We Can Reverse Aging But Why? 2021-01-18 | No that’s not clickbait. Being able to stop and reverse aging is probably something every single person has yearned for at some point in their life. Now researchers are finally seeing successful implementations of methods for reversing aging in Animal cells. This creates the potential for countless benefits for humans. These range from simply preventing age related illness all the way to allowing women the opportunity to have kids at any point in their life when they are ready. We are living in very exciting scientific times.References:Reprogramming to recover youthful epigenetic information and restore vision - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2975-4NAD+ Repletion Rescues Female Fertility during Reproductive Aging - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.058Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide extends the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans mediated by sir-2.1 and daf-16 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-009-9225-3Age-related NAD+ decline - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2020.110888Long-term administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide mitigates age-associated physiological decline in mice - https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cmet.2016.09.013Slowing ageing by design: the rise of NAD+ and sirtuin-activating compounds - https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrm.2016.93 Lifespan: Why We Age – and Why We Don't Have To - David A. SinclairKinda like the music?Checkout more at: https://dopeminemusic.bandcamp.com/
How Does Fusion Produce Energy? But Why? 2023-04-30 | What exactly are the mechanisms holding atoms together and why does bringing them together create energy?-------------------------------------------------Relevant Papers:On the Mechanism of Nucleon-Nucleon Attraction by Pion Exchange - https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2018.98090A reappraisal of the mechanism of pion exchange and its implications for the teaching of particle physics - https://hst-archive.web.cern.ch/archiv/HST2002/feynman/Pion%20exchange.pdf Origin and properties of strong inter-nucleon interactions - https://arxiv.org/pdf/1308.0103.pdfFUSION POWER BY MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT PROGRAM PLAN VOL I - https://fire.pppl.gov/us_fusion_plan_1976.pdfKinetic Energy to Temperatue - https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1OfwMiHkUZzi_M8BbygHnJ4zlVu3h5pnP?usp=sharing
What Do You Mean Mass is Energy? But Why? 2023-02-07 | As a kid I had no idea what it meant when I was told "Mass is Energy" and "Mass can be converted into energy". No matter how many times someone repeated that "They are just the same thing" it didn't click. Well hopefully this can clear things up to younger me.Further Reading:Inside the Proton, the ‘Most Complicated Thing You Could Possibly Imagine’ - https://www.quantamagazine.org/inside-the-proton-the-most-complicated-thing-imaginable-20221019/Mass the Confined Movement of Energy - https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2017.86058Visualizations of Quantum Chromodynamics - http://www.physics.adelaide.edu.au/theory/staff/leinweber/VisualQCD/Nobel/Visualizing the Proton: Animation - https://youtu.be/Dt8FZ4ksWiY
When Do Black Holes Form? But Why? 2022-12-06 | Special thanks to Professor of Astrophysics Robin Jeffries for being a primary source for this video. Thanks again to William Norberg for making the custom intro. Check out his art here: https://www.instagram.com/blenderfoto/Further Reading:BLACK HOLE FORMATION IN FAILING CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE - https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/730/2/70THE FORMATION OF STELLAR BLACK HOLES - https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1609/1609.08411.pdf
The Most Important Person in the Universe But Why? 2022-09-05 | Be kind to yourself. Thanks again to William Norberg for making some assets for me. Check out his art here: https://www.instagram.com/blenderfoto/
Advancing Nuclear Reactor Technology But Why? 2022-07-17 | Today we are discussing Generation IV nuclear reactors and the prospect of Thorium fuels and Fast Neutron reactors. Special thanks to Ludovic Mathieu, LP2i Bordeaux (CNRS and Univ. of Bordeaux laboratory) for answering many of my questions and helping clear up uncertainties. Thanks again to William Norberg for making the custom intro. Check out his art here: https://www.instagram.com/blenderfoto/Sources:3D Models:Mykhailo Ohorodnichuk - Nuclear Station: https://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/3d-low-poly-nuclear-station-1432179kim - Capitol: https://free3d.com/3d-model/capitol-96667.htmltomaszcgb - houses: https://free3d.com/3d-model/buildinghouse-04-40137.htmlnovusod - mall: https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/suburban-mall-1980-edcfb6e9dc47439491ce865b8e9f54b3Resources:Fast Neutron Reactors - https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/fast-neutron-reactors.aspxMolten Salt Reactors - https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/molten-salt-reactors.aspxUranium 233 - https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/uranium/uranium-233/Thorium - https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/thorium.aspxNeutron Flux Spectra - https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/neutron-flux-spectra/Fast Spectrum Molten Salt Reactor Options - https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/files/Pub29596.pdfThe Stable Salt Reactor: Transforming the promise of the molten salt fuel concept into a viable technology - https://modernpowersystems.com/features/featurethe-stable-salt-reactor-transforming-the-promise-of-the-molten-salt-fuel-concept-into-a-viable-technology-5748063
The Nuclear Reactors that Run on Waste But Why? 2022-05-03 | Today we're looking at the nuclear waste issue and what we could do about it.Special thanks to Ludovic Mathieu, LP2i Bordeaux (CNRS and Univ. of Bordeaux laboratory) for answering many of my questions and helping clear up uncertainties. Thanks again to William Norberg for making the custom intro. Check out his art here: https://www.instagram.com/blenderfoto/Sources:3D Models:Breno_dAquino - PWR reactor: https://skfb.ly/FJOAscanlia - Wind Turbine: https://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/free-blend-mode-windmill-wind-turbine/624358Mykhailo Ohorodnichuk - Nuclear Station: https://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/3d-low-poly-nuclear-station-1432179If you're interested in the calculations for the waste cubes you can check them out here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vSzptTjc_8yzvsWHmEIy8DgSEWGjH30U66467feyOK6s-qvz0MkbWPLChfho_aq2M1EEvfgNfaTEA1i/pubResources:Fast Neutron Reactors - https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/fast-neutron-reactors.aspxWhat is a fast reactor? - https://whatisnuclear.com/fast-reactor.htmlNuclear Power in the World Today - https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspxNeutron Flux Spectra - https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/neutron-flux-spectra/MOX, Mixed oxide fuel - https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/fuel-recycling/mixed-oxide-fuel-mox.aspxProcessing of used nuclear fuel - https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/fuel-recycling/processing-of-used-nuclear-fuel.aspxStatus and Trends in Spent Fuel and Radioactive Waste Management - IAEA
You Are Always Mutating But Why? 2022-02-21 | Cancer is a spooky demon. It's the inevitable accumulation of mutations within our genome yet... why does it happen at all?Big thanks to William Norberg for making the custom intro, thumbnail, and some assets for me! Check out his art here: https://www.instagram.com/blenderfoto/Acknowledgements:-Brady Johnson's method for DNA model - https://youtu.be/m7bTEABoAzo-CVallance Cell model I used - https://skfb.ly/JnBCSources/Further Reading:Carcinogens and DNA damage - https://dx.doi.org/10.1042%2FBST20180519TP53: a key gene in human cancer - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9084(01)01356-6Somatic Mutations - https://doi.org/10.13070/mm.en.8.2673Tumor-Suppressor Functions of the TP53 Pathway - https://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a026062DNA Replication and Causes of Mutation - https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/dna-replication-and-causes-of-mutation-409/Human Chromosome Translocations and Cancer - https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/human-chromosome-translocations-and-cancer-23487/ -
Energy Free Cooling through Physics But Why? 2021-12-26 | Did you know there's a whole branch of material sciences taking advantage of certain quirks of physics to create passive cooling devices? Because I didn't. But hopefully you'll find the science behind it as exciting as I did!Big Thanks to Arny Leroy for taking the time to discuss and answer some questions.Sources/Extra Reading:Quantum Aspects of Light and Matter - https://www.bu.edu/quantum/notes/GeneralChemistry/02-QuantumAspectsOfLightAndMatter.pdfHigh-performance subambient radiative coolingenabled by optically selective and thermally insulatingpolyethylene aerogel - https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat9480Hierarchical-morphology metafabric for scalable passive daytime radiative cooling - https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi5484Subambient daytime radiative cooling textile based on nanoprocessed silk - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-021-00987-0Circle larger than the wavelength - http://www.met.reading.ac.uk/clouds/maxwell/circle20.html FTIR Spectra of Polymers - http://www.ftir-polymers.com/soon.htm
