Name: The Difficult Truth About Democracy and Primaries @williamcfox
Uploaded: 2026-09-27T08:17:00-05:00
Duration: 8 min 17 s
Description: The Difficult Truth About Democracy and Primaries

The Difficult Truth About Democracy and Primaries

William C. Fox 2026-09-27 | The Difficult Truth About Democracy and Primaries

Brexits Gibraltar Problem is Getting Weird

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-12-30 | ★ Access exclusive original content and support your favorite creators. nebula.tv/exploringhistory

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0:00 Intro

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Music by Epidemic Sound: http://nebula.tv/epidemic
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Why I quit my job

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-12-30 | Support on Patreon: patreon.com/c/williamcfox
Support on Substack: williamcfox.substack.com/bf0c2564

WWIIs Practice Run in 1936

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-12-19 | ★ Access exclusive original content and support your favorite creators. nebula.tv/exploringhistory

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★ NOTE ON SOURCING IN CAPTIONS:
At the end of a sentence with sourcing, something like this will appear:
"The sky is blue. The ocean is blue (17,89)."
In this example, the 1st number represents the source # from the source list in this description. The 2nd number represents the page number, if the source is a book. If the numbers are separated by a semicolon ie (2;3), the numbers represent two different sources.

0:00 Intro

Mapping software licensed through MapTiler,and GEOlayers. Thanks to OpenStreetMap and Natural Earth.
Music by Epidemic Sound: http://nebula.tv/epidemic
Stock video and imagery provided by Getty Images.

How World War II Was Practiced in Spain (1936-1939)

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-12-12 | The Spanish Civil War is deserving of a complete history. It's a moment when fascism won and democracy imploded. It was a conflict of ideological extremes: monarchists, nationalists and fascists, supplied by Hitler and Mussolini, who rose up against the 2nd Spanish Republic, a coalition of socialists, communists and anarchists, supported by Stalin’s Soviet Union. But instead of a complete history, for this mini documentary, I give some of the reasons I'm passionate about learning about Spain's Civil War, and I try to infect you with that same passion. Hope it works!

My substack meditation on citzenship: williamcfox.substack.com/p/what-now-a-meditation-on-citizenship

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★ NOTE ON SOURCING IN CAPTIONS:
At the end of a sentence with sourcing, something like this will appear:
"The sky is blue. The ocean is blue (17,89)."
In this example, the 1st number represents the source # from the source list in this description. The 2nd number represents the page number, if the source is a book. If the numbers are separated by a semicolon ie (2;3), the numbers represent two different sources.

1. Hell and Good Company by Rhodes. 2015 amzn.to/3Zm5ysk
2. “The Spanish Civil War” by Hugh Thomas amzn.to/3Vqa7AD
3. Franco and the Condor Legion: the Spanish Civil War in the Air. Alpert. 2019 amzn.to/3OHMkby
4. Spain in Our Hearts: Americans in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Hochschild 2017 amzn.to/3AYHqnG
5. World Without End: Spain, Philip II, and the First Global Empire. 2014 amzn.to/3CUF2id
6. José Calvo Sotelo La Real Academia de la Historia . Accessed Dec 3, 2024
7. “Frontline Madrid: Battlefield Tours of the Spanish Civil War” amzn.to/3Voye2K
8. George Orwell’s ‘Homage to Catalonia amzn.to/3D2eWtE
9. ‘For Whom the Bell Tolls’ by Ernest Hemingway amzn.to/4ijMxiZ
10. Niceto Alcalá-Zamora. La Real Academia de la Historia
11. Manuel Azaña Díaz La Real Academia de la Historia
12. “Text of New Spanish Constitution” Vol. 36, No. 3 (JUNE 1932), p374 accessed JSTOR
13. Azaña: Intellectual and statesman. Acción Cultural Española 2020 978-84-17265-16-8
14. Antony Beevor. 2006. The Battle for Spain. amzn.to/41nAds2
15. Non-Intervention and the Spanish Civil War. Thomas. ASIL Vol. 61 (APRIL 27-29, 1967)
16. The Barcelona May Days, 1937. University of Warwick. Accessed Dec 2024
17. JRR Tolkien and the Spanish Civil War. JMF Bru. 2011. Mallorn
18. International Brigades. Britannica. Accessed Dec 2024
19. George Steer and Guernica by Paul Preston. History Today Volume 57 Issue 5
20. “In Praise of...Guernica” The Gaurdian March 2009
21. The Telegraph “10 pieces of modern art that shook the world”
22. “The Art of War” by Colm Toibin for The Guardian. April 2006.
23. Howard University student Thaddeus Battle: 1938. Excerpted from the Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives, accessed via Flickr.

0:00-00:51 Intro
00:52-4:49 fascists vs. communists
04:50- 8:43 Election before War
8:44-14:01 WWII Rehearsal
14:02-17:32 Orwell
17:33-20:52 Picasso's Guernica
20:53-24:52 Modern Relevance

Mapping software licensed through MapTiler,and GEOlayers. Thanks to OpenStreetMap and Natural Earth.
Music by Epidemic Sound: http://nebula.tv/epidemic
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Short History of Hong Kong

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-12-02 | ...

Why British Cut Ireland in Two

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-11-29 | ...

Germany’s Election CRISIS Explained

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-11-24 | ...

Antarctica’s Map is Stupid

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-11-22 | ...

German Election CRISIS (Explained with History)

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-11-17 | German Elections are coming after coalition collapse. How did it happen, and what is the historical context?
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★ NOTE ON SOURCING IN CAPTIONS:
At the end of a sentence with sourcing, something like this will appear:
"The sky is blue. The ocean is blue (17,89)."
In this example, the 1st number represents the source # from the source list in this description. The 2nd number represents the page number, if the source is a book. If the numbers are separated by a semicolon ie (2;3), the numbers represent two different sources.

1. “Germany’s social democrats name…” Politico. October 8, 2024. Nöstlinger
2. FDP ließ schon zweimal Koalitionen platzen, Tobias Bluhm 06.11.2024
3. “Gerhard Schröder (1998 - 2005)” Bundeskanzleramt. 27 April 2018
4. “Angela Merkel – her political career…” 17.07.2024 deutschland de
5. “Helmut Schmidt (1974 - 1982)” Bundeskanzleramt. 27 April 2018
6. Pollock JK. The German Elections of 1928. American Political Science Review. 1928;22(3):698-705
7. “A History of West Germany” Vol 1, Bark & Gress amzn.to/3UT3M0n
8. “Vizekanzler Robert Habeck: Liberale Demokratien unter Druck” Nov 9, 2024
9. 04.12.2017 “Freie Demokraten stehen für eine Politik der vernünftigen Mitte”
10. Tagesschau. “"Wir rücken nicht raus aus der Mitte” 05.05.2024
11. “Kanzler Scholz: „Mehrheit der Mitte ist viel größer“ 24.09.2024. Deutschlandfunk
12. ZDFheute “Ampel-Aus besiegelt: Bundeskanzler Scholz entlässt…” Nov 7 2024
13. “Germany's far-right AfD seeking to…” Reuters. Escritt March 12, 2024
14. Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. Shirer. 1959. amzn.to/40KHbXD
15. ARD “Sahra Wagenknecht und ihr Weg in die Politik” Jun 10, 2024
16. Frontline PBS. “Why an Influential Figure in…” July 2024
17. Pew. “7 Facts about…” Ramones. Sept 20, 2024
18. Political Germany National Parliament voting intention
19. WELT. “US-WAHL 2024: Donald Trump” Nov. 6, 2024
20. Alice Weidel: „Trump ist ein Vorbild für die AfD“ November 2024
21. “Donald Trump would have little chance” DW. Fürstenau 11/01/2024

Further Articles I read in preparing this video:
Damien McGuinness for BBC. “Germany engulfed by political crisis”
Kinkartz for DW. “Germany's coalition government falls”
Ehl for DW. “What next for Germany”
DW. 11.6.24 “Germany's governing coalition collapses”

0:00 Intro

Mapping software licensed through MapTiler,and GEOlayers. Thanks to OpenStreetMap and Natural Earth.

