The Indo-Europeans did not form a single cohesive civilization however, but rather a linguistic and cultural family that spread across vast regions over thousands of years.The Indo-Europeans are thought to have spoken the Proto-Indo-European language, the reconstructed common ancestor of a widespread family of languages known as the Indo-European languages, that nearly half the world speaks. Their homeland is thought to be in the area around the Pontic-Caspian Steppe north of the Black Sea (around modern-day Ukraine and parts of Russia). Now a people that were instrumental in the spread of Indo-European influence across the world was the Yamnaya culture, which existed from around 3300 – 2600 BC. Around this time, there were notable migrations of the Yamnaya from the steppe across Eurasia, but how did they migrate? Sources:Martin Trautmann et al. First bioanthropological evidence for Yamnaya horsemanship. Sci. Adv. 9, eade2451(2023). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade2451The Yamnaya may have been the world’s earliest known horseback riders Wilkin, S., Ventresca Miller, A., Fernandes, R. et al. Dairying enabled Early Bronze Age Yamnaya steppe expansions. Nature 598, 629–633 (2021). doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03798-4 A. Goldberg, T. Günther, N.A. Rosenberg, M. Jakobsson, Ancient X chromosomes reveal contrasting sex bias in Neolithic and Bronze Age Eurasian migrations, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 114 (10) 2657-2662, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616392114 (2017).Milk fueled Bronze Age expansion of ‘eastern cowboys’ into Europe | Science | AAAS Indo-European vocabulary - Wikipedia Story of most murderous people of all time revealed in ancient DNA | New Scientist David Reich (2018) Who We Are and How We Got Here (Oxford University Press) William Jones (philologist) - Wikipedia Creative Commons Imagery:Wojciech Pędzich, Robert Molyneaux Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons User:Bill Williams File:Indo-European Language Family Branches in Eurasia.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and 1.0 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic - Creative Commonsपाटलिपुत्र (talk) File:Indo-European migrations and Ancient Northeast Asians.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commonsnerdy.maps File:Indo-European languages map.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons HistoryMaker18 File:Yamnaya Expansion Map.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Joostik File:Maykop culture-en.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogrupo R1b (ADN-Y).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsMaulucioni File:Mapa de R1a.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commonssteppe ancestry r1b#indoeuropean #ancestry #horses
Germanic DNA: What Was the Genetics of the Germanic Tribes of Europe? Celtic History Decoded 2024-11-13 | Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Vote For the Video Topics You Want to See - patreon.com/historydecoded Check Out My Merch Store: my-store-d0407d Germanic DNA: What Was the Genetics of the Germanic Tribes of Europe?0:00 Intro1:34 Lombards Invasion of Italy 2:03 Suebian Knot Hairstyle 2:55 Lombard DNA 5:09 Goth DNA and Origins 7:37 Goth, Vandal & Gepids Appearance and Hair Color 8:06 Franks DNA9:07 Anglo-Saxon DNA and Appearance What was the genetic makeup of the Germanic Tribes of Europe and how has this influenced our map today? Also, what did these ancient people look like, how tall were they, and how common were traits such as blond hair for example? Now these Germanic tribes were a collection of ancient groups that mainly inhabited Northern Europe initially, yet many of them went on to have an impact on various parts of Europe, from the Iberian peninsula to Eastern Europe. These peoples included the Goths, the Franks, the Lombards, the Angles and the Saxons, amongst many others. These tribes shared linguistic and cultural similarities and played a crucial role in the history of Europe, particularly during the Migration Period (circa 300–800 AD) when they moved across the continent, contributing to the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the shaping of medieval Europe. Sources in the Pinned Comment...Creative Commons Imagery:Bullenwächter File:Bronze figure of a German Bibliothèque Nationale.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons User:MapMaster File:Invasions of the Roman Empire 1.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic - Creative Commons Bloodofox File:Bracteate from Funen, Denmark (DR BR42).jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Dokyundokyundokyun File:Germanic languages with dialects revised.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Gernot Keller (Own work) derivative work: Johnbod File:Sutton Hoo helmet reconstructed.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic - Creative Commons Alphathon and based upon Blank map of Europe.svg File:Francia 814.svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Ernio48 (original version), Alphathon (second version) File:Holy Roman Empire at its territorial apex (per consensus).svg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons DaniCBP File:Lombard Conquest of Italy.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution 4.0 International - Creative Commons Markkv File:BRONZETTO.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsCristianChirita File:IArta romana prizonier MG 1761 02.JPG - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Bullenwächter File:Osterby Man Suebian-Knot.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons Maulucioni File:Haplogrupo R1b (ADN-Y).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons LenguaMapa File:Haplogrupo I (Y-DNA).png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative CommonsMaulucioni File:Mapa de R1a.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Guriezous File:Europe and the Near East at 476 AD.png - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International - Creative Commons Wiglaf's map, based on Dbachmann's blank map. File:Chernyakhov.PNG - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Deed - Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported - Creative Commons #ancestry #germanic #dna
What Was the Ancestry of Alexander the Great? #shorts #ancestry #history #geneticgenealogy #dna Celtic History Decoded 2024-11-08 | Subscribe to Celtic History Decoded: youtube.com/channel/UCCS3M_uNHH2iOJkpGhkO2SA?sub_confirmation=1Vote For the Video Topics You Want to See - patreon.com/historydecoded What Was the Ancestry of Alexander the Great?In 356 BC in Pella, Macedonia, Alexander the Great was born to King Philip II and Queen Olympias. #ancestry #history #dna
