Induction Heating, Melting and Levitation [4k] MHD Technology Laboratory 2020-05-24 | Here we demonstrate induction heating on steel, aluminum and copper. We also melt and successfully levitate solid copper, aluminum and magnesium! But most importantly we achieved electromagnetic levitation of molten aluminum. In all experiments we use Eldek induction heater with maximum power of 20 kW. Frequencies of 8.5 kHz and 17 kHz were used in induction heating tests. Thank you to colleagues in Institute of Physics, especially, Video operator and artwork designer: Antra Gaile Experimental setup design and manufacturing: Dr. Phys. Imants KaldreVideo is made by: Dr. Phys. Reinis BaranovskisPapers and sources: EOF-Library eof-library.orgAnimation of induction levitationyoutube.com/watch?v=Z3gD4BRl7sYModelling of electromagnetic levitation by S.Spitansansys.com/other/hall-of-fame/archive/2016/leibnizlink.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11663-013-9809-9link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11663-015-0515-7▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬Video production was supported by European Regional Development Fund project "Electromagnetic processing during solidification of nano-particle strengthened light alloys for additive manufacturing” under Grant No. 1.1.1.1/19/A/080▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬Music: Abstract Corporate by Gribsoundsoundcloud.com/gribsoundVideo Link: youtu.be/BjFmXbfRb7w▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬Intro 0:00Induction heating of steel 0:15Melting aluminum 2:25Electromagnetic levitation 3:33Modelling levitation 7:02 Outro 7:30
Metal Matrix Composite Production Process for 3D Printing MHD Technology Laboratory 2023-08-02 | The production process of aluminium metal matrix composites (MMC) specifically for wire arc additive manufacturing, which uses a thin wire to print layers of a metal.A deeper dive on MMC's can be found here:youtu.be/6tHBntFsEDA#shorts
Lorentz Force in MHD Conduction Pump Explained MHD Technology Laboratory 2022-04-12 | Lorentz force explanation in a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) liquid metal pump. The following setup is an MHD conduction pump which uses magnetic field of permanent magnet and DC current (up to 1000 A) to create perpendicular Lorentz force that drives the flow. Video detailly shows the cross product of current and magnetic field with vector field representation. Thank you to colleagues in Institute of PhysicsVideo operator and artwork designer: Antra Gaile MHD expert consultations: Linards GoldšteinsVideo is made by: Reinis BaranovskisAcknowledgements: This work was supported by ERDF project “Electromagnetic technology for aluminum degassingprocess" with No. 1.1.1.1/18/A/149 and by University of Latvia Foundation stipend for Ph.D students in natural sciences.Music: The Shining in Dubai by Unicorn Heads0:00 Intro and setup0:39 Lorentz force in continuum mechanics 1:08 Formulation of Lorentz force2:12 Numerical modelling of box experiment3:49 Ring experiment modelling 4:37 Outro
1000 Amps with 1 Volt – MHD pump MHD Technology Laboratory 2022-04-08 | 1000 Ampere magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) liquid metal pump demonstrates Lorentz force in laboratory model. The following setup is an MHD conduction pump which uses magnetic field of permanent magnet and DC current to create perpendicular Lorentz force that drives the flow. Thank you to colleagues in Institute of PhysicsVideo operator and artwork designer: Antra Gaile MHD expert consultations: Linards GoldšteinsVideo is made by: Reinis BaranovskisAcknowledgements: This work was supported by ERDF project “Electromagnetic technology for aluminum degassingprocess" with No. 1.1.1.1/18/A/149 and by University of Latvia Foundation stipend for Ph.D students in natural sciences.Music: The Shining in Dubai by Unicorn HeadsPapers and sources: researchgate.net/publication/339799981_Experimental_Investigation_of_Weld_Pool_Flow_Under_External_DC_Magnetic_Field0:00 Intro0:36 GaInSn setup1:10 MHD conduction pump2:05 Moving electrodes and magnet3:19 Axisymmetric current by ring electorde4:18 Next video
Faraday’s law doing what? - #VeritasiumContest MHD Technology Laboratory 2021-08-19 | This video is posted for the Veritasium Science Communication contest! #VeritasiumContestThe answer to the second experiment still lies in the Maxwell-Faradays equation. It states that the change of magnetic field in time causes currents. Despite producing a stronger magnetic field in the first case, in the frame of reference of the ring, magnetic field changes more in the second case leading to bigger currents resulting in larger forces and that leads to slower descend. Thanks to Antra Gaile for thumbnail artwork and Artūrs Vanags for filming & editing. The contact email: mhd.technology.laboratory@gmail.com