Stock video and imagery provided by Getty Images.

The Real Reason No One Claims Antarctica (yet)

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-11-07 | Who Owns Antarctica? 511 Billion Barrels of oil are hidden under the ice, potentially sparking an unsettling race to influence the future of the last place on earth you can't visit. In this video, I go through the history of colonial claims in Antarctica, the post-war idealism leading to the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, and the cracks forming in the consensus of the modern age.

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★ NOTE ON SOURCING IN CAPTIONS:
At the end of a sentence with sourcing, something like this will appear:
"The sky is blue. The ocean is blue (17,89)."
In this example, the 1st number represents the source # from the source list in this description. The 2nd number represents the page number, if the source is a book. If the numbers are separated by a semicolon ie (2;3), the numbers represent two different sources.

1. “Russia’s Oil Exploration in Antarctica…” Saleem H. Ali. Forbes. May 25, 2024
2. The Antarctic Treaty Preamble. Accessed through Secretariat website.
3. Roald Amundsen. Norwegian explorer. Britannica. Accessed October 2024.
4. March 15, 1948 CIA Report. “Argentine Claims in the Falklands…” No.4606
5. “Día de la Antártida Argentina” 22 Feb 2019. MRECIC.
6. Polar Record. 1948;5(35-36):241-243. Reproduced British Letters Patent of 1908 , 1917
7. “National Interests and Claims…” Wilson Arctic, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Mar., 1964), pp. 15-31
8. "Sir James Clark Ross". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Apr. 2024
9. Australian Government. “Australian Antarctic Territory”
10. NZ FAT. “Antarctica and the Southern Ocean” Accessed Oct ‘24
11. Norwegian Government. Meld. st. 32. Norway’s History in the Antarctic. 2014.
12. MEAE. “Antarctica: an exceptional continent.”
13. NASA. John Uri. July 5, 2022
14. International Geophysical Year (IGY) National Archives and Eisenhower Library.
15. 1945 Emery Reeves , “The Anatomy of Peace” amzn.to/3NAD60n
16. 1958 textbook, “World Peace Through World Law” amzn.to/3YymvRf
17. Hearing on House Concurrent Resolution 64. “To Seek Development of the United Nations into a World Federation” 1949
18. LOC. History of the Antarctic Treaty System. Sophia Guido
19. Brady, A.-M. (2017). “CHINA’S INTEREST IN EX…” (p.17–20). ASPI.
20. “How the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 Influenced…” Jan 28, 2022. Sophia Guido
21. AP. “In message to Russia…” May 23, 2024
22. El Pais. Changes on the map. Carlos Pagni APR 10, 2024
23. CSIS. U.S. Operational Retreat from Antarctica. William Muntean III. May ‘24.
24. Great-Power Competition Comes to Antarctica. Elizabeth Buchanan March 18, 2024
25. Mar 10, 2024 “Antarctic ambitions are reshaping…” Axios
26. “China in the Antarctic Treaty System” 2020 ASPI. Accessed JSTOR
27. “China blocks moves to increase protection…” PBS Jun 3, 2022

0:00-00:38 Intro
00:39-5:18 Frozen Colonial Claims
5:19-8:25 Post-War Utopianism
8:26-12:15 Treaty
12:16-17:04 Cracks
17:05-22:17 Sundown

Mapping software licensed through MapTiler,and GEOlayers. Thanks to OpenStreetMap and Natural Earth.

Stock video and imagery provided by Getty Images.

Brexits Gibraltar Problem is Getting Worse

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-10-11 | A Brexit deal on Gibraltar has complicated the future relationship with the European Union and Spain for years now, long after the UK has formally left the EU with its own deal. Now, a deadline is approaching that might see a hard border implemented at the border of Spain and Gibraltar.

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1. Financial Times. “Why Gibraltar is the last big unresolved problem of Brexit” April 2024. Foy.
2. HM Gov of Gibraltar. Fact Sheet. Accessed 2024.
3. (editorial) The Guardian view on Gibraltar: a deal with the EU is long overdue. April 2024
4. “Life around Gibraltar: one line, two very different worlds” El Pais. Martin-Arroyo. 2017.
5. “Spain and UK reach draft deal on post-Brexit…” Guardian. Dec 2020 Kassam & Boffey
6. Telegraph. Spain to impose hard border on Gibraltar after.” Crisp and Barnes. July 2024
7. Technical Notice. HM gov of Gibraltar. “Schengen Entry - 522/2024” July 23, 2024
8. “Spain, EU propose to keep Gibraltar land border open…” Reuters Nov 25, 2022
9. “Spain, Britain close to deal over Gibraltar, Madrid says…” Reuters Nov 28, 2023
10. AP. “EU, Britain and Spain say significant progress made…” Aril 12, 2024
11. Joint: Progress of UK-EU agreement in respect of Gibraltar. 19 Sep ‘24
12. “Spain to seek talks on joint sovereignty of Gibraltar”. RTE
13. Gibraltar The Greatest Siege in British History. Roy and Lesley Adkins. 2017
14. “EU referendum results” The Electoral Commission
15. Gibraltar. History of a Fortress. Ernle Bradford
16. “What could Brexit mean for Gibraltar?” BBC. April 2017.Tom Burridge.
17. @sanchezcastejon 22 Nov 18 Twitter

0:00 Intro
00:46 The Stakes
3:31 Gibraltar History
7:04 History Affects Present
8:57 Harsh Deadline
11:50 What Now?

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Stock video and imagery provided by Getty Images.

Irelands Division Was Never Supposed to Last 100 Years

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-09-17 | Why is Ireland Divided? The partition of Ireland is a story which finds its roots in the 12th century, and continues into our time.

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★ NOTE ON SOURCING IN CAPTIONS:
At the end of a sentence with sourcing, something like this will appear:
"The sky is blue. The ocean is blue (17,89)."
In this example, the 1st number represents the source # from the source list in this description. The 2nd number represents the page number, if the source is a book. If the numbers are separated by a semicolon ie (2;3), the numbers represent two different sources.