When Stars Outshine Galaxies But Why? 2021-10-31 | The amount of energy produced from the collapsing core of a massive star is pretty inconceivable. The mechanism that facilitates the creation and distribution of this energy is just as wild. If you're like me you may have heard that Supernovae are the result of stellar masses "bouncing" off the incredibly dense proto-neutron star core. Like many things in this world, reality is far more complicated.The research presented here was conducted by the Princeton Supernovae Group. David Vartanyan acknowledges NSF and DoE funding and the computational facilities at NERSC, TACC, and ALCF, with special thanks to Joseph Insley for visualization. The research was published in https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3223 and https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2585.Special thanks to:- Dr. David Vartanyan for supplying high def simulation footage and answering questions- Prof. Robin Jeffries for answering some questions and clearing up some misconceptions I had about the the Direct Urca Process and the collapse mechanismSources/Further Reading:- Core-collapse supernova explosion theory: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03059-w- Supernova Explosions: David Branch • J. Craig Wheeler- Understanding Stellar Evolution: Henny J.G.L.M. Lamers, Emily M. Levesque- Exploding Superstars|Understanding Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts: Alain Mazure- Direct URCA process in neutron stars with strong magnetic fields: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1126-6708/1998/09/020- The mechanism(s) of core-collapse supernovae: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0271- Neutrino transport in core collapse supernovae: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0427(99)00162-4- ASASSN-15lh: A highly super-luminous supernova: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac9613- Core Collapse Supernovae: http://flash.uchicago.edu/~calder/core.html#:~:text=Core%20collapse%20supernovae%20are%20the,%7B45%2D46%7D%20watts.- Direct Urca process in a neutron star mantle: https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full/2004/27/aa0288-04/aa0288-04.html- The Life And Death Of Stars: https://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~infocom/The%20Website/pressure.html
Stellar Corpses But Why? 2021-09-12 | As crazy as blackholes are, they are fairly difficult to create. Not every star will collapse and break physics. Before we learn about when and how blackholes form, lets look into the process keeping stars balanced and what separates one stellar corpse from another.Further Reading/Consumption:Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy - Kip ThorneThe Life And Death Of Stars - https://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~infocom/The%20Website/index.htmlA Comparison of the Binding Energies Due to theFormation of the Three Types of Nucleon Spin Pairs - https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/BEdiffpairing.htm
Why Time Stops in a Black Hole But Why? 2021-08-14 | Blackholes are a breakdown in the equations of spacetime. This means both space and time no longer behave the way we would expect of them. Today we explore the breakdown in time around blackholes and what it means to interact with the event horizon, or the place where time appears to stand still. Further Reading/Consumption:Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy - Kip ThorneYour Daily Equation #31: BLACK HOLES: And Why Time Slows Down When You Are Near One - https://youtu.be/qph51qUgwgUWhat happens to you if you fall into a black hole? - https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/BlackHoles/fall_in.htmlPhysics Beyond the Event Horizon - https://knotphysics.net/black-holes
Conceptualizing Gravity as Curved Spacetime. But Why? 2021-07-05 | This is my video entry into the one-minute science explainer challenge. #VeritasiumContest
You Cannot Orbit Near Blackholes But Why? 2021-07-04 | Black Holes are wild. They are understandably difficult to understand because their very nature is to breakdown and distort the very fabric of what we perceive as reality. There's a lot to explore with black holes, this first video looks into how black holes distort the space around them and what that means to would be adventurers. Sources: Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy - Kip ThorneFrom the Big Bang to Dark Energy - https://www.coursera.org/learn/big-bangOrbiting the Black Hole - https://jila.colorado.edu/~ajsh/bh/orbit.htmlOrbital Mechanics II - https://physics.info/orbital-mechanics-2/practice.shtml