Aluminum Tornado for Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) MHD Technology Laboratory 2021-04-02 | What are Metal Matrix Composites and how are they made? Here we experimentally show some of the ways how to process aluminum. We melt aluminum by induction heating, stir it with rotating permanent magnets, and then cast it in mold. Article by our research group: "Nanoparticle dispersion in liquid metals by electromagnetically induced acoustic cavitation"sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359645416305535Source for MMC manufacturing methods: degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/secm-2016-0278/htmlSource for 00:20 definitionyoutube.com/watch?v=RihoVfzEfWIThank you to colleagues in the Institute of Physics, especially, Fact-checking by Mikus MilgrāvisExperimental work by Mikus Milgrāvis and Dr. Imants Kaldre Artwork designer: Antra Gaile Video is made by: Dr. Reinis Baranovskis▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬Video production was supported by European Regional Development Fund project "Electromagnetic processing during solidification of nano-particle strengthened light alloys for additive manufacturing” under Grant No. 1.1.1.1/19/A/080▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬Music: Abstract Corporate by Gribsoundsoundcloud.com/gribsoundVideo Link: youtu.be/BjFmXbfRb7w▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬Intro to MMCs 0:00Manufacturing methods 1:02Aluminum experiments 1:20Mechanical ultrasound 2:07Aluminum tornado 2:56Semi-liquid aluminum 3:30Casting samples 4:15Stress testing 5:06Outro 5:17
Liquid Sodium Levitation, Reactivity and why Physicists Use it in Nuclear Reactors and Geodynamos MHD Technology Laboratory 2020-11-24 | Why physicists love sodium and use it in the world's biggest geodynamo experiments and nuclear reactors? First, it is light and really good electrical conductor and often in science, you work to push boundaries and purposefully try to achieve the most extreme conditions you can. This combination makes sodium the most responsive metal to be controlled by magnetic and electric fields. Sometimes scientists find themselves in situations where they need massive molten metal flows, for example to model, how the earth generates its magnetic field. In such cases, sodium is the answer. It is easy to transport with a special technology called electromagnetic pumps. They combine electric and magnetic fields in metals to causes forces that pump the liquid in a unique way that only metals can be moved. The high thermal conductivity makes sodium very useful as a coolant in nuclear applications. In the simplest case, they work as heat exchangers that can withstand high power density that would vaporize water in a conventional heat exchanger. Thank you to colleagues in Institute of Physics, especially, Video operator and artwork designer: Antra Gaile Electromagnetic levitation on molten sodium: Dr. Phys. Imants KaldreEnsuring safety in sodium experiments: Kalvis KalniņšFact-checking by Linards Goldšteins and Patriks Bite Video is made by: Reinis BaranovskisFigures of Generation IV reactors en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_IV_reactorVideo of Maryland dynamo youtube.com/watch?v=B75C0o9AtwUConfinement building roof collapse researchgate.net/publication/228343424_Fast_Breeder_Reactors_in_France/figures?lo=1Figure of Nuclear Reactor Wall Chartshttp://bibliodyssey.blogspot.com/2009/12/nuclear-reactor-wall-charts.htmlDRESDYN experiment https://www.hzdr.de/db/Cms?pOid=40412&pNid=3163&pLang=enList of nuclear reactors by coolant type Fanning, Thomas H. (May 3, 2007). "Sodium as a Fast Reactor Coolant" (PDF). Topical Seminar Series on Sodium Fast Reactors. Nuclear Engineering Division, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2013.Magnetosphere of Jupiteryoutube.com/watch?v=yvFDh4E06ao&t=1s▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬Music: Abstract Corporate by Gribsoundsoundcloud.com/gribsoundVideo Link: youtu.be/BjFmXbfRb7w▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬Intro 0:00Properties of sodium 0:31Levitation of sodium 2:10Sodium in air 2:56Sodium in water 3:35Nuclear reactors 6:02Electromagnetic pumps 7:45Geodynamos 08:38Outro 09:02Corrections:The density of lead should be 10.6 g/cm^3 (at melting point) and 11.3 g/cm^3 (at room temperature)