A) Birth of a State The Anglo-Irish Treaty, Fathartaigh & Weeks amzn.to/3Mw1P5j
B) 1916: The Easter Rising. Tim Pat Coogan amzn.to/3X7R3qO
C) Easter 1916 Charles Townshend. 2015 ed. amzn.to/4e64Jd7
D) The Partition Ireland Divided 1885-1925. Townshend. 2021 amzn.to/3Taj4Nz

1. Ireland Since the Famine, FSL Lyons amzn.to/4dtdrSF
2. The Norse invasions and their aftermath. Boland and Ranelagh 8/24. Britannica
3. Oxford Reference. Overview. lordship of Ireland
4. Elizabeth I by Anne Somerset 1991 amzn.to/3XgPo3I
5. Trinity College Dublin. The Cromwellian Conquest.
6. “Part 2: The Curse of Cromwell…” St. Luke’s
7. UK Parliament “From Cromwell to the Boyne”
8. BBC History. The 1798 Irish Rebellion. Professor Bartlett Updated 2011-02-17
9. McGrath CI. Securing the Protestant interest…” IHS. 1996;30(117):25-46.
10. Catholic Emancipation. British and Irish history. Britannica
11. “The Impact of the Great…” Science Direct
12. “The great famine…” UK Parliament
13. Powderly. “How Infection Shaped…” Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2019; 130 (abstract)
14. National Museum of Ireland. “Irish Emigration to America”
15. LOC. Irish-Catholic Immigration to America. Accessed aug 24
16. Ireland’s Great Hunger Museum. “Exports in Famine Times”
17. The Guardian. “Archive: Irish Home Rule…” Stoddard Sep 2014
18. Text of Ulster’s Solemn League and Covenant Sept 28, 1912
19. About the Ulster Covenant. Public Record Office of Northern Ireland
20. PBS. “Gerry Adams and Sinn Fein” Sinn Fein
21. UK Parliament “Third home rule Bill”
22. Government of Ireland Act 1914. UK Parliament
23. Text of the Government of Ireland Act 1914
24. BBC James Connolly 1896-1916. 1916 Easter Rising Profiles
25. BBC. 1916 Easter Rising Profiles. “The background to the rising”
26. The Executed Leaders of the 1916 Rising. Dep. of the Taoiseach Nov. 2018
27. The First Dail. 1919. History of Parliament in Ireland. Houses of Oireachtas.
28. Michael Collins. Britannica. Updated aug 2024
29. UK House of Lords Library. “What was the system of government in…
30. Text of Government of Ireland Act 1920. Accessed legislation dot govuk
31. Book, Ireland's Right to Unity: the case stated by the All-Party Anti-Partition Conference, Mansion House, Dublin, Ireland, Second edition, 1949. (found through Peter Leary’s A house divided. Oxford Brookes departments Faculty…2018)
32. Will Ireland unite? The Week. updated February 5, 2024

0:00-00:35 Intro
00:36-2:48 Mapping Early History
2:49-4:48 Irish Experience
4:49-7:38 Home Rule Movement
7:39-10:55 Easter Rising
10:56-14:01 Independence War
14:02-17:31 What Was the Treaty?
17:32-19:33 Was History Predetermined?

Mapping software licensed through MapTiler and GEOlayers. Thanks to OpenStreetMap and Natural Earth.

Stock video and imagery provided by Getty Images.

How China Stole Hong Kong Back

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-08-20 | Hong Kong's History, from the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration to the National Security Law of 2020.

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★ NOTE ON SOURCING IN CAPTIONS:
At the end of a sentence with sourcing, something like this will appear:
"The sky is blue. The ocean is blue (17,89)."
In this example, the 1st number represents the source # from the source list in this description. The 2nd number represents the page number, if the source is a book. If the numbers are separated by a semicolon ie (2;3), the numbers represent two different sources.

**Due to character limits, sources 1-26 in part 1 video description
27. University of Toronto Libraries, Hong Kong Basic Law Portal. Mar 2023.
28. BBC. “Q&A: HK's anti-subversion bill” July 2003.
29. The Basic Law. accessed: basiclaw dot gov dot hk Aug 2024
30. (1839) Lin Zexu, Letter to Queen Victoria
31. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Tung Chee-hwa", 25 May. 2024
32. BBC. Hong Kong backs down…” September 8, 2012
33. “Hong Kong: The Rise and Fall of ‘One Country, Two Systems’. Overholt. Dec 2019
34. BBC. Hong Kong protests: What is the 'Umbrella Movement'? September 2019
35. “Umbrella Movement Civil Resistance…” p11 - 24 Amsterdam University Press. 2019
36. CNN. “Hong Kong’s Occupy Central democracy ‘referendum’...” Chan. 2014
37. “The Question of Sovereignty…” Justin Cahill 2014
38. “Making Hong Kong China” Michael C. Davis 2020 amzn.to/4fGpxZZ
39. NYT. What Is Hong Kong’s Extradition Bill? Ives. June 2019
40. Hong Kong national security law: What is it and is it worrying? BBC March 2024
41. English Translation. “The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region”
42. Amnesty International. “Hong Kong’s national security law: 10 things..” July 2020
43. BBC “Hong Kong media guide” 5 September 2023
44. “China Is Dismantling Hong Kong’s Unions…” Wang HRW 2021.
45. Zhang M. Empire of Impartiality: Managing Indebtedness to Foreigners in Eighteenth-Century China. Journal of Global History. Published online 2024
46. “Hong Kong Under…” CFR President’s Inbox. July 2020 @~15:00 Prof. Tin-bor Hui

0:00-00:49 Intro
00:50-5:20 Handover Anxiety
5:21-9:26 Chinese Gov Sovereignty
9:27-11:42 Early Resistance
11:43-14:15 Umbrellas
14:16-17:07 Largest Resistance
17:08-21:19 Silence

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Can We Stop the President from Being a King? Full Dr. Knott Interview

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-08-18 | Can We Stop the President from Being the King? This is a pre-recorded interview.

Dr. Stephen F. Knott is the Thomas & Mabel Guy Professor of American History & Government at Ashland University, and an Emeritus Professor at the Naval War College.

His book we discuss is called The Lost Soul of the American Presidency, available here: amzn.to/3AoHkVs

His newest book, Coming to Terms with John F. Kennedy, is available here: amzn.to/4cxQH2B

The Ridiculous Reason Britain Stole Hong Kong from China

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-08-11 | ★ Access exclusive original content and support your favorite creators. nebula.tv/exploringhistory

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★ NOTE ON SOURCING IN CAPTIONS:
At the end of a sentence with sourcing, something like this will appear:
"The sky is blue. The ocean is blue (17,89)."
In this example, the 1st number represents the source # from the source list in this description. The 2nd number represents the page number, if the source is a book. If the numbers are separated by a semicolon ie (2;3), the numbers represent two different sources.