Fixing the Flaw in Photosynthesis But Why? 2021-05-28 | Although photosynthesis is the most important process on earth, the most common form of photosynthesis can be quite inefficient in some regions. C4 photosynthesis is a wonderful way of mitigating the negative aspects of C3 photosynthesis. But how does it work and what does it mean for a warming world? Sources:Synthetic glycolate metabolism pathways stimulate crop growth and productivity in the field - http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat9077The CO2/O2 specificity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00398720Effect of temperature on the CO2/O2 specificity of ribulose- 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/0xygenase and the rate of respiration in the light - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00392238Photorespiration - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3244903/The evolution of C4 photosynthesis - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.00974.xRaven Biology of Plants (Eighth Edition)
The Most Important Process on Earth But Why? 2021-04-15 | All sources of energy on earth (except some geothermal) can be traced back to the fusion of atoms in a star. Without that fundamental process, interesting things in the universe wouldn't last very long. But how do we take advantage of this crucial reaction 150 million kms away? Sources/Additional Reading:Raven Biology of Plants Eighth Edition - Ray F. Evert The Manganese-calcium oxide cluster of Photosystem II and its assimilation by the Cyanobacteria - http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/oec/motm.htmCalvin Cycle (regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate) - https://www.qmul.ac.uk/sbcs/iubmb/enzyme/reaction/polysacc/Calvin4.htmlhttps://www.rcsb.org/ (for the protein files)
The Roles of Your Two Brains and the Importance of Communication But Why? 2021-03-10 | This video was only supposed to be about split-brain patients. But the more I read the more information I found, the more the fascination grew, and the more I wanted to share it. Besides, there are already videos on split-brain patients. Recommended viewing:Severed Corpus Callosum - https://youtu.be/lfGwsAdS9Dc (The video seen in this one)Split Brain Behavioural Experiments - https://youtu.be/ZMLzP1VCANo (More experiments with same patient as the first video)Curious: Split Brain - https://youtu.be/roKV8XJHXKc (This video is of an AgCC patient)Sources for continued reading:I read a ton of papers, far more than I could ever fit in a video so these will be ordered by helpfulness/intrigue factorBRAIN LATERALIZATION: A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE - https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00006.2019Autism, lateralisation, and handedness: a review of the literature and meta-analysis - https://doi.org/10.1080/1357650x.2013.772621Handedness and hemispheric language dominance in healthy humans - https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.12.2512How brain asymmetry relates to performance – a large-scale dichotic listening study - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00997Laterality and Lateralization in Autism Spectrum Disorder, Using a Standardized Neuro-Psychomotor Assessment - https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2016.1274317Corpus callosum and autism - https://mappingignorance.org/2020/07/06/corpus-callosum-and-autism/Handedness in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder - https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512516637021Asymmetric tail-wagging responses by dogs to different emotive stimuli - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.02.008
Quickie: Cold Weather Anomalies But Why? 2021-02-24 | Are the increase in cold weather anomalies doing any good?One of my first videos I made, actually, was discussing why we are seeing an increase in cold weather anomalies you can check that here: https://youtu.be/ZDTidPyrNj4 (The quality is a bit dated sorry :/ )
Why Do We Have Two Brains? But Why? 2021-02-14 | This was originally going to be one video but the more I read, the more information I wanted to share. So this is a precursor to the next video where the real meat of our two brains comes into play. Sources:BRAIN LATERALIZATION: A COMPARATIVEPERSPECTIVE - https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00006.2019 (This is the main paper)Advantages of having a lateralized brain - https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2004.0200The evolution of contralateral control of the body by the brain: Is it a protective mechanism? - https://doi.org/10.1080/1357650X.2013.824461Asymmetry pays: visual lateralization improves discrimination success in pigeons - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00671-0