Skin Effect Visualized - Physics Behind Induction Heating MHD Technology Laboratory 2020-05-04 | In this video I will explain fundamental behind induction heating and introduce you to skin-effect. Skin effect - is non-uniform distribution of an alternating electric current or magnetic field inside conductor which results in greater density of current ( or magnetic field) near surface of the conductor. Practically this effect is very important in context of induction heating. All of the calculations were done with aluminum properties, mainly conductivity of 3.7 * 10^7 S/m is chosen. Calculations and animation were performed with Comsol Multiphysics and Mathematica software. Responsible for artwork design: Antra Gaile Video is made by Reinis BaranovskisIntro 0:00Theory 0:18Numerical model 2:26Skin effect 3:24Skin depth 4:38In next video 5:14
Permanent Magnet Chair - 500 kg of Repulsion MHD Technology Laboratory 2020-04-24 | How hard it is to push permanent magnets together? In this video you will see large neodymium permanent magnets, how we built throne with magnetic suspension and how much force it takes to press them together. Here we use N50 NdFeB magnets, essentially the same you see in all "monster magnets" videos around here. Thank you to colleagues in Institute of Physics, especially, Video operator and artwork designer: Antra Gaile Experimental setup design and manufacturing: Ingus Pagasts Video is made by: Reinis BaranovskisShout-out to "Body Factory Salaspils" for providing weightlifting plates. ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬Music: Abstract Corporate by Gribsoundsoundcloud.com/gribsoundVideo Link: youtu.be/BjFmXbfRb7w▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬Timestamps:0:00 Intro0:31 Permanent magnets 1:07 Currents in aluminum 2:04 Large permanent magnets2:33 Construction time-lapse3:26 Testing magnetic suspension4:02 Applying weights5:25 Conclusions6:00 Outro
MHD Technology Laboratory - Applied Magnetohydrodynamics MHD Technology Laboratory 2020-02-07 | We are team of scientists from University of Latvia working on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) problems. MHD combines electromagnetism and fluid mechanics and describes processes ranging from semi levitating ferrofluid droplets to Earth’s self-generated magnetic field and plasma physics in space.And here in Institute of Physics we study liquid metal behaviour in presence of electric and magnetic fields. We apply our extensive MHD knowledge to study problems dealing with liquid metal transport, melting, stirring, refining and stability. In MHD Technology Laboratory physicists, chemists and engineers study and build custom machines which are applied in metallurgy, nuclear plants and new material development. Source of magnetic field of Sun video:http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4124Source for Electromagentic levitaion:youtube.com/watch?v=Z3gD4BRl7sYMassive permanent magnet:youtube.com/watch?v=YVYZSsNDSVgBismuth crystals:youtube.com/watch?v=a3Qi730PtysMagnetic field of wires, coils and inductors youtube.com/watch?v=tMk94SMzGa8&t=149s▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬Music: Perception by Bensoundhttps://www.bensound.com/royalty-free...Video Link: youtu.be/6hf1Pq9yUdc▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬Made and narrated by researcher Reinis Baranovskis
Magnetic field of wires, coils and inductors - physics behind induction heating MHD Technology Laboratory 2020-01-21 | You have probably seen such videos where metal is heated to red hot in a second or a blob of molten metal is levitated with an inductor. But how does it exactly work? In this video we will start with a magnetic field of a straight wire and then build up our knowledge to understand complex inductors and magnetic fields around them. This is the first video of series and in the next video I will talk about induction heating as why thing heat up in alternating magnetic field, skin-effect as what happens to changing magnetic field in conductive media and levitation melting. All plots and animations are made with Mathematica 12, sketches with Inkscape and numerical calculations with Comsol Multiphysics. References: 1) Induction heating video from EFD Induction youtube.com/watch?v=JnWe_X20QhY2) Induction melting from Ultraflex Power Technologiesyoutube.com/watch?v=rymLGW5tE1k3) Molten aluminium leviated youtube.com/watch?v=8i2OVqWo9s0&t=18s4) Induction stove cooktophunter.com/voltage-requirements5) Wireless charger hardciderlabs.com/products/slicecharge-pro6) EOF Library – Multiphysics simulation software eof-library.orgVideo of simulation: youtube.com/watch?v=Z3gD4BRl7sY7) Mathematica code used to make all of the graphs in the video:drive.google.com/file/d/16dQjiEWJqfsBc7fPETRGVVHjywLUoVtS/view?usp=sharingSpecial thanks to Antra Gaile for making the sketches.