1. Indelible City, Louisa Lim amzn.to/3NNLr1b
2. Hong Kong’s Freedoms: What China Promised and How It’s Cracking Down. CFR. 2022
3.”Making Hong Kong China…” Michael C. Davis amzn.to/3tGjZvB
4. Hong Kong Silenced. The Telegraph
5. Hong Kong Under China’s National Security Law, w/Victoria Tin-bor Hui. CFR Podcast. 2020
6. A Concise History of Hong Kong. 2007. John M. Carroll. amzn.to/3S0UzSM
7. William H. Overholt December 2019. “Hong Kong:The Rise…”
8. UK Parliament. “Hong Kong: the Joint Declaration Research Briefing July, 2019
9. A History of Hong Kong 1997 Frank Welsh amzn.to/48DIqbP
10. Congressional Research Service. 2020. “China’s National Security Law…”
11. Smithsonian. National Museum of Asian Art. Yuan dynasty, 1279–1368
12. “In Hong Kong, Xi says 'one country, two systems'...” Shen and Pomfret 2022
13. Island district. Hong Kong Tourism Board
14. NY Times. “The Time the Iron Lady ‘Turned’ Before China”. Tatlow April 2013
15. Beijing Rules: How China Weaponized Its Economy to Confront the World
Bethany Allen. 2023 amzn.to/3L9FHNM
16. treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=08000002800d4d6e
17. Website only.* The Archaeology of Hong Kong. William Meacham hkupress 2008 “at least 7,000 years”
18. TIME. “The Southern Song Emperors” Anjani Trivedi, June 2013.
19. Hayes, J. (2012). Kowloon City and Kowloon Street: The Community Institutions of a Yamen, Market, and Rural Subdistrict. In The Hong Kong Region 1850-1911: Institutions and Leadership in Town and Countryside (1st ed., pp. 163–180). Hong Kong University Press.
20. Cambridge U. Press 2016 The Qing Empire and the Opium War. Haijian Mao
21. Pew Research. December 2023. “How people in Hong Kong…”. Corichi & Huang
22. Treaty for a Lost City. C.L.Lim. 2022 amzn.to/3LlqCsu
23. LOC. Hong Kong From Fishing Village to Financial Center KESTELL and MEINHEIT
24. Spectator. George Lai “Hong Kong and the surprising truth…” May 2022
25. “Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong”
26. The secret negotiations that sealed Hong Kong’s future. James Griffiths 2017

00:00-00:40 intro
00:41-1:38 Thatcher
1:39-3:06 Early Hong Kong History
3:07-7:31 Barbarians in Middle Kingdom
7:32-9:08 Completing British HK
9:09-11:49 Chinese Pressure
11:50-15:16 The Joint Declaration
15:17-18:48 Things to Come

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How Did the President Become the King? (1789-Now)

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-07-11 | ★ Access exclusive original content and support your favorite creators. nebula.tv/exploringhistory

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★ NOTE ON SOURCING IN CAPTIONS:
At the end of a sentence with sourcing, something like this will appear:
"The sky is blue. The ocean is blue (17,89)."
In this example, the 1st number represents the source # from the source list in this description. The 2nd number represents the page number, if the source is a book. If the numbers are separated by a semicolon ie (2;3), the numbers represent two different sources.

0:00 Intro

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The Most Important Historical Figure They Never Teach You

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-06-28 | Haiti/Saint-Domingue's revolutionary Toussaint Louverture had an incredible and unlikely rise to power. So here it is explained.★Support on Patreon: patreon.com/williamcfox

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★ NOTE ON SOURCING IN CAPTIONS:
At the end of a sentence with sourcing, something like this will appear:
"The sky is blue. The ocean is blue (17,89)."
In this example, the 1st number represents the source # from the source list in this description. The 2nd number represents the page number, if the source is a book. If the numbers are separated by a semicolon ie (2;3), the numbers represent two different sources.

1. Black Spartacus. The Epic Life of Toussaint Louverture. Sudhir Hazareesingh. 2020 amzn.to/3RMwKxj
2. The Black Jacobins. CLR James. 1938. (1963 edition) amzn.to/3zvkhI1
3. Toussaint Louverture. Philippe Girard. 2016
4. Toussaint Louverture, A Biography. Madison Smartt Bell. 2008. amzn.to/4cITPcz
5. Toussaint Louverture and the American Civil War. Matthew J. Calvin. 2010 amzn.to/3W0e28a
6. Toussaint Louverture. A black Jacobin….Charles Forsdick. Christian Hogsbjerg. 2017 amzn.to/4eGz8jc
7. The Haitian Revolution. A Documentary History. David Geggus. 2014. amzn.to/3xNpavD
8. The French Revolution and Human Rights. Lynn Hunt. 1996 amzn.to/4bmWxmT
9. Constitution of 1801.
10. Toussaint letter to Napoléon on the 1801 Constitution
11. Facing Racial Revolution: Captivity Narratives and Identity in the Saint-Domingue Insurrection. Jeremy D. Popkin Eighteenth-Century Studies Vol. 36, No. 4. 2003
12. Sonthonax 1794 Proclamation. “Au nom de la Republique”
13. Brown Uni. The Other Revolution. British occupation.
14. Departments of Haiti. Wikipedia
15. You Are All Free: The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery. Popkin 2010. amzn.to/3L3N0X7
16. Toussaint Louverture. Haitian revolutionary leader. National Museum of African American History & Culture. Visited 6.3.24
17. Michel-Rolph Trouillot. Silencing the Past 1995 amzn.to/4eI1oBW
18. Avengers of the New World, Laurent Dubois 2005 amzn.to/3KX2coV

00:00-1:19 intro
01:20-2:59 housekeeping
3:00-5:09 context
5:10-10:01 early life
10:02-12:16 Revolution, Revolt
12:17-15:41 Toussaint the Public Figure
15:42-19:44 Kings on kings on kings
19:45-29:17 Roundabout Emancipation
29:18-31:51 FRENCH AGAIN
31:52-36:40 Ejecting Allies
36:41-40:44 Zenith of Power

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UK Election’s Historical Parallel

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-06-17 | ...

UK Elections 2024 Explained for Americans + Historical Context

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-06-14 | ★ Access exclusive original content and support your favorite creators. nebula.tv/exploringhistory

★Support on Patreon: patreon.com/williamcfox

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★ NOTE ON SOURCING IN CAPTIONS:
At the end of a sentence with sourcing, something like this will appear:
"The sky is blue. The ocean is blue (17,89)."
In this example, the 1st number represents the source # from the source list in this description. The 2nd number represents the page number, if the source is a book. If the numbers are separated by a semicolon ie (2;3), the numbers represent two different sources.

00:00-00:35 Intro
00:36-5:17 What is a general election?
5:18-7:04 Context for 2024
7:05-13:06 Historical context
13:07-15:40 Other parties & conclusion

1. ‘How government works’ gov dot uk
2. 2017 U.K. general election results and “confidence and supply” Britannica.
3. First YouGov MRP of 2024 general election
4. BBC. Nicola Sturgeon arrested in SNP finances inquiry 11 June 2023
5. A Journey. My Political Life. Tony Blair amzn.to/3hNxUtC
6. Liberal Democrats dot org. What we stand for Our beliefs, principles and values
7. IPSOS. The Polls and the British General Election of 1997
8. Types of election, referendums, and who can vote. Uk dot gov
9. Parliament dot uk. “Start of a new Parliament”
10. BBC History Tony Blair (1953 - )
11. Blair Maiden Speech to HoC. 1983
12. BBC Question Time 1985. BBC QT Facebook Page 2019.

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I checked myself into eating disorder treatment

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-05-15 | National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA): 800-931-2237
Suicide and Crisis Lifeline: 988 (USA)
United Kingdom: NHS 111 or Beat helpline on 0808 801 0677

★Support on Patreon: patreon.com/williamcfox

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What if Presidents Drop Before Renomination?

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-04-22 | ...

What Happens if a President Drops Out Before Nomination? Historical Analysis

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-04-19 | Donald Trump would be 78 on Inauguration day 2025. Biden 82! Can history shed light on this unprecedented situation?
★Support on Patreon: patreon.com/williamcfox

★ Access exclusive original content and support your favorite creators. nebula.tv/exploringhistory

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★ NOTE ON SOURCING IN CAPTIONS:
At the end of a sentence with sourcing, something like this will appear:
"The sky is blue. The ocean is blue (17,89)."
In this example, the 1st number represents the source # from the source list in this description. The 2nd number represents the page number, if the source is a book. If the numbers are separated by a semicolon ie (2;3), the numbers represent two different sources.