The New Theory of Aging - A Degenerative Disease But Why? 2020-12-25 | For the entirety of human history, people who manage to escape the clutches of cancer and sepsis experienced what was consider the natural process of aging. Their body slowly breaks down until its immunocompromised and becomes susceptible to any minor malady. It's being discovered that this process of aging is not as necessary as we thought. Rather just a byproduct of evolution. But if we are to say that aging is a disease, what evidence is there to support this? Sources:Lifespan: Why We Age and Why We Don't Have To - David SinclairSirtuins, Metabolism, and DNA repair - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4254145/Sirtuins in Epigenetic Regulation - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4610301/Unlocking the Secrets of Longevity Genes - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16502611/Sirtuins, a promising target in slowing down the ageing process - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5514220/Kinda like the music?Checkout more at: https://dopeminemusic.bandcamp.com/
Dark Matter is as Boring as it is Fascinating But Why? 2020-12-01 | One of the main reasons we still don't know what Dark Matter is, is it simply doesn't possess the properties to be useful in our world. (That we know of)Which makes its extremely difficult to detect.Even if we do discover it, that still won't change it's irrelevance to the physical world. Although the particle itself may be boring and inert, why it exists and where it comes from is as fascinating as any other concept. Videos Explaining How We Know it Exists:CrashCourse - https://youtu.be/9W3RsaWuCuEPBS SpaceTime - https://youtu.be/5t0jaE--l0YSeeker - https://youtu.be/Ypm4QcOOqXQExtra Learning:The bulk of the information came from this online course. I highly recommend it to curious minds.From the Big Bang to Dark Energy - https://www.coursera.org/learn/big-bangWhy Doesn't Dark Matter Form Black Holes? - https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2016/10/28/why-doesnt-dark-matter-form-black-holesThe 'Strong CP Problem' Is The Most Underrated Puzzle In All Of Physics - https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2019/11/19/the-strong-cp-problem-is-the-most-underrated-puzzle-in-all-of-physics/If Dark Matter Is Everywhere, Why Haven't We Detected It In Our Solar System? - https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2018/03/24/ask-ethan-if-dark-matter-is-everywhere-why-havent-we-detected-it-in-our-solar-systemKinda like the music?Checkout more at: https://dopeminemusic.bandcamp.com/
How Relativity Redshifts Light - The Relativistic Doppler Shift But Why? 2020-11-04 | How exactly does relativity change the Doppler effect?Don't forget frequency is dependent on time and time is dependent on relative motion. '8:10 the equation should be DIVIDED by wavelength not multiplied by. Kinda like the music?Checkout more at: https://dopeminemusic.bandcamp.com/
The Cosmic Microwave Background and the Observable Universe But Why? 2020-10-10 | If you're interested in the Universe you've seen the map of the observable universe. But maybe you don't quite know where it comes from. What dictates it's boundaries? and what do the colors represent? On top of this you may have heard of cosmic microwave radiation left over from the beginning of the universe. That seems... well kind of impossible. And how is there ALWAYS microwave background radiation? Even more interesting are the secrets revealed when you start critically analyzing what's happened to this light during its billion years journey to earth. If you have more questions maybe stick around for the next video... *hint*
The Incomprehensible Scale of 52! But Why? 2020-09-24 | One of my favorite fun facts to share with someone is how no matter how implausible it seems, every time you shuffle a deck of cards, you've produced a sequence of cards that has never existed before. It's of course natural to doubt or even disagree with this. After all, 52! just cannot be fit into any type of visualization with an object we are familiar with. So we cant mentally picture just how immense it is. For this reason I like to say there are an infinite ways to shuffle a deck of cards. Since no human nor humanity itself could ever possibly produce every single combination.Seriously. If humanity managed to become some kind of card shuffling empire and managed to shuffle a trillion unique decks a second since the start of the universe you legitimately wouldn't accomplish anything. I cannot explain with words how large 52! is.As unique as each individual order of cards is, more so is the person you are. Not even considering the genetic possibilities for a person but the life decisions and experiences you've encountered throughout. You may not feel it. But it's pretty crazy that you exist.The sand calculations I just took as an amalgam of the tons of different rough estimates I can find on the web. It ranges from 10^18 up to 10^25.