Massive 600 kg (1300 lbs) Neodymium Magnet [4k] MHD Technology Laboratory 2018-08-22 | We will show you a massive neodymium permanent magnet assembly weighing more than half a ton. Also, check out permanent magnet chair we built: youtube.com/watch?v=f8AugbFWg-s&t=1sThese magnets are made of rare earth elements represents the strongest class of permanent magnets. In this video, we first will see what happens when you approach it with ferromagnetic materials (like steel), and then afterward we will explore how conductive metals behave in a strong magnetic field. Here is a wrench and a scale for measuring the pull of magnet which reaches 25 kg while the wrench itself is only 1 kg. On larger ferromagnetic objects attraction can easily reach hundreds of kilograms.Next up is a hammer! Note that I added 5 cm (2 inches) layer wood so not to damage the surface and to be able to easily remove it. Even with this added distance pull force is around 40 kg. Afterwards, a flexible iron sheet is placed to the magnet which illustrates the distance where objects are visibly attracted. On larger ferromagnetic objects attraction can easily reach hundreds of kilograms. The permanent magnet of such size is stronger than the earths magnetic field in a radius of 4 meters around it and can turn screens of a laptop from 1.5 meters. Ferromagnetic objects from iron are drawn to magnet form half a meter away as illustrated with iron sheets. We continue experiments with placing a ferrofluid on the magnet. This reveals the spikes on the surface. These spikes are acting (pointing) like magnetic field lines so in a sense you can visualize the magnetic the direction and strength of the magnetic field. Sometimes the camera loses focus because of the strong magnetic field interferes with electronics and sensors. The ferrofluid contains very tiny magnetite particles, which act as tiny magnets and when the external field is applied they aligned in “spiky” structures pointing in the direction of the magnetic field vector. When in close proximity to poles the magnetic forces dominate over gravity making so the fluid can defy gravity. If I were to let, go the container it would fly towards the pole of the magnet to the spot with the highest magnetic field intensity. Next up we take 4 kg copper sheet and when we throw it towards the magnet it rapidly slows down. When the plate is getting closer to the magnet it moves noticeably slower. All that happens because of the induced current in the copper sheet. Copper is an excellent electrical conductor and when it is moved in a magnetic field, the changing flux creates eddy currents according to Maxwell’s-Farady’s law of induction. In short, these currents create an opposing magnetic field and overall damps movement of copper and that is why it is extremely difficult to move the copper sheet next to a magnet. And this simple demonstration perfectly showcases the effect of opposing forces caused by induction. Normally plate of such size would fall down in a second, however, since it is placed in a strong magnetic field (which changes in the plate during fall) it takes almost 20 seconds for it to hit the ground. In the end for a bigger effect, we took a 20 kg copper sheet and rolled it in a cylinder and which we dropped on the magnet. The first attempt was with a couple of centimeter gap. The copper sheet is slowed down up until it reaches the center of the magnet. At that point, the magnetic flux becomes negative and current changes direction. In the second attempt, we shrunk the gap to 5 mm. In both cases, it is overwhelmingly slowed down by induced currents. Credits to: Antra Gaile & Mikus Mīlgrāvis for assistance with video productionViesturs Šints for sourcing the ferrofluidToms Beinerts for sourcing the magnet ● Music Released and Provided by Tasty ● Song Title: Konac - Away ● Music Video: youtu.be/TPaleNR9eis ● Label Channel: http://youtube.com/TastyNetworkMade and narrated by researcher Reinis Baranovskis
Liquid Mirror by Gallium Alloy - Galinstan [4k] MHD Technology Laboratory 2018-01-28 | Gallium alloy (GaInSn) is a room temperature liquid metal. Here a calibration device is filled with ~ 1 litre of metal (around 6.5 kg). When cleaned the surface forms a perfect mirror reflecting the surroundings. The device itself is used for calibrating liquid metal velocity measuring systems.