1. Lyndon B. Johnson Public Approval. The American Presidency Project. UCSB.
2. PBS Thematic Window. The ELECTION OF 1968.
3. “Have Any U.S. Presidents Decided Not to Run…?” Britannica Jeff Wallenfeldt
4. Presidential Selection: Theory and Development. James W. Ceaser. 1979 amzn.to/43AUXeX
5. Ballotpedia. Types of delegates
6. Democrats dot org. Delegate Selection Rules For the 2024 Democratic National Convention
7. NYTimes. “Can Democrats Replace Biden?...” Maggie Astor. Feb. 24, 2024
8. “Selecting A President” Britannica
9. Leaderless Government, Woodrow Wilson 1897
10. State of the Union Address: Woodrow Wilson (December 2, 1913)
11. ‘The Ezra Klein Show’. “Here’s How an Open Democratic Convention Would…”
12. Axios. The oldest U.S. presidents during their terms. Sareen Habeshian

0:00-1:12 Intro
1:13-5:23 Quest
5:24-9:54 1968
9:55-12:01 It's the system, man
12:02-14:44 Primary Evolution
14:45-22:16 Democracy & Primaries

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UK Islands to Join Norway? #history #geography #map

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-04-03 | ...

Why one tiny island has two countries 🏝️

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-03-20 | ...

Why Washington, D.C. Was Cut in Two in 1846 #historyfacts #historymap #geography #washingtondc

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-03-15 | ...

Why Washington, D.C. Was Cut In Two In 1846

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-03-09 | ★ Access exclusive original content and support your favorite creators. nebula.tv/exploringhistory
★Support on Patreon: patreon.com/williamcfox

The map of Washington, D.C. changed drastically overnight after Alexandria left in 1846. The geography of the District shrunk by roughly one-third, so in this video we explore all the reasons why.

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Michael's Book:
Hidden History of Alexandria, D.C.. Michael Lee Pope amzn.to/3FqoIna

Full interviews on Nebula:
nebula.tv/videos/exploringhistory-full-interviews-with-michael-pope-and-charlie-grymes-why-dc-was-cut-in-two-in-1846

★ NOTE ON SOURCING IN CAPTIONS:
At the end of a sentence with sourcing, something like this will appear:
"The sky is blue. The ocean is blue (17,89)."
In this example, the 1st number represents the source # from the source list in this description. The 2nd number represents the page number, if the source is a book. If the numbers are separated by a semicolon ie (2;3), the numbers represent two different sources.

1. The Alexandria Retrocession of 1846. Boundary Stones. 07/08/2016 Richard Brownell
2. Proclamation [24 January 1791] By the President of the U. States of America
3. Virginia Places. Cession and Retrocession of the District of Columbia.
4. National Archives. “Editorial Note: Bill to Establish a Government for the Territory…”
5. History Engine. “Retrocession of Alexandria from Washington, D.C. to Become Part…”
6. Alexandria, D.C. alexandria dot gov. Page updated December 2021.
7. Hidden History of Alexandria, D.C.. Michael Lee Pope amzn.to/3FqoIna
8. WaPo 2011. Why Alexandria Lost Its DC. Patricia Sullivan.
9. "An act to amend 'An Act for Establishing the Temporary…” 1791
10. Britannica. Embargo Act. United States [1807]
11. NPS dot gov “184.5 Miles of Adventure…Chesapeake and Ohio Canal”
12. A Chronological History of the Alexandria Canal (Part II) By Maxine Morgan. 1966.
13. Hidden History of Alexandria, D.C. Michael Lee Pope. amzn.to/46ECLBG
14. Ending Slavery in the District of Columbia.Emancipation dot DC dot gov. Accessed Oct ‘23
15. September 7 1846 President Polk. Proclamation 48.
16. History and Reminiscences of St. John's Church, Washington, D. C. Alexander B. Hagner
Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C., Vol. 12 (1909), pp. 89-114
17. The Virginia Portion of the District of Columbia. Casselman. Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C., Vol. 12 (1909), pp. 115-141

00:00-01:10 Intro
01:10-3:06 Quest to Jones Point
03:07-06:07 Early Troubles
06:08-10:51 River & War
10:52-12:58 Voting & Slavery
12:59-14:32 Conclusion

This project is supported in part by the DC Commission on the Arts and Humanities, which receives support from the National Endowment for the Arts.

Stock video and imagery provided by Getty Images.

What if China Invaded Taiwan? Historical Context #historychannel #historymap #historyfacts

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-02-28 | ...

The Secret White House Bowling Alley

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-01-27 | ...

Why Animals Should Have Rights: A Hidden History

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2024-01-17 | This is a short history of thought on animal rights, ethics, and liberation. After watching the Netflix Documentary ‘You Are What You Eat’, I've been inspired to go beyond the health and environmental aspects of plant-based/vegan, and share information about animal ethics.

Here is the link to the video with my book recommendations on animal ethics.
Patreon: patreon.com/posts/96603232?pr=true
Nebula: nebula.tv/videos/exploringhistory-bonus-all-my-animal-rights-books-explored

Get Nebula using my link for 40% off an annual subscription: go.nebula.tv/exploringhistory

★Support on Patreon: patreon.com/williamcfox

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★ NOTE ON SOURCING IN CAPTIONS:
At the end of a sentence with sourcing, something like this will appear:
"The sky is blue. The ocean is blue (17,89)."
In this example, the 1st number represents the source # from the source list in this description. The 2nd number represents the page number, if the source is a book. If the numbers are separated by a semicolon ie (2;3), the numbers represent two different sources.

1. Humanistic Texts, al-Ma'arri
2. Museum of Lost Objects: The unacceptable poet. BBC.
3. Oxford Bibliographies, Al-Maʿarrī. 2019
4. Justice for Animals. Martha C. Nussbaum amzn.to/48Njwqd
5. Bhattacharya, S. (2020, December 9). In Bhutan, real citizens don’t eat meat. JSTOR Daily.
6. The Hidden History of Greco-Roman Vegetarianism
7. Aristotle’s Politics amzn.to/48tHR4z
8. Tom Regan. Animal Rights. Human Wrongs. amzn.to/3NYAtGe
9. Ruth Harrison 1964 ‘Animal Machines’ amzn.to/3RXMvAO
10. Our world in data. How many animals are factory-farmed? Hannah Ritchie 2023
11. Animal Liberation. 1975. Peter Singer amzn.to/3vq7DYU
12. Jonathan Foer in Eating Animals amzn.to/41WbUzB
13. @earthlinged, author of This is Vegan Propaganda amzn.to/3tMjBvD
14. Slaughterhouses: How are animals killed in a slaughterhouse
15. “Iowa slaughterhouses slated to..” Des Moines Register. 2020
16. “Prevalence of Stunning Methods…” Humane League. 2021.
17. Ruth Harrison. Animal Machines 1964 amzn.to/3HDkdHn
18. Taking Animals Seriously, 1996 Degrazia amzn.to/3tLKS1l
19. Fellow Creatures, 2018 Christine Korsgaard amzn.to/47DwaHx
20. Upton Sinclair The Jungle 1906 amzn.to/3vIp86Q
21. Photo, calf, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chov_telat_v_%C4%8CR.jpg cc4.0 Beny.rfg

00:00 - 1:44 - You Are What You Intro
1:45 - 3:30 - The First Vegan
3:31 - 7:58 - Western Animal Ethics
7:59 - 13:17 - Modern Animal Ethics
13:18 - 14:56 - Your List

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The Troubled Tale of Tony Blair: Rise and Legacy

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2023-12-28 | Get Nebula using my link for 40% off an annual subscription: go.nebula.tv/exploringhistory
This Holiday: Get a lifetime membership to Nebula for only $300: go.nebula.tv/lifetime?ref=exploringhistory

This video is a political biography which covers Tony Blair's rise to power, his most notable uses of power, and ends with the implications of his legacy.