What Causes the El Niño Southern Oscillation? But Why? 2020-08-29 | There's a lot of explanations of what El Niño is and the consequences of it's occurrence. But few if any resources adequately tackle how it occurs in the first place. What would compel the ocean to act against this positive feedback loop? What causes this positive feedback loop in the first place?To answer these questions we must look at how fluids behave on a rotating sphere and how that influences the thermocline. Sources:The El Niño-Southern Oscillation Phenomenon - Sarachik, E. & Cane, M.El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO): A Review: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7499-4_4Mechanism of Kelvin and Rossby waves during ENSO events: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-002-0547-9Charging El Niño with off‑equatorial westerly wind events: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2891-8Higher frequency of Central Pacific El Niño events in recent decades relative to past centuries: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0353-3
Why do Tides form on the side OPPOSITE the moon? But Why? 2020-08-03 | We've always heard that the moon pulls on the ocean and that's how the tides are formed. The conversation often moves on before we realize that doesn't really make sense for the tides on the other side of the earth. Without understanding Tidal forces and the decrease of gravitational attraction with distance. One might never conclude that on the side opposite the moon, it's the EARTH that's being tugged away from the ocean.
Why Alcoholism is a Disease But Why? 2020-07-19 | We could all use more empathy in our world.GlossaryNeuropeptide Y (NPY): This is a neurotransmitter. In the amygdala, it's presence is experimentally shown to reduce stress and anxietyHistone Acetyltransferase (HAT): These proteins add acetyl groups to histones which causes the surrounding DNA to loosen up and be available for transcription. Histone Deacetylase (HDAC): These proteins remove acetyl groups from histones which causes the surrounding DNA to tighten up around the histone. DNA Methyltransferase (DNMT): This protein can add methyl groups to CpG islands in the DNA. This can block transcription factors from binding to a gene promoter region preventing its transcriptionCpG Island: A cytosine-phosphate-guanine island is a section of DNA with a large numb of Cytosine followed by guanine pairs. These are usually found at gene promoter regions.CBP: CREB-Binding protein is a transcription factor with intrinsic HAT activity. It is shown to promote the transcription of NPY in the amygdalaSources:EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF ALCOHOLISM AND STRESS-RELATED DISORDERS (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5464725/)Epigenetic Control of Gene Expression in the Alcoholic Brain(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860426/)Anxiety and alcohol abuse disorders: a common role for CREB and its target, the neuropeptide Y gene (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-6147(03)00226-8)Epigenetics—Beyond the Genome in Alcoholism (https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arcr343/293-305.htm)Kinda like the music?Checkout more at: https://dopeminemusic.bandcamp.com/
Why Do Hot Objects Glow? - Black Body Radiation But Why? 2020-06-23 | All things with temperature emit some light. But some things with a lot of temperature emit visible light. So what causes this phenomenon known as black body radiation?