Making Bismuth Crystals [4k] MHD Technology Laboratory 2017-08-25 | By slowly cooling down molten bismuth, complex structures of bismuth crystals are formed. The oxide layer on the metal surface gives it a spectacular rainbow-colored coating. Color of the crystal depends on temperature when crystal is exposed to oxygen in the air. Hotter temperatures produce orange and yellow-ish colors and lower temperatures correspond with blue and purple colors.
Electromagnetic Levitation using Permanent Magnets MHD Technology Laboratory 2017-01-05 | Here rotating NeFeB magnets are used to levitate copper objects. Up to 2 kg heavy pieces were successfully lifted demonstrating the capabilities of inducing forces in conductive materials with rotating magnet systems. Changing magnetic field induces currents in copper obejcts. These current then interact with magnetic field and creates force object. With adjusting rotational frequency a stable conditons can be reached where objects can seemingly levitate.
Making Gallium Crystals [4K] MHD Technology Laboratory 2016-12-23 | Making Gallium Crystals at room temperature. First time too much of Gallium solidified, therefore the second attempt was made. By cooling container from one side and adding small piece of Gallium at beginning it was possible to create a starting point from which large crystals were growing. Result was spectacular since different types of structures were made. Music: Chaotix - State of Elevation
Induction Heating through Ice (1000 C) MHD Technology Laboratory 2016-12-07 | This video showcases a workpiece heated by induction frozen in a block of ice. This is an excellent example of the power of induction heating. Despite the cooling effect of the ice, graphite workpiece is heated up to 1000 C, without melting the ice(not at least quickly).Since the ice is not conductive and its thermal conductivity is also poor, it stays mostly frozen and does not heat up. Also the absorption coefficient for ice is low ( it let's trough the heat ), therefore it does not heat up quickly.Credits to: Reinis BaranovskisMikus MilgrāvisImants KaldreJuris Grīgs Music: Tonton - Bon Voyage [Majestic Color]Video tiek skaisti ilustrēta indukcijas sildīšana. Grafīta gredzens, kas iesaldēts ledus klucī, tiek karsēts līdz 1000 C, taču ledus praktiski nekūst. Tam ir vairaki skaidrojumi. Pirmkārt, ledus ir elektriksi nevadošs līdz ar to siltums tajā neizdalās, kā arī ledus kā materiāls arī salidzinoši slikti vada siltumu. Un visbeidzot ledus praktiski neabsorbē siltumstarojumu . Visu šo īpašību summa padara šādu demonstrējumu iespējamu.
Liquid Tin (Sn) Poured and Solidified in Copper Ring MHD Technology Laboratory 2016-12-04 | Liquid Tin (Sn) Poured and Solidified in Copper Ring.
10 000 [A] Impulse Discharge Interacting with Liquid Metal MHD Technology Laboratory 2016-12-04 | 10 000 [A] impulse discharge interacting with liquid GaInSn. Only mere 10 % of maximum power is used in this case.
Timelapse of Molten Tin (Sn) Crystallization MHD Technology Laboratory 2016-12-04 | Timelapse of Molten Tin Crystallization.
Rotating Permanent Magnets Stirring Liquid GaInSn Alloy MHD Technology Laboratory 2016-12-03 | Two-cylinder rotating permanent magnets system is used to stir pool of liquid. Using two 40 mm magnets it is possible to stir 10 kg (1.7 liters) of liquid metal up to 500 mm/s. The video showcases different system setups resulting in vastly different flow types. The stirring is completely contactless and the physical phenomena is based on induced currents and Lorentz forces acting upon the metal. The liquid metal used is eutectic alloy of Gallium, Indium and Tin.Publication on this: iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/228/1/012022/meta
Induction Heating of Graphite Ring, Glowing Orange @ 1100 C MHD Technology Laboratory 2016-12-03 | Induction heating of graphite ring covered with BN(Boron Nitride). A great example of thermal radiation at different temperatures. Unfortunately, the coating that supposed to protect graphite from oxidation, could not handle such extreme temperatures.
Molten Aluminum Crystallization MHD Technology Laboratory 2016-12-03 | Molten aluminum (~850 C) is poured in a graphite crucible, where it undergoes slow crystallization process. Since in this case process is relatively slow, the formation of crystal structure is observable on the surface.
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