Professor Steinhorn’s Books:
The Greater Generation amzn.to/3tBiP4l
By the Color of Our Skin amzn.to/41E9gyo

★Support on Patreon: patreon.com/williamcfox

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Sourcing:
1. Decision Points, George W. Bush, amzn.to/3EcLaPM
2. Brown University Watson Institute. Iraqi Civilians.
3. MIT, ”The Human Cost of the Iraq…”
4. Britannica. The Iraq War.
5. A Journey. My Political Life. Tony Blair amzn.to/3hNxUtC
6. “Broken Vows. Tony Blair The Tragedy..” Tom Bower. amzn.to/3GcIJ2q
7. Britannica. Tony Blair
8. The Rt Hon Tony Blair. UK dot gov.
9. The Nation - Mar 15, 1997. World News Page A19.
10. BBC History Tony Blair (1953 - )
11. Blair Maiden Speech to HoC. 1983
12. BBC Question Time 1985. BBC QT Facebook Page 2019.
13. Labour Conference 1997, Tony Blair Keynote Address.
14. IPSOS. The Polls and the British General Election of 1997
15. The Good Friday Agreement. by Siobhán Fenton, amzn.to/3UZoHNm
16. Broken Vows: Tony Blair, The…by Tom Bower review”, John Kampfner. 2016
17. The Guardian. Happiness index: how much do we trust the government?
18. Trust in government, UK: 2022. Office for National Statistics.

00:00-6:14 Intro
6:15-8:33 Early Politics
8:34-16:17 Moderniser
16:18-19:54 Election and Power
19:55-22:29 More Than Iraq
22:30-32:14 Interview and Conclusion

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How Taiwan Got Strong (1644-Now)

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2023-12-05 | ★ Get Nebula using my link for 40% off an annual subscription: go.nebula.tv/exploringhistory
This Holiday: Get a lifetime membership to Nebula for only $300: go.nebula.tv/lifetime?ref=exploringhistory

Sourcing:
1. FP “Taiwan Faces No Trade-Offs With Ukraine” Detsch, Gramer 2023
2. Taiwan: A New History. Edited by Murray A Rubinstein. 1999
3. NYT. U.S. Speeds Up Reshaping of Taiwan’s…2022
4. The Economist. “What is Taiwan’s porcupine defence strategy?” 2022
5. Brookings. An asymmetric defense of Taiwan. Michael E. O’Hanlon. 2021
6. The Diplomat. 2020 Hsi-min and Lee. Taiwan’s Overall Defense Concept, Explained.
7.Taiwan. John C. Copper.
8. Zheng Chenggong, Encyclopedia Britannica. Ralph C. Croizier.
9. Taiwan: A New History. Edited by Murray A Rubinstein. 1999 amzn.to/3T9RJLZ
10. Reuters. May 2023. “Taiwan says software problems delaying new F-16 deliveries”
11. Lockheed Martin “Meet the F-16V…” 2016
12. Taipei Times. June 2023
13. Taipei Times. May 2023. “Taipei, US ironing out arms package”
14. The Hill. KELLY - 05/31/23 “Taiwan receives backlogged…”
15. “Taiwan military to get $619 million U.S…” Reuters March ‘23
16. CNN. April 2023. “A weapons stockpile and asymmetric…”
17. AP. China says Taiwan encirclement drills a ‘serious warning’. April 2023
18. CNBC. Sep 14 2023. “Taiwan slams Elon Musk…” Lee Ying Shan.
19. Explaining Taiwan's… Tsai. Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform Vol. 6, No. 1 (1999), accessed JSTOR
20. Economy of Taiwan Britannica.
21. Brookings. Taiwan’s continued success requires… Syaru Shirley Lin March 15, 2021
22. CSIS. Why Taiwan Matters…Oct 2022
23. FP. Deterrence in Taiwan Is Failing. Sept 2023. Hal Brands
24. “The First Battle of the Next War”. Jan 2023. Cancian et al. CSIS.
25. Carnegie EIP, “How We Would Know…” Oct 2022. John Culver
26. NYTimes. April 10, 2023. Buckley and Chien. “China Brandishes Military Options…”
27. Japan Times. “Inspired by Ukraine war…” 2023 via Reuters
28. Reuters. April 2023. “Taiwan drills to focus on piercing blockade…”
29. Operation Causeway. NTRL National Technical Reports Library. 1944.
30. Professional Crafts, The Fuzzy Border between History and Journalism. Clay Risen. April 2023 AHA Magazine.
31. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War. Strassler. amzn.to/46lmUr8

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00:00-03:13 Intro
03:14-11:58 Taiwan’s History Brief
11:59-15:02 History & Strength
15:03-20:54 War Plans
20:55-27:48 Conclusion
27:50-30:22 Nebula

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Surprising Strategies to Read More (especially history)

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2023-10-22 | Counterintuitive ways to read more, with a focus on reading more history.

★ Access exclusive original content and support your favorite creators. nebula.tv/exploringhistory

★Support on Patreon: patreon.com/williamcfox

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0:00-00:37 Intro
00:38-3:02 Know the landscape
3:03-7:30 AI
7:31-11:01 Productivity & Relaxation
11:02-13:03 Be a book clutterbug
13:04-13:10 Read audiobooks
13:11-13:58 Go to a university library (with permission)
13:59-19:10 Read mass appeal history
19:11-22:19 Don't count pages
22:20-24:08 Get peers
24:09-26:05 Motivation

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The Battle of Marathon, Reluctantly Explained

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2023-10-05 | ★ Access exclusive original content and support your favorite creators. nebula.tv/exploringhistory

★Support on Patreon: patreon.com/williamcfox

Video on Herodotus: youtube.com/watch?v=ElI7_rbyZDY&t=42s

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1. Livius. Herodotus, bk 6, logos 19
2. Sacks, David. "Hippias". Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World.
3. Landmark Herodotus Histories. Strassler et al.
4. Tom Holland on Herodotus' Histories. 2014.
5. Persian Fire. Tom Holland. 2006
6. The Ionian Revolt. Logan Nielsen
7. Dareios I. Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
8. Greek Warriors' Bones Found At Site of Battle of Marathon. NYT.
9. Herodotus: Father of History, Father of Lies. David Pipes
10. Herodotus Is A Big, Fat Liar…And Better Than Any Historian You Have Ever Read
11. Herodotus. Oxford Reference
12. Marathon (490 BCE). Livius.
13. Xerxes I Ancient History Encyclo
14. Persians: Uncivilized savages or just non-Greeks? Amir Kasravi
15. The Persian Cavalry at Marathon. Gordon Shrimpton
16. Cornelius Nepos: Lives of Eminent Commanders. Miltiades.
17. Suda.Byzantine lexicon. Chi,444 “Cavalry Away!”
18. Cavalry about the Time of the Persian Wars. J.A.S Evans
19. British Museum number 1816,0610.158 “temple-relief”