Why Does Diffraction Produce Rainbows? Quantum Electrodynamic Reflection But Why? 2020-06-02 | In our world, Quantum Mechanics doesn't really play a noticeable role. This is how it managed to remain hidden for so long in our scientific quest of discovering the universe. In our world most laws and theories seem to work to perfection. It's only in very unique cases where Quantum mechanics is the only way to adequately explain what is happening. Diffraction is a phenomenon that is easily explained by wave interference. Light of course is a wave so why wouldn't this be the case? But what happens if you send only one photon at a time? Surely then there's no interference. Like it or not, even when sending one photon at a time you discover strange phenomenon that do not traditionally make sense. They only make sense if you truly accept how bizarre our world is. Source: QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter
Why Do Acids Burn? But Why? 2020-05-13 | You can feel the tingle of lemon in your mouth as the acid reacts with the surrounding tissue and receptors. You've probably seen how soda can dissolve a piece of meat after a couple days. But what's so special about these substances that it can seemingly eat away material on their own?Edit: @1:06 it says "Energy" a better word should have been "strength".Sources: Ch 2: Acids and Bases, Ch 22: The Organic Chemistry of AminoAcids, Peptides, and Proteins (7th ed.) Bruice, Paula Y. Organic ChemistryCh 16: Acids and Bases (4th ed.) Tro, Nivaldo J. Chemistry: A molecular approachCh 13.3: Protein Structure - University of Kentucky Chemistry for Allied health
Why Do We See Colors? But Why? 2020-04-24 | We only see radiation with 400nm to ~700nm. It seems so strange when the electromagnetic radiation spans factors and factors of 10. Why such a small slice? Why just Red, Green, and Blue? and more importantly... how?Note: At 6:30 I say tetrachromats don't see 'more' colors than trichromats. That was a mistake, I meant to say 'New' colors. They certainly see more. Just not new ones. Unless you consider hues and shades new colors.Sources:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11059/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10806/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/colcon.html#c1https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2123733Color Vision: Perspectives from Different Disciplines
The Demon Core - Nuclear Stability and Critical Mass But Why? 2020-04-04 | Now a days we see exponential growth everywhere. One of my favorite stories I've learned about exponential growth is the story of the Demon Core. A nuclear warhead which managed to kill negligent scientists without ever being detonated. But why did the Demon Core exist in the first place?Sources:https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/nucleus.htmhttps://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/NNPP.htmhttps://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/spinpairexcl.htmhttps://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/spinmagnets.htm
The Door Duality: Opening the Door in Different Seasons But Why? 2020-03-18 | Why does it seem like leaving the door open during the winter has graver consequences than during the Summer?
Why Achieving Light-speed Requires Infinite Energy: Matter-waves But Why? 2020-03-06 | This topic has been done ad nauseam.However, I feel of the videos I've seen, they either focus too much on relativity and just time and space ceasing to exist at such a speed. Or equations showing that you would require infinite energy or have infinite mass (which is an incorrect way of looking at it) without really explaining the intuition as to WHY this happens. It's probably not necessary to need to know about quantum physics to understand this phenomenon, but hopefully it helps expand your view on the universe.
Why exactly is the Earth Warming? - The Greenhouse Effect But Why? 2020-02-15 | With those actively trying to discredit what is happening in our world today, I wanted to break down how come we are seeing such a dramatic warming of the planet and more importantly, WHY this is occurring. What you should learn from this video:-How temperature is determined by energy fluxes-How changing a flux changes the temperature-What greenhouse gases are-How greenhouse gases change energy fluxes-Why methane is a stronger greenhouse gas than CO2Number sources:Vibrational Frequencies (http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~schauble/molecular_vibrations.htm)Earth's surface heat flux (https://www.solid-earth.net/1/5/2010/)For this interested in pursuing their own additional research I suggest this online course: http://forecast.uchicago.edu/lectures.html