00:00-00:25, Epic Intro
00:26-2:28, Why Reluctant?
02:29-5:39, Herodotus
5:40-10:46, Building Tension
10:47-18:06, Dramatic Battle
18:06-19:38, Conclusion

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We NEVER Talk About This Civil Rights President

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2023-07-23 | To support historical work like this, join me on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/williamcfox ★

Features: Associate Professor of History and African American Studies at Duke University, Adriane Lenzt-Smith, A.J. Baime, New York Times Bestselling Author, and Clifton Truman Daniel, honorary Chairman of the Truman Library Association and eldest grandson of Harry Truman

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1. The Accidental President amzn.to/47dRBA3
2. Dewey Defeats Truman amzn.to/43C7WeH
3. David McCullough. Truman. amzn.to/3JLHxnD
4. Truman Library. “Use of the Period After the "S" in Harry S....”
5. Freedom Struggles: African Americans and World War I amzn.to/3DiQeSw
6. Growing up with my grandfather by Clifton Truman Daniel 1995 amzn.to/3PTVSlH
7. Lyndon Johnson was a civil rights hero.... 2014 NBC Adam Serwer
8. Special Message to the Congress on Civil Rights. Harry S Truman. Yale
9. “The Civil Rights Report behind President...” Steven F. Lawson, Rutgers
10. Correspondence Between President Harry S. Truma, Ernie Roberts
11. “The World’s Experience After fighting for dem…” Adriane Lentz-Smith
12. “Jim Crow Shell Shock: African Americans…”- Adriane Lentz-Smith
13. To Secure These Rights Steven F. Lawson, Rutgers University
14. Truman and the NAACP. Accessed through JSTOR
15. “Saving Sergeant Caldwell,” Harvard Press, Racism in America
16. “Unexampled Courage: The Blinding of Sgt. Isaac…” amzn.to/3Y5Ukr5
17. 1950 “Freedom to Serve” Equality of Treatment ...
18. PBS American Experience. 2021 The Blinding of Isaac Woodard

Additional References:
Records of the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services (Record Group 220)
To Secure These Rights. The Report of the President's Committee on Civil Rights
Freedom to Serve Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services
Truman's Bold Strides for Civil Rights By Richard Gergel
PBS American Experience. MARCH 30, 2021 The Blinding of Isaac Woodard

Thank you Truman Library Institute for help in procuring the interviews. If you'd like to join the celebrations in DC:
Truman Civil Rights Symposium will be held July 26-27 in Washington D.C. to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the desegregation of the U.S. Armed Forces.
REGISTER FOR IN PERSON EVENTS: 12130.thankyou4caring.org/events/to-secure-these-rights-in-person-events
REGISTER FOR THE LIVESTREAM: 12130.thankyou4caring.org/events/to-secure-these-rights-livestream
More info can be found here: trumanlibraryinstitute.org/civil-rights-symposium

00:00-5:12 Intro
5:13-7:36 The Quest & Early Life
7:37-15:37 White House - Awakening
15:38-18:39 The First Moves
18:40-26:10 Rebellion & the EOs
26:11-32:36 Flip the Narrative
32:37-35:51 WWI
35:52-38:53 Conclusion

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Why You Cant Google the First Train

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2023-06-15 | Join me on a quest to find history's first modern passenger railway. Was it the Stockton & Darlington or the Liverpool & Manchester?
★ Access exclusive original content and support your favorite creators. nebula.tv/exploringhistory

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1. Fire and Steam. Wolmar. amzn.to/41LLvTz
2. “Locomotion No 1: Museums' row…” BBC. March 5 2021.
3. History of The S&D Railway. Friends of the Stockton and Darlington Railway
4. Holmes 1975, p13 (see2) Stockton and Darlington Railway 1825-1975 by Peter J. Holmes (1975)
5. Britannica. Stockton & Darlington Railway
6. MAAS Museum “Locomotion No. 1, George Stephenson…” 2014. M. Simpson
7. BBC. 2021. “Stockton and Darlington Railway: What's so special…”
8. “First in the world. The Making….” SAIM
9. BBC In Our Time. George and Robert Stephenson. 2020.
10. Mumbles Train. Swansea Museum.
11. “Swansea looks at tram return” BBC. Oct 2004.
12. When did the Merthyr Tramroad become the Penydarren Tramroad? Stephen Rowson, Railway and Canal Historical Group. 2001
13. “The largest ship trackway in ancient…”Walter Wener. 1997. International Journal of NAutical Archaeology.
14. S&DR Myth Busting No. 2. What's in a Name?
15. Edward Pease 1767 - 1858. Science Museum Group
16. Construction to Opening 1822-1825. Sdr1825 dot org. Uk
17. The Railroad Era: First Five Years…Allen 1884, amzn.to/44WW5tk
18. Swim in a Pond in the Rain. George Saunders. 2021. amzn.to/44Vz8H5

00:00-:2:30 Mapping S&D
2:30-5:45 Conflicting Sources?
5:46-7:38 The Quest Begins
7:38-11:23 The L&M and S&D Compared
11:23-16:13 Side Quest Railroads
16:13-20:23 Who Cares About this Quest?

Locomotion image from thumbnail licensed under creative commons 2.0 by Peter2010 at flickr.com/photos/36699243@N02/14293774879

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Why We Drank a Shocking Amount in 1830

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2023-04-30 | History of alcohol in America. People drank liquor back in the day because drinking water wasn’t safe, and alcohol was cheap - that's the basic premise. But there's so much more to America's complicated relationship with booze. And while writing this history of alcohol in the US, I couldn't help but think of modern issues of overconsumption, which I address towards the end.

★ Access exclusive original content and support your favorite creators. nebula.tv/exploringhistory

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0:00 How much?
2:25 What?
2:53 Where?
3:15 When?
4:42 Milk
5:47 Who?
6:52 Temperance
9:10 Prohibition
9:48 Writer's Block

Sources
1. Spirited Republic from National Archives
2. The time when Americans drank all day long. Jane O'Brien BBC News. 2015
3. JSTOR Daily. A Brief History of U.S. Drinking. 2016.
4. Alcohol in America. W. J. Rorabaugh. 1991
5. The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition, By W.J. Rorabaugh
6. PBS. Roots of Prohibition.
7. "Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" by Daniel Okrent
8. Democracy in America. By Alexis De Tocqueville. 1838.
9. History of Maine (8) dot gov
10. Temperance and Prohibition Era Propaganda: A Study in Rhetoric BY LEAH RAE BERK
11. Ohio Central History. Temperance Movement.
12. BU dot edu “POV: The 100th Anniversary of…”
13. NIH. “Apparent per capita ethanol consumption, United States, 1850–2016”
14. Gallup.2021. U.S. Alcohol Consumption on Low End of Recent Readings.
15. “Deaths caused by alcohol use…” Deidre McPhillips, CNN

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North Korea Disappeared This Man From History

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2023-04-04 | ...

Gibraltars Entire History in 24 Minutes (500BCE-1945)

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2023-03-30 | Exploring Gibraltar's History starting in the year 500 BCE. We’ll cover Gibraltar from the time of Phoenicians, to the Romans, to the Moors, to the War of the Spanish Succession, the Great Siege, and end with World War II.

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1. Gibraltar. History of a Fortress. Ernle Bradford
2. Gibraltar The Greatest Siege in British History. Roy and Lesley Adkins. 2017
3. Why is Gibraltar not part of Spain? Soliloquy.
4. The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068-1945. Darren Fa & Clive Finlayson
5. Herodotus Histories. [story of circumnavigation in book 4]
6.The truth about Hannibal’s route across the Alps. Guardian. Philip Ball.
7. Polybius Histories
8. The Fall of Rome. Dr Peter Heather. Updated 2011-02-17
9. Spain Romanization. Britannica.
10. Tower of Homage, the Moorish Castle, Gibraltar
11. Isabella I, Legacy section. Britannica.

Soliloquy, Why is Gibraltar not part of Spain?: youtube.com/watch?v=INZJNgIQgyU&t=17s

00:00 Intro
1:11 Geography and Myths
4:41 Carthage, Rome, Vandals
6:24 Muslim Rule and Reconquest
11:50 War of the Spanish Succession
16:46 The Great Siege
21:17 WWII

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Why China Wants to Invade Taiwan | #history #map #taiwan

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2023-03-26 | ...

Why Are There British People in Ireland?

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2023-03-24 | ...

What is the Most Densely Populated Place in History?

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2023-03-21 | ...

Which Fascist Dictator Lasted Longest?

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2023-03-10 | ...

History of the Smallest Country.

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2023-02-16 | ...

Brexits Irish Border Problem is Getting Worse

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2023-02-14 | An exploration of Brexit's impact on the Northern Ireland/Republican of Ireland Border, with a detour into the Irish Civil War, the Troubles, and the 2016 Brexit Referendum discourse. What does the Northern Ireland Protocol mean for the Constitutional structure of the UK, and will a NI Bill passing without EU consent add fuel to the fire?

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1. The Troubles Tim Pat Coogan amzn.to/3xht38k
2. Brexit: What is the Northern Ireland Protocol? BBC June 2022 *
3. Northern Ireland Protocol: What did Boris Johnson say? *
4. NI: Did anyone warn about Brexit checks? Chris Morris BBC
5. Government Report: European Union Bill Impact Assessment
6. UK Treasury: NI Protocol: Unfettered access to the UKIM
7. BBC EU takes new legal action against UK over post-Brexit... June 2022
8. Northern Ireland: Could the EU and UK face a trade war? BBC May 2022
9. IRISH FREE STATE CONSTITUTION Deb 11 May 1933 vol 87 cc854-71
10. “Boris Johnson promises to release 'hard' Northern...” Sky News 2018
11. “Boris Johnson insists there will be no border checks post…” Sky 2019
12. Making Sense of the Troubles. McKittrick amzn.to/3JZTYx3
13. Fact Sheet on the Conflict in and about Northern Ireland.
14. BBC May 22. How does Northern Ireland's power-sharing...work?
15. Stormont: Sinn Féin says there can be no return to direct rule. BBC.

00:00 Intro
1:59 The Free Irish State and Irish Civil War
4:39 Northern Ireland and the Troubles
8:55 Early Brexit Implications for Island of Ireland
13:17 Current Brexit Problems and the NI Protocol
16:35 Conclusion

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Where is Historys Deepest Hole?

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2023-02-07 | History's Deepest Hole is in Russia. But why?

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Why Does Liechtenstein Exist?

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2023-02-03 | A little Liechtenstein history explainer with maps.
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Northern Ireland Governing Crisis Explained

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2023-01-30 | Northern Ireland's Elections have not led to a power-sharing arrangement. Though Westminster has used mechanisms to avoid a full suspension of devolved powers, the DUP has refused to enter power-sharing with Sinn Fein.

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Transnistria: A Country That Does Not Exist

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2023-01-27 | Short history of Transnistria. Perhaps the shortest ever.
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Why the Hell is D.C. Here?

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2023-01-21 | Share This Video ➜ youtu.be/ywWNuJQ7OUo

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0:00 Intro
1:11 Influence of Versailles and L'Enfant
3:33 American characteristics infused
5:18 1783 Mutiny
9:50 Dinner Table Bargain
13:54 Slavery in the District
18:16 Comparison with Peter I's New City

1. Empire of Mud: Secret History of Washington DC. JD Dickey, amzn.to/3ZW7YgH
2. Revolutionary Characters, Gordon S. Wood, amzn.to/3XJRbf1
3. Empire of Liberty, Gordon S. Wood, amzn.to/3XkkZix
4. Alexander Hamilton, Ron Chernow (see criticism), amzn.to/3XPgqwG
5. The Young Hamilton. Flexner. 1997. amzn.to/3wgVWB8
6. From Alexander Hamilton to John Dickinson, [25–30 September 1783]
7. Federalist 43, Madison.
8. Thomas Jefferson's Federal Town
9. The Complexities of Slavery in the Nation's Capital
10. Asch & Musgrove, Chocolate City: A History of Race…2017 amzn.to/3ZRfJ7G
11. Jefferson’s Account of the Bargain on the Assumption and Residence Bills. Founders Online
12. George Washington to David Stuart, 15 June 1790
13. The grand bargain on debt that made D.C… Chris Myers Asch. WaPo. 2011
14. Peter the Great. Robert K Massie. amzn.to/3HlQF1r
15. To George Washington from Pierre L’Enfant, 11 September 1789
16. How Alexander Hamilton Tackled the National Debt
17. Did enslaved people build the White House? WH Historical Association
18. Notorious ‘Yellow House’ That Made Washington, D.C. a Slavery Capital. Smithsonian Mag.

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The First Historian Was A Malicious Liar

Exploring History with William C. Fox 2022-11-11 | Who was Herodotus, the so-called 'Father of History'? Was Herodotus really the first historian? Are Herodotus's Histories worth reading today?

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The Landmark Herodotus: amzn.to/3Gc1z9N
The Landmark Thucydides: amzn.to/3WSDUBd

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0:00 Intro
1:35 Who Was Herodotus?
3:13 What Makes his Histories Unique?
7:07 Haters Gonna Hate
9:16 Herodotus's Bias and Barbarians
11:50 Herodotus and Truth
12:50 My Take

1. Livius. Herodotus, bk 6, logos 19
2. Making History: The Storytellers Who Shaped the Past. Richard Cohen. 2022
3. Landmark Herodotus Histories. Strassler et al.
4. Tom Holland on Herodotus' Histories. 2014.
5. Persian Fire. Tom Holland. 2006
9. Herodotus: Father of History, Father of Lies. David Pipes. LUNO Student Historical Journal 1998
10. Herodotus Is A Big, Fat Liar…And Better Than Any Historian You Have Ever Read
11. Herodotus. Oxford Reference
14. Persians: Uncivilized savages or just non-Greeks? Amir Kasravi
20. BBC 4 In our Time. Herodotus. 2021

Further Reading:
Leonard Whibley. Introduction to The Famous Hystory of Herodotus New York. 1967
R.P. Lister. The Travels of Herodotus. New York: Gordon & Ceremonesi, 1979.
John Hart. Herodotus and Greek History. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1982.
Donald Lateiner. The Historical Method of Herodotus. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989