Why Do Some Volcanoes Explode? The Chemistry of Magma But Why? 2019-12-26 | Volcanoes are pretty interesting, but you probably don't consciously think about why some volcanoes explode while other seem to belch lava like a sickness. But much like the real estate business, location location location, is the primary driver to why a Volcano behaves the way it does. Sources:Lutgens, F. Essentials of Geology 11th Ed.Schmincke, H.U. VolcanismSheinmann, Y.M. Tectonics and the Formation of Magmas
The Early Epigenome - Kickstarting a new Organism But Why? 2019-11-27 | I've started class again so uploads will be less frequent. I've added sources and further reading at the bottom.There's a lot that I wanted to put into this video that I decided would have been too tedious and had to cut, so for the super curious I'll explain more thoroughly here.This video is kind of a battle of ideas between explaining how crazy cool the epigenome is, how crazy complex forming a new life-form is, and how crazy the fact that this all exists is. As a result, it feels a bit unfocused and I've already spent enough time diddling with it, so I just wanted to push it out the door and start on my next topic of research that's more focused. As far as the axis determination, the biggest thing missing from the video is yet another protein and gene pathway called Wnt11. However to quote the paper I was using for this section of the process "During active Wnt signaling, this process [the deactivation of b-catenin] is inhibited throughan only partially understood mechanism" and since it wasn't certain how it activates the DsH protein I didn't feel like it merited being included if the end result is the same. There's also the entire process of how, as the mesoderm genes are activated, the resulting proteins are passively secreted as the mesoderm involutes during gastrulation. These secretions induce the formation of specific endoderm structures in the cells above it. All of which is discussed heavily in the Savard paper cited.Another thing I really wanted to discuss was epigenetic diseases and afflictions. Things like alcoholism and some mental instabilities can be caused be variables not directly involved in your DNA and there's been an amazing increase in research into this field. Ideally I hope I can inspire someone else to maybe choose epigenetics as a field of study in their future as it is a field rich for mining. Alas, this video was probably a misstep in the progress I've been making in trying to improve my focus and flow during videos. Live and learn. Next video will be much more concise and compartmentalized. I promise.Sources and extra reading:1. Axis specification in Xenopus - doi:10.1242/dev.012842. Body axis determination during early development in amphibians - doi: 10.1139/o92-1363. Epigenetics—Beyond the Genome in Alcoholism (https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arcr343/293-305.htm)4. Schizophrenia after prenatal famine. Further evidence. - doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.018300100270055. The Sinclair Lab (https://genetics.med.harvard.edu/sinclair/research.php)6. Developmental Biology (ISBN 9781605354705)
More Snow in a Warmer World But Why? 2019-10-30 | You may have noticed that the US seems to experience some kind of intense snow event almost annually now. Places that haven't seen snow in decades are starting to see white and places that are used to it are seeing a lot more in shorter periods of time. In a world with an average temperature rapidly increasing, how can warmer global temperatures lead to more snowfall?
Time Dilation - Why an Accelerated Frame of Reference Slows Down Time But Why? 2019-10-17 | Everything is relative.Or so that's what Einstein postulated over 100 years ago in his theory of special relativity. Just like how another objects observed velocity depends on the velocity of the observer, so too does the observed velocity of light. As we change frames of reference, the observed velocity of light needs to remain the same and this transition causes what can be considered a dilation of time.But why does Time dilation happen at all?Muisc - https://dopeminemusic.bandcamp.com/track/mk-i
What is Gravity? The Illusion of Force by a Curved Dimension But Why? 2019-10-01 | Why does it seem everything attracts everything to themselves? If gravity technically isn't a real force, then why can it perform work? Because although imperceptible to us, the 4th dimension is curved.Kinda like the music?Checkout more at: https://dopeminemusic.bandcamp.com/
Why Water is So Special and Essential to Life But Why? 2019-09-17 | You ever think about how crazy perfect the water molecule is? It's only 3 atoms yet it accomplishes so much. Come learn why.Shout out to the Homies
Fascinating Fundamentals of Fire: What it is and Why it Exists But Why? 2019-09-05 | What is fire? Or more importantly why does fire exist? As fire is so essential to our lives and society it seems almost paramount that we learn why fire occurs to better understand the world around us.
Understanding Light and Why it exists. But Why? 2019-08-27 | A thorough breakdown on the process' that produce light and lights existence and behavior in nature